APA Citation Guidelines
APA Citation Guidelines
General Formatting Rules for Reference List
Authors: Put the last name first and only use initials for first and middle names. If you don't have an author, leave it out and put the title before the date.
Alphabetize: Alphabetize your reference list by the first item in the entry – usually an author last name, but sometimes a title.
What to italicize: Periodical titles; periodical volume numbers; book titles; web page titles.
Hanging indent: Each entry starts with the first line at the left margin. All lines for the entry after the first are indented a half-inch (see examples below).
Books
Author, A. A. (1994). Title: Only first word and word after colon capitalized. Location: Publisher.
Example of a book:
Monmonier, M. (1999). Air apparent: How meteorologists learned to map, predict, and dramatize weather. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
( When you have an editor of a book instead of an author, use (Ed.) after the person's name. If you have multiple editors, put (Eds.) after all of the people's names.
Part of a book (e.g. chapters in edited collections and encyclopedia entries):
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1994). Title of chapter/entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. ###-###). Location: Publisher.
Example of a chapter in a book:
Baker, F. M. & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
( When you're citing a book chapter of an edited book, the first and middle initials come before the last name of the editor, which is the reverse of what you do with authors.
Periodicals (Print Journals, Magazines & Newspapers)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue if available), ###-###.
( “volume” will be an italicized number
( “(issue)” will be a number in parentheses, not italicized. Note that some journals don’t use issue numbers – in that case, use only the italicized volume number.
( ### will be the page numbers the article appears on.
Example of an article in a journal with issue numbers:
Graves, D. (2000). Multiculturalism and the choral canon: 1975-2000. Choral Journal, 41(2), 37-44.
Article in a journal without issue numbers:
Nussbaum, J. F., & Bettini, L. M. (1994). Shared stories of the grandparent-grandchild relationship. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39, 67-80.
Article in a weekly or monthly magazine:
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31.
( Some monthly magazines give a month without an exact date. Ex: (2000, October).
Article in a newspaper:
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Online Sources (Periodicals, book chapters, ebooks)
( If you’re using an online source, follow the format for the print counterpart, then state when and where you got the article: Retrieved month day, year, from source [url with no period after it, or name of database]. Don’t worry if page numbers are not available for online sources.
Example of an article in an online journal:
Parrot, A. C. (1999). Does cigarette smoking cause stress? American Psychologist, 54. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from
Article in an online database:
Arnold, K., Niven, H., Richmond, R. & Wilhelm, K., (2004). Grey lungs and blue moods: Smoking cessation in the context of lifetime depression history. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(11/12), 896-905. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from the CINAHL Plus with Full Text database.
Web pages
Author, A. (1992). Title of web page. Retrieved February 4, 2006 from .
Example of a web page:
Way, T. (2006, February 15). Dihydrogen monoxide. Retrieved February 4, 2006, from .
Example of a web page with no date and corporate (group) author:
Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from
( (n.d.) stands for “no date.”
Example of a web page with no author and no date:
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from .
In-Text Citations
General Guidelines:
Name-date method: Always includes author’s last name and the date of publication.
Page number: If it is a direct quote, include the page number as well.
Every source you cite refers to an entry in the reference list.
Direct quotation
Hart (1996) wrote that some primatologists "wondered if apes had learned Language, with a capital L" (p. 109).
Some primatologists "wondered if apes had learned Language, with a capital L" (Hart, 1996, p. 109).
( If the quotation is longer than 40 words, use a block quote. Introduce the quotation, then indent and start quoting on a new line. Do not use quotation marks. The period goes before the parenthetical citation.
Paraphrase
According to Hart (1996), researchers took Terrace's conclusions seriously, and funding for language experiments soon declined.
Researchers took Terrace's conclusions seriously, and funding for language experiments soon declined (Hart, 1996).
Examples on this handout were taken from:
Hacker, D. (2005). Social sciences: Documenting sources. Retrieved February 8, 2006, from
Perrin, R. (2004). Pocket guide to APA style. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). (2001). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
The Owl At Purdue (n.d.). APA formatting guide. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from
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