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APA Quick Guide
In college-level work, it is usually better to paraphrase or summarize your sources than to quote them directly. When you paraphrase or summarize a source, you are demonstrating to your reader that you have mastered the material you have researched, that you understand it well enough to explain it in your own words. Quote only in exceptional circumstances, when something essential would be lost in a paraphrase or there is just no other way to state the idea.
Note: Do not begin or end a body paragraph with a quotation, a paraphrase, or a summary. Instead, begin with your point. The source should then be used to support your point and help you develop your idea.
Quoting Sources
Place quotations at the beginning and end of the actual, exact words you take from a source. Use an ellipsis mark (three periods with a space before and after each) to indicate the omission of words from the middle of a quote. There is no need for ellipsis marks when you omit part of the beginning or ending of a quote.
YES: Smith argues that students need a “well-rounded education . . . in order to best contribute to society.”
NO: Smith argues that students need a “. . . well-rounded education, one which includes instruction in literature, history, science, mathematics, and rhetoric, in order to best contribute to society.”
NO: Smith argues that students need a “well-rounded education . . . .”
To integrate a quotation into your essay, use one of the following methods:
1. Work the quoted passage into your sentence grammatically.
Historian Tracy Borman (2009) points out that Queen Elizabeth I of England faced “deep-seated prejudices against female rulers that had existed for centuries” (p. 191).
2. Introduce the quoted passage with a complete sentence and a colon.
Historian Tracy Borman (2009) notes a significant problem Queen Elizabeth I of England faced: “The vast majority of Elizabeth’s subjects firmly believed that the proper role of women in society was to be subservient to fathers, husbands, and brothers” (p. 191).
3. Long quote format. Set off the quoted passage with an introductory sentence followed by a colon. This method is used only for long quotes (40 words or more). Double space the quotation, and indent it one inch from the left margin. Because this special placement identifies the passage as a quotation, do not put quotation marks around it. The final period goes before the citation (this is different from all other internal citations which put the period after the citation).
Historian Tracy Borman (2009) notes a significant problem Queen Elizabeth I of England faced:
The vast majority of Elizabeth’s subjects firmly believed that the proper role of women in society was to be subservient to fathers, husbands, and brothers. They had neither the intelligence nor the strength of character to make their own way in the world. If they could barely manage a household, then how on earth could they rule over a kingdom? (p. 191)
Summarizing and Paraphrasing Sources
A summary or paraphrase is meant as a complete and objective presentation of an author’s ideas, so be careful not to distort the original passage by omitting major points or by adding your own opinion. Because the words of a summary or paraphrase are yours, they are not enclosed by quotation marks. However, because the ideas you are restating came from someone else, you must cite the source through in-text citations and in your References page.
1. Summary of a long passage
Often, the best way to proceed is to name the author of a source in your sentence and place the year of publication after the author name in parentheses. This procedure informs your reader that you are about to quote or paraphrase. It also gives you an opportunity to mention the journal or the authority you are citing. Summaries do not require page or paragraph numbers.
Dr. Jennifer Shu (2013) emphasized the need for workers who are ill to stay home to avoid spreading the illness and prolonging recovery time, further noting that productivity is negatively affected when one is ill.
2. Paraphrase of a short passage
You may simply present the information from your source and place the author’s last name and the page number parenthetically at the end of the sentence. This method is useful if you have already established the identity of your source in a previous sentence and now want to develop the author’s ideas in some detail without having to clutter your sentences with repeated references to his or her name.
Workers should stay home when ill to avoid spreading the illness and prolonging recovery time (Shu, 2013).
Signaling the Use of a Source
One important skill to develop when writing with sources is signaling to the reader that you are using a source. Here are some simple ways to do that:
You may use the name of the author right in your own sentence, especially a significant writer, scholar, or expert:
Historian Tracy Borman (2009) points out that Queen Elizabeth I of England faced “deep-seated prejudices against female rulers that had existed for centuries” (p. 191).
You may use the name of the publication in your sentence:
A CNN article reports, “More people have been infected with measles in the United States during the first four months of this year than have been infected in the first four months of the past 18 years, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (Henry, 2014, para. 1).
In any case, you should establish a context for your use of the source:
The medical community emphasizes that people should not go to work sick, even when suffering from the common cold; however, workers face significant obstacles in following this advice. According to Dr. Jennifer Shu (2013), “The average adult gets a cold about two or three times a year, with each one lasting up to a week, or sometimes longer” (para. 1).
You must indicate why you are presenting the information.
This is part of the research conversation. In other words, you will talk about the source’s findings and what we should learn from it. As appropriate, you will agree or disagree with your sources, compare one to another, point out failings or weaknesses of sources, praise sources, or simply explain and clarify the point made by a source and explicitly connect that point to your thesis.
Writers should avoid simply dropping a quotation into a paragraph without setting it up with a lead-in phrase (forcing the reader to do the interpretive work of figuring out what that quotation means or how it connects to the point being made). It is the writer’s job to make the connection abundantly clear. You will do that by establishing context, by integrating the quote into your own prose, and by explaining how the quote is meaningful to your particular point. Do not assume that your reader will follow your reasoning!
APA In-Text Citations
Here are some models you can use to create your in-text citations APA style.
Summary or paraphrase with author name provided:
(Author, Year) Example: (Borman, 2009).
Summary or paraphrase when the author is not listed:
(“Article Title,” Year). Example: (“ADHD Diets,” 2014).
Quoting with author name provided:
(Author, Year, p. #). Example: (Borman, 2009, p. 15).
Quoting with no author listed:
(“Article Title,” Year, para. #). Example: (“ADHD Diets,” 2014, para. 2).
The in-text citations above are the basic APA in-text citations. There are other ways to cite sources in APA format:
With a summary:
Dr. Jennifer Shu (2013) emphasized the need for workers who are ill to stay home to avoid spreading the illness and prolonging recovery time, further noting that productivity is negatively affected when one is ill.
Since I mentioned the author name in setting up the quote in the example above, and followed it with the year, I do not have to include anything else. I could do this, instead:
Workers who are ill need to stay home to avoid spreading the illness and prolonging recovery time, further noting that productivity is negatively affected when one is ill (Shu, 2013).
With a direct quote:
Historian Tracy Borman (2009) pointed out that Queen Elizabeth I of England faced “deep-seated prejudices against female rulers that had existed for centuries” (p. 191).
The example above is the preferred method, but you can also do this:
Queen Elizabeth I of England faced “deep-seated prejudices against female rulers that had existed for centuries” (Borman, 2009, p. 191).
Connection Between In-Text Citations and References Page
The purpose of this page is to illustrate the connection between the sources as they appear in your paper and what a reader will find on your References page at the end. The text in the paper is highlighted in the same color as the source from which it came. (This is the same paragraph used in the “Integrating and Explaining Sources” page.)
It is common knowledge among historians and students of history that when Henry VIII’s fourth wife Anna of Cleves arrived in England, he found her appearance disappointing, despite his earlier admiration of her based solely on the portrait Hans Holbien had been commissioned to paint. A contemporary portrait of Anna, credited to artist Barthel Bruyn the Elder, shows a significantly longer and somewhat more bulbous nose than that depicted by Holbein. Legend has it that Henry considered Holbein’s portrait of Anna deceiving, which led to a falling out between the two. Holbein biographer Helen Langdon (1976) states that “Henry’s displeasure at finding Anne of Cleves more like a ‘fat Flanders mare’ when she arrived for the marriage ceremony in January 1540 cost Holbein dear in prestige, and he received no further important work from this quarter” (p. 110). Although it is true that the king angrily blamed those around him for their “deception,” according to Antonia Fraser (1992), author of The Wives of Henry VIII, his anger was never directed at Holbein (p. 307). In fact, a biography included at the WebMuseum indicates that Holbein was in the process of painting another portrait of Henry VIII when he (Holbein) died of the plague in London in 1543 (Pioch, 2002). At any rate, the king’s marriage to Anna lasted only a few months until he divorced her (Langdon, 1976, p. 23). Certainly the disappointment over the reality of Anna of Cleves in contrast to the portrait eliciting high expectations played a role in Henry’s rejection of her.
The sources will appear like this in your References page:
Fraser, A. (1992). The wives of Henry viii. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Langdon, H. (1976). Holbein. London: Phaidon Press Ltd.
Pioch, N. (2002, September 19). Holbein, Hans the younger. WebMuseum. Retrieved from
Analysis of In-Text Citations
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APA Cheat Sheet
Journal article from a database:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. Retrieved from
Specific example:
Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 120-125. Retrieved from
Journal article with a DOI:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. doi:0000000/000000000000 or
Specific example:
Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
Newspaper article:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
Notice the title of the newspaper is italicized.
Specific example:
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from
APA website
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper or Website. Retrieved from
Website page or article with no author:
Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper or Website. Retrieved from
Ebook
Authorlastname, A. A. (Year): Book title italicized. Retrieved from
Include a DOI at the end of the reference, if one is provided.
APA Big List of Resources
|What |Where |
|Center for Writing Excellence >> Tutorials and Guides >> APA | |
|Information: | |
|Riverpoint Writer: |You can find it by going to the CWE, to Tutorials and Guides, and then to APA|
| |Information. Riverpoint Writer is the first link: |
| | |
|Sample APA Paper: |
| |rV8.pdf |
|Center for Writing Excellence >> Tutorials and Guides >> APA | |
|Information: | |
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