Unit 2 APES.docx

 Chapter 141 a. The North American Plate is diving under the Caribbean Plateb. Because one part of the North American plate, the Bahamas Platform, is too buoyant to dive under easily, there are many earthquakes there.c. During the Haiti earthquake, around 2000 people were killed. Although Chile’s was 500 times larger, there were only 700 casualties.2. The lithosphere is made of the uppermost mantle and the crust.3. The crust is less dense than the core because it is lightweight, brittle, cool, and made mostly of oxygen and silicon. The core is made of hot condensed metals, iron and oxygen. The crust is constantly turning over and renewing itself, so there’s an uneven distribution of elements in the crust.4. The arrows show the direction of subduction where one plate is submerging under another. There are many ocean trenches and high levels of volcanic activity in these zones.5. Island volcanoes are made when the two oceanic crust plates move apart and let the magma pile up under the sea. Continental volcanoes are created when magma comes up under the continental plate and creates a hole for the magma to escape.6. Weathering, deformation, lithification, melting, crystallization, sedimentation, heat, recrystallization, heat and pressure.7 a. Rare earth minerals or metals are a collection of metallic elements. These metals are used in cell phones, high-efficiency lights, hybrid cars, superconductors, high-strength magnets, lightweight batteries, lasers, energy-conserving lamps, and a variety of medical devices.b. Small portions of these metals make motors 90 percent lighter and lights 80 percent more efficient.c. Because China produces about 97 percent of all rare earth metals, they have a huge dominance in mining and electronics production.d. The environmental effects are toxic wastewater from the acids produced and the production of sulfur, radioactive uranium, and thorium.e. They produce renewable energy.8a. General Mining Law’s original purpose was to encourage prospectors to open up the public domain and to promote commerce.b. Under the law, mining companies do not pay anything for the ore taken from public lands.c. Because without the subsidies, mines would close down, and America would be completely dependent on unstable foreign supplies.d. New bills propose to impose stricter reclamation requirements, require companies mining on federal lands to pay more for their production, eliminate the patenting process, and give federal managers authority to deny inappropriate permits.e. To obtain better reclamation requirements, it would be wise to change or amend the law.9.The table shows how a lot less energy is required to produce various materials from the recycled materials than from ore and raw materials. By saving companies and people money, the data from table will promote more recycling.10. “Mass wasting” refers to the effect of gravity, which causes geological materials to move downslope from one place to another. It can be very slow and gradual, but can also be dangerous like landslides and avalanches.11. b. 1. Most recent earthquakes have occurred along the San Andreas Fault line in California and a few in Oklahoma. Because two of the plates are constantly sliding past each other along the fault line, many earthquakes erupt in California. The Two plates created these earthquakes in this specific area. 2. I chose the map of Alaska, who’s most dominant class size of earthquakes are Twos. The largest class size was a 3.4, and the only other Three was a 3.0. There were two class 3 earthquakes out of seven. 3. Six of the earthquakes were on shore, and only one was offshore. 4. I zoomed in on an earthquake 3 km East of Livermore, CA. It’s in Livermore Valley, but I don’t recognize any of the features around Livermore. Because this earthquake was relatively small, I had not heard about it in the news.Chapter 151a. An average global increase in 1 degree Celsius affects crops and farmers because it allows new crop pests and weeds to survive winters farther north. It can also dry soil enough to forcer farmers to irrigate crops more or abandon farms in poor countries and move to already-overstressed cities.b. The loss of ice caps and permafrost adds to global warming and climate change.c. Politicians are looking for “silver bullets” like nuclear fusion, space-based solar energy, or giant mirrors that reflect solar energy away from the suns surface that will fix our environmental problems all at once.d. It is breaking down a problem into smaller, bite-size pieces. e. Of the three trajectories described by Pacala and Socolow, one of them is their “business as usual” scenario, which follows the pattern of the constantly increasing carbon dioxide output. Another trajectory is their “stabilization scenario” which helps prevent further increases in the carbon dioxide output, but it does not stop global warming, causing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere to double by 2100. The last trajectories goal is to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by creating new energy sources and better land management.f. In order to achieve stabilization, we must reduce our annual carbon emissions by about 7 billion tons per year within 50 years. g. The seven wedges are the 7 gigatons of carbon.Increase fuel economy in our cars from 30-6mgpReduce reliance on cars and cut driving time for individuals from 10,000-5,000 miles per yearInsulate better and use efficient appliances in our homes and work-placesIncrease efficiency in coal power plantsCapture and store carbon at power plantsChange the way power plants operateReduce reliance on coal powerh. Cutting carbon emissions would result in decreasing household expenses, increasing long-term employment stability of sustainable infrastructure, cutting the costs of replacing roads, cars, and buildings, reducing asthma and other lung diseases, reducing toxic mercury in our food, and preserving food, water, and wood resources, for the future with better land management.2. Albedo refers to the term reflectivity. Lighter colored surfaces have high albedos.3. They are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and dozens of others. 4.Convection cells, which expand and shift seasonally, circulate air, moisture, and heat around the globe, resulting in surface winds. Jet streams develop where cells meet. 5. The Coriolis effect is the apparent curvature of the winds that blow through out the world. Because the North Pole is the center of the world, the winds blowing near it are very slow while those farther away near the equator are the fastest. 6.Weather patterns begin to stabilize, causing droughts in some areas and excessive amounts of rain in others.7. Monsoons are regular seasonal rains caused by rising warming air, creating a low-pressure cell that draws in warm, wet oceanic air. After the moist air rises, it cools, causing heavy rains.8. Unlike warm fronts, cold fronts assume a “bull-nose” because ground drag retards forward movement of surface air. Warm air is then lifted over the advancing cold front, cools and produces precipitation. In a warm fronts however, the advancing air is warmer than the surrounding air, and because it is less dense than cool air it slides up over cooler air, creating a long, wedge shaped profile with a broad band of clouds and precipitation. 9. The temperature parallels the atmospheric concentration of CO2.10. ENSO stands for El Nino/ Southern Oscillation. Every three to five normal years, the Indonesian low collapses and the mass of warm surface water flows back east across the pacific, such as ENSO.11. CO2 from fuelsCO2 from deforestation, decay, and peatCH4 from agriculture, waste, and energyN20 from agriculture and other sourcesFluorine gases12.Two positive feedbacks are the melting of the polar ice caps and the CO2 and CH4 release from warming and drying peat.13. The Arctic sea is half as thick as it was thirty years ago. The ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula are breaking up and disappearing rapidly. Half of the world’s glaciers are disappearing. 14. No, if current trends continue, Canada will have a more sustainable climate for growing wheat.15a. It’s aim is to limit on emissions of carbon dioxide and other global warming gases from utilities.b. California voters strongly supported the law and even sued car manufacturers who refused to comply. c. Much of California’s economy is based on water; thus, the recent drought and other environmental problems gravely affect our economy. d. By trading carbon, less carbon is being emitted into our atmosphere, creating less pollution. 16. By using a liquid solvent, such as ammonia, carbon dioxide steam is captured and nitrogen is released, compressing carbon dioxide and pumping it to deep aquifers for permanent storage. Chapter 171a. The Lakes can no longer produce power or provide water for urban or agricultural use.b. State water rights were allocated in the compact.c. Bathtub ring: deposited minerals left by the receding water. 2. 1.2 million liters is consumed annually by a family of 4 in the U.S.3. Global atmospheric circulation, proximity to water sources, water distribution in topography.4. The warm water currents flow closer to Northern Europe and the cold currents flow next to Northern Canada.5. Approximately 1.5% of Earth’s water.6. Ground water: the next largest reservoir of fresh water held in the groundInfiltration: Precipitation that does not evaporate back into the air or run off into the earthZone of aeration: Upper soil layers that hold both air and waterZone of saturation: Lower soil layers where all spaces are filled up with waterWater table: The top of the zone of saturationAquifer: Porous layers of sand, gravel, or rock lying below the water tableArtesian well: It results when a pressurized aquifer intersects the surface, or if it is penetrated by a pipe or conduit.Recharge zone: Areas where water infiltrates into an aquifer7. Water scarcity: When the demand for water exceeds the amount availableWater stress: when renewable water supplies are inadequate 8a. Water withdrawal is the total amount of water taken from a water body, while water consumption is the loss of water due to evaporation, absorption, or contamination. b. Agricultural sectors have the greatest amount of water withdrawal and consumption.9. Agriculture has taken water that at one point filled the Aral Sea and redirected those water ways into cotton and rice fields.10. Flood irrigation pumps more than necessary into fields; in theory, it gives the crops a sufficient amount of water, but those plants could still thrive even with significantly less water. Rolling sprinklers move across the field while watering; this could also be using much more water than needed. Drip irrigation periodically waters each crop one drop at a time; this is the most efficient method because it gives each crop a sufficient amount of water while allowing it to soak in the water, utilize the nutrients, and continuously water the crop without massive amounts of water being wasted.11.toiletslaundryshowersfaucets leaksotherbathdishwashingYes it is a good idea because it could reduce the water usage of toilets to nearly half; or however often nature calls.12. Unrestricted water withdrawal has caused significant drops in water levels and in some areas have been dewatered.13. Saltwater intrusion occurs when too much groundwater is extracted and is replaced with salt water. It is a problem in the San Joaquin Valley because as groundwater is extracted in massive portions salt water is coming in.14. Lake Mead loses 1.3 billion cubic meters of water to evaporation every year.15. a.Northern and western China are suffering from a lack of water and are becoming more dry.b. With three canals from the Yangtze, China expects to move 45 billion cubic meters of water per year.c. The Grand Canal supplies very polluted water that is not suitable for domestic use.d. Environmental concerns include: alteration of oceanic circulation, dry up wetlands, worsen pollution of the Yangtze, and alter eastern China climate.16. a. No I would not suggest a similar situation because it would alter too much of nature.b. No, instead they should give them the option while weighing the pros and cons of the move.c. -Yes, they should have to pay a tax similar to a sales tax but instead on water and the amount they use. -Yes, a water tax would lead to greater conservation.-No, it would not be possible to charge as much money for domestic water as bottled.17. At least one third of the dam’s in the world aren’t justified on economic grounds, and less than half have planned for social or environmental impacts. Reservoirs in hot, dry climates lose tremendous amounts of water to evaporations. As the water levels drop, it leaves a bathtub ring of salt deposits on the canyon walls. Dam projects have forced more than 23 million people from their homes and land. In more than 70 cases worldwide, large dams have been linked with increased seismic activity. Dams are also lethal for migratory fish, such as salmon. 18. a. Desalination requires too much energy and money.b. -water boiled-steam condensed into fresh water.c. Limitations include: Corrosion, and requirement of energy.d. There is freshwater produced by desalination. ................
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