APA (6th edition) Referencing Style

APA (6th edition) Referencing Style

This referencing style sheet is to be used in conjunction with the Library's general Guide to Citing & Referencing. The information is based on the following manual from the American Psychological Association (APA):

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

For help with referencing items not covered in this guide:

You might like to refer to either the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) or the more compact version, Concise rules of APA style (6th ed.). Both manuals are available in the Library, on Level 3, at shelf mark 808.06615 AME. You can also access the following ebook via the Library Catalogue: The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism - this includes examples for APA and other styles.

Citation

The APA uses an author-date style of referencing with details entered in round brackets, for example: The traditional approach to human cognition is over-simplified in assuming that processing is typically serial (Eysenck & Keane, 2010).

Treatment of multiple authors: when a work has two authors, cite both authors every time. When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time a reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. See:

Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found that ... [first time cited] Kisangua et al. (2007) found that ... [subsequent citations] When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year of publication for the first and subsequent citations.

Reference list

The reference list should contain full details of all the sources mentioned in your text, arranged alphabetically by surname of first author.

Reference examples

Below are some examples of the more common types of document you might want to reference. Each gives the APA 6th ed. format for the reference, followed by an example. Treatment of multiple authors within reference list: when authors number eight or more, include the first six authors' names then insert three ellipses and add the last author's name. For example:

Kisangau, A., Lyaruu, B., Hosea, C., Joseph, D., Rogers, T., Tylee, C., . . . Humphreys, L. J. (2007). Psychology. Birmingham: ABC Press.

Book Author's surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Cowen, R. (2005). History of life (4th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

Book with two authors / editors Authors' names. (Year of publication). Title(xx ed. if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Fahy, J., & Jobber, D. (2012). Foundations of marketing (4th ed.). London: McGraw-Hill.

Book with editor(s) instead of author(s) Editor's surname, Initials. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Morgan, W. J. (Ed.). (2007). Ethics in sport (2nd ed.). Leeds: Human Kinetics.

Book with corporate author Corporate author. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Place of publication: Author.

The Open University. (2007). Understanding cardiovascular diseases. Milton Keynes: Author. NB When the author and publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Book usually known by its title Title. (Year of publication). (xx ed. if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher. Collins English dictionary. (2005). (7th ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins.

One chapter / paper from a collection in a book Author of chapter's surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In: Initials of first editor, Surname of first editor & Initials of second editor, Surname of second editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Place of publication: Publisher.

Worobec, C. D. (2012). Russian peasant women's culture : Three voices. In W. Rosslyn & A. Tosi (Eds.), Women in nineteenth-century Russia: Lives and culture (pp. 41-62). Cambridge: Open Book.

Newspaper article Author's surname, Initials. (Year of publication, Month of publication Day of publication). Title of article. Title of newspaper, pp. xx-xx.

Gentleman, A. (2012, March 31). The rules for mums and dads. The Guardian, pp. 48-49.

Thesis / dissertation ? from a university outside the US APA uses American terminology so please refer to Publication Manual for detailed guidance. The example below is for a doctoral thesis found on a Swedish institutional repository:

Author surname, Initials. (Year of award). Title of thesis (Level of award, Awarding institution). Retrieved from URL

Calborm, P.(2000). Carbody and passengers in rail vehicle dynamics (Doctoral thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden). Retrieved from

Government publication Corporate author. (Date of publication). Title of report. Place of publication: Author.

Drinking Water Inspectorate. (2011). Drinking water 2010: Private water supplies in England. London: Author.

Television broadcast Writer's surname, Initials. (Writer), & Director's surname, Initials. (Director). (Year of broadcast). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In Executive Producer's Initial. Executive Producer's surname (Executive producer), Title of TV series. Country of origin (or US State): Broadcasting company.

Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.

Electronic version of a print book Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. Retrieved from URL

Hopkins, D. (2008). A teacher's guide to classroom research. Retrieved from

Electronic version of a republished book Author surname, Initials. (Year of release in electronic format). Title. Retrieved from URL (Original year work was published).

Hooke, R. (2005). Micrographia. Retrieved from (Original work published 1664).

Journal article Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Article title. Journal Title, Volume number(part), page numbers.

McFall, L. (2011). A `good, average man': Calculation and the limits of statistics in enrolling insurance customers. Sociological Review, 59(4), 661-684.

Electronic journal article without DOI Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Article title. Journal Title, Volume number(part), page numbers. Retrieved from URL

Rojas, J. C., & Gonzales-Lima, F. (2011). Low-level light therapy of the eye and brain. Eye and Brain, 3(1), 4967. Retrieved from

Electronic journal article with DOI Author's surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Article title. Journal Title, Volume number(part), page numbers xx-xx. doi:

McFall, L. (2011). A `good, average man': Calculation and the limits of statistics in enrolling insurance customers. Sociological Review, 59(4), 661-684. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2011.02033.x

Web pages Author's surname, Initials. (Year site/document was published online). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from web address.

Note: if there is no individual author you can use an organisation or corporate body name. If neither is available, use the title for author. If there is no publication date available, use no date instead i.e. (n.d.).

US ISBN Agency. (2004). The digital world and the ongoing development of ISBN. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from .

Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g. wikis, web pages...)

This guide offers a basic template for APA referencing. For help with referencing items that are not included in the above examples, please refer to page 1 of this guide.

DS/PB/JH December 2015

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