A Few Words About Citations - Pace University
How to Cite Your Sources
(and Avoid Plagiarism)
❖ One purpose of citations is to give credit to the author of your source material. Hence, there should be a citation in the body of the paper next to each quote, paraphrase and summary of source material. Failure to provide such attribution is plagiarism.
❖ A second purpose of citations is to provide the reader with all information necessary to find the original source. That is why the full citation includes dates and publishers, URLs, and other information specific to the source material.
❖ It is not only illegal to use another’s work without attribution; it is unethical and unprofessional.
Two ways to format:
1. author and publication year
2. footnote.
❖ Author/publication year: Place the author(s) name and year of publication in parentheses next to the source material. In the case of a quote, also include the first page number. Place the full citation in a reference list at the end of the paper. In the American Psychological Association (APA) style, it looks like this:
Body of paper
“One purpose of citations is to give credit to the author of the cited work. Hence, there should be a citation for each instance where a source is quoted or paraphrased.” (Weisbord, 2004. p. 1)
Reference list at end of paper
Weisbord, E. (2004). The how and why of attribution. Retrieved Feb. 8, 2005, from
(For a paraphrase, omit the quotation marks and page number.)
▪ Footnote: Insert a footnote symbol after the source material. Place the footnote with the full citation at the bottom of the same page or list all footnotes under the heading “Endnotes” at the end of the paper. In APA style, it looks like this:
Body of paper
“One purpose of citations is to give credit to the author of the cited work. Hence, there should be a citation for each instance where a source is quoted or paraphrased.”[1]
APA Citation Style
Article in a print journal
Krueger, N.F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(3): 5-23.
Article in an Internet-only journal
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
Internet article based on a print source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
Document from a university Web site
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology andeducation: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from a database
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White,L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database
Stand-alone internet document, no author identified, no date
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
Book
Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Free Press.
Chapter from Book
Baugher, D., Varanelli, A., & Weisbord, E. (2005). A comparison of hybrid and traditional course formats. In C. Howard, J.V. Boettecher, L. Justice, K.D. Schenk, G. A. Berg, & P.L. Rogers (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Distance Learning (pp 145-152). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing
Newspaper article
Samuels, Sam H. (2000). College courses taught with tailored software. The New York Times, Dec. 21: D8.
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Bottom of paper
[1] Weisbord, E. (2004). The how and why of attribution. Retrieved Feb. 8, 2005, from
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