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B.F. Skinner

Founded "Operant Conditioning" model of learning - expanded basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement - environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses

Behavioral Perspective

thought and behaviors explained in terms of conditioning - learning.

Behaviorism

dominant school of thought from 1920s - 1960s; view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Biopsychology (Neuroscience)

Perspective

explain human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes. Believe human cognition and reactions might be caused by effects of our genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the brain or in combination

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socialcultural levels of analysis

clinical psychology

branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception,thinking, memory and language)

Cognitive Perspective

examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process and remember environmental events. Believe that the rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do.

counseling psychology

branch of psychology that assists people with problems

in living and in achieving greater well-being

Edward Titchener

introduced structuralism

Evolutionary (Darwinian) Perspective

Examine thoughts and actions in terms of natural

selection.

Functionalism

school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

Humanistic Psychology

Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers - in opposition to behaviorism, stressed individual choice and free will. We choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional or spiritual needs.

Introspection

technique in which subjects are asked to accurately record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli... with hope to examine basic mental processes

Ivan Pavlov

Founded "Classical Conditioning" model of

learning

John Watson levels of analysis Max Wertheimer

Behaviorist: we must limit psychology to study of observable phenomena, not unobservable concepts like the unconscious mind. We should look at only behavior and causes of behavior - stimuli (environmental events) and responses (physical reactions)

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to socialcultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

Gestalt psychologist who argues against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures.

natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

nature-nurture issue

longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

psychiatry

branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Psychoanalytic Perspective

The unconscious mind - part of mind we do not control or have access to - controls much of our thoughts and actions. Look for impulses or memories pushed into the unconscious through defense mechanisms.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Based on the unconscious mind: a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave. Divided personality into 3 component parts: id, ego and superego

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis. Proposed that we must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, free association, resistances, and transference if we are to understand human thought and behavior.

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