English blog @ mkm chan sir



PO LEUNG KUK MA KAM MING COLLEGEEnglish Language Form 1-3Sentence PatternsName: ________________________________ ( )Class: F._______ ()Contents1.1Simple S + V + O (Subject + Verb + Object)p.5-61.2Yes-No Questionsp.71.3There + bep.8-91.4S + V + O1 + prep. + O2p.10-111.5for example, such as, likep.12-131.6Wh-questionsp.14-151.7since, as, because p.16-181.8sop.191.9First/Then/Next/After that/Afterwards/Finallyp.20-211.10also, as well, toop.22-231.11before, afterp.24, 25,261.12S + V + gerund/to-infinitive (+ object)p.27-281.13 (a)Type 0 Conditionalsp.29-301.13 (b)Type 1 Conditionalsp.31-321.14and, or, & butp.33-341.15Imperativesp.35-361.16S + V + O + adj.p.37-38Newly added sentence patterns from IH (Geography & History) and Science subjectsContents2.1Conditionals (Types 0, 1 and 2)p.39-412.2Because of, owing to, due top.42-432.3As a result, thus, therefore, hencep.44, 45, 462.4Moreover, furthermore, in addition, besidesp.47-482.5Adverb clauses of time: when, while, until, till, as soon asp.49-512.6Passive voicep.52, 53-552.7Adverb clauses of manner: likep.562.8S + V + adj. + to-infinitiveP.572.9Reporting statementsp.58-592.10Adverb clauses of comparison: as…asp.602.11Making comparisonp.61-622.12S + V + that-clausep.63-642.13Adverb clauses of concession: although, though, even thoughp.65-672.14However, nevertheless, nonethelessp.68-692.15Relative clausep.70-732.16Both…and…p.74-752.17Either…or…p.762.18Neither…nor…p.77Newly added sentence patterns from IH (Geography & History) and Science subjectsContents3.1Modal verbs (should, ought to, have to, must) + bare infinitivep.783.2S + ‘advise’/ ‘recommend’/ ‘suggest’/ ‘warn’/ ‘urge’ + to-infinitive/ gerund/ that-clausep.79-813.3Type 2 Conditionals (If I were you, I would (not) + bare infinitive)p.823.4Adverb clauses of manner: ‘as if’ & ‘as though’p.83-843.5Gerund (as subject) + V + …p.85-863.6S + be + ‘good at’ + gerund + …p.87-883.7S + ‘have’/ ‘has’/ ‘had’ + ‘no problem’ + gerund + …p.893.8… so as to/ in order to …p.90-913.9… so that/ in order that …p.92-933.10S + V + adj. / adv. + ‘enough’ + to-infinitive + …p.94-953.11S + V + ‘too’ + adj. / adv. + to-infinitive + …p.96-973.12… ‘reason(s) why’ …p.98-993.13‘The reason for’ / ‘The cause of’ …p.100-1013.14S + V + ‘so’ + adj. / adv. + ‘that’ + S + V + …p.1023.15Passive voice (present continuous, present perfect, past continuous & simple future)p.103-1043.16‘It is’ + adj. + that-clausep.1053.17‘It is’ + adj. + to-infinitive + …p.106-1073.18‘It is’ + adj. + ‘for’ + somebody + to-infinitive + …p.1083.19S + ‘find’ + ‘it’ + adj. + to-infinitive + …p.1093.20‘It is’ + adj. + ‘of’ + somebody + to-infinitive + …p.1103.21Reporting commands and requestsp.1113.22Present participle phrases showing time of actionp.112-1133.23… wh-word + to-infinitive + …p.1143.24… wh-word + S + V + …p.1153.25‘or’ & ‘otherwise’p.116Newly added sentence patterns from IH (Geography & History) and Science subjects3.26‘whether’ … ‘or’p.1171.1Simple S + V + O (Subject + Verb + Object)This sentence pattern is the most basic sentence pattern. In this pattern, the subject does the action. The verbs, which are called transitive verbs, take an object.Form:SubjectVerbObjectShe eatsa lot of snacks.Heknowsmany people.We can add adverbs or adverb phrases after the object to give extra information. They can tell us when, where or how the action takes place. Form:SubjectVerbObjectOther information(adverb/ adverb phrase)He borroweda booklast week. (when)The policesearchedthe housecarefully. (how)The boysare playingfootballat/on the playground.(where) ExerciseMake sentences with the patterns (a) ‘Subject + Verb + Object’ or (b) ‘Subject + Verb + Object + Other information’. Follow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.I / not understand / this question (Make a sentence with pattern (a). Use simple present tense.)I do not understand this question.Sandy / break / her glasses / carelessly (Make a sentence with pattern (b). Use simple past tense.)Sandy broke her glasses carelessly.his leg / he / break / sooner or later (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with pattern (b). Use simple future tense.)He will break his leg sooner or later.my finger / a dog / bite / yesterday (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with pattern (b). Use simple past tense.)A dog bit my finger yesterday.Toy Story 3 / we / watch / tomorrow (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with pattern (b). Use simple future tense.)We will watch Toy Story 3 tomorrow.the problem / solve / they / without difficulty (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with pattern (b). Use simple past tense.)They solved the problem without difficulty.at the school canteen / lunch / have / we / at the moment (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with pattern (b). Use present continuous tense.)We are having lunch at the school canteen at the moment.1.1 Simple S+V+O (Subject + Verb + Object)F.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.study / as / History / we / a / subject.We study History as a subject.1.2Yes-No Questions Yes-No Questions with ‘be’Verb to beSubjectOther InformationAreyoufrom China?Is heyour friend?Was shehappy about her school results?Yes-No Questions with other verbsDo/Does/DidSubjectMain verbObject + other informationDoyouhave a cat?DoesPeterhavea bike?Didhesendthe email at home yesterday?ExerciseForm Yes-No Questions. Follow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and question marks. Also, change the verb form if necessary.be / this / your apple (Form a Yes-No question with the words/phrases given. Use the correct form of the verb to ‘ be’.)Is this your apple?you / have / any questions (Form a Yes-No question with the words/phrases given. Use the correct form of the verb ‘do’.)Do you have any questions?the children / be / at school (Re-order the words/phrases to form a Yes-No question. Use the correct form of the verb to ‘ be’.)Are the children at school?he / have / any plan / for / the weekend (Re-order the words/phrases to form a Yes-No question. Use the correct form of the verb ‘do’.)Does he have any plan for the weekend?lunchbox / your / be / blue (Re-order the words/phrases to form a Yes-No question. Use the correct form of the verb to ‘ be’.)Is your lunchbox blue?they / for / ready / be / the singing contest (Re-order the words/phrases to form a Yes-No question. Use the correct form of the verb to ‘ be’.)Are they ready for the singing contest? Simon and Sophie / go / the party / to (Re-order the words/phrases to form a Yes-No question. Use the correct form of the verb ‘do’. Hint: What tense should you use?)Did Simon and Sophie go to the party?1.3There + be In this pattern, the sentence starts with ‘there’ but the real subject comes after the verb to ‘be’. Note that the verb must agree with the real subject that follows.Form:‘There’beSubjectOther informationThereisa mouse in the kitchen.Therearemany peoplein the shop.Therewassome dirton the plate.ExerciseMake sentences with ‘There be’. Follow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.there / be / a stranger / at / the door (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)There was a stranger at the door.there / be / two policemen / over there (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense.)There are two policeman over there.there / be / more workers / in summer (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple future tense.)There will be more workers in summer.there / be / some money / in / my pocket (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)There was some money in my pocket.there / be / three major accidents / at this road junction (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)There were three major accidents at this road junction.many advanced facilities / in this school / there / be (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense.)There are many advanced facilities in this school.a lot of things / for you / there / be / to learn / in this course (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple future tense.)There will be a lot of things for you to learn in this course. 1.3 There + be(Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with the above pattern.F.1 Historythere / different ways / to appreciate / are / the past. There are different ways to appreciate the past.F.1 Geographyand in the new towns. / many shops, offices, factories / there / in Kowloon / and housing estates / are / on Hong Kong Island, There are many shops, offices, factories and housing estates on Hong Kong Island, inKowloon and in the new towns.F.1 Integrated Science Earth. / a wide variety of / is / on / there / living things There is a wide variety of living things on Earth.differences / living things. / there / between / are There are differences between living things.F.2 Geographyserious flooding / often / the Huang He / in the large river basins / is / and the Zhu Jiang. / , for example, / there / the Changjiang, There is often serious flooding in the large river basins, for example, the Changjiang, theHuang He and the Zhu Jiang.F.3 Biology seven / are / food groups. / there There are seven food groups.four factors / there / energy requirements. / are / affecting / our There are four factors affecting our energy requirements.1.4S + V + O1 + prep. + O2In this pattern, there are two objects (object 1 and object 2). The three common prepositions that appear in this sentence pattern are ‘to’, ‘for’ and ‘from’.Form:SubjectVerbObject 1PrepositionObject 2Shegavethe paintingtothe museum.Heboughta gold ringforhis girlfriend.Youmust protectthis plantfromstrong sunlight.The following verbs can be used with the preposition ‘to’:givetelllendpostsellshowthrowpaywritehandpromiseofferleaveThe following verbs can be used with the preposition ‘for’:buycutcookdogetordermakefetchleaveFindThe following verbs can be used with the preposition ‘from’:addthrowaskthankcompareprotectpunishexplainpreventpointcongratulateExerciseMake sentences with the pattern ‘S + V + O1 + prep. + O2’. Follow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.she / lend / three thousand dollars / me (Make a sentence with the above pattern in simple past tense. Use the correct preposition ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’.)She lent three thousand dollars to me.the caller / leave / a message /you (Make a sentence with the above pattern in simple past tense. Use the correct preposition ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’.)The caller left a message for you.you / must prevent / children / smoking (Make a sentence with the above pattern in simple present tense. Use the correct preposition ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’.)You must prevent children from smoking.he / owe / a lot of / money / the bank (Make a sentence with the above pattern in simple past tense. Use the correct preposition ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’.)He owed a lot of money to the bank.the teacher / explain / the instructions / us (Make a sentence with the above pattern in present continuous tense. Use the correct preposition ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’.)The teacher is explaining the instructions to us.me / she / ask / advice / the other day (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense and the correct preposition ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’.)She asked me for advice the other day.should add / you / some charcoal / the fire (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern in simple present tense. Use the correct preposition ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’.)You should add some charcoal to the fire.1.5for example, such as, like‘for example’, ‘such as’ and ‘like’ are used to list examples. Form:SubjectVerbObject/Other information,for example,/such as/likeObject/Other informationYou shouldn’t eatfatty food,likepotato chips and ice-cream.Theylike Hong Kong movie stars,such asJacky Chan and Maggie Cheung.Ipreferbright colours,for example,red, orange and yellow.A comma is needed after ‘for example’.We only begin a new sentence with ‘for example’ when the phrase is followed by a complete idea or sentence (not a list of items).?We can start a new sentence with ‘for example’ but not ‘such as’ or ‘like’.SubjectVerbObject/Other information.For example,Object/Other informationMy English teacherlovesvisiting English speaking countries.For example,she visited England last year.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases to make sentences. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.this ice-cream / have / many flavours – green tea, vanilla and chocolate (Make a sentence with ‘for example’. Use simple present tense.)This ice-cream has many flavours, for example, green tea, vanilla and chocolate. I / like / playing / ball games – football, basket and volleyball (Make a sentence with ‘such as’. Use simple present tense.)I like playing ball games, such as football, basketball and volleyball.Joe / has travelled / to / many countries – he travelled to India last summer (Make a sentence with ‘for example’.)Joe has travelled to many countries. For example, he travelled to India last summer.you / can borrow / different types of books / from / the school library – love stories, science fiction and cook books (Make a sentence with ‘like’. Use simple present tense.)You can borrow different types of books from the school library, like love stories, science fiction and cook books.when / I / go / camping – I / bring / lots of things – a fishing rod, matches and a sleeping bag (Make a sentence with ‘such as’. Use simple present tense.)When I go camping, I bring lots of things, such as a fishing rod, matches, and a sleeping bag.has interviewed / my uncle / famous people / many – interviewed / Donald Tsang / he / yesterday (Re-order the words to make a sentence with ‘for example’.)My uncle has interviewed many famous people. For example, he interviewed Donald Tsang yesterday.many Asian languages / Joyce / has studied – Korean, Chinese and Thai (Re-order the words to make a sentence with ‘like’.)Joyce has studied many Asian languages, like Korean, Chinese and Thai.1.5 for example, such as, likeF.1 Geography(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.such as / low order goods / and fruits. / are / newspaper / there There are low order goods such as newspapers and fruits.are / Whampoa Garden / middle-income / Places such as / residential areas. / examples of / and Tai Koo Shing Places such as Whampoa Garden and Tai Koo Shing are examples of middle-income residential areas.__________________________________________________________________ 2296795122555723385947351.6Wh-questionsWh-questions begin with wh-words (What, When, Where, Which, Who, Whose, Why and How). They are also called information questions. We ask them when we want to get information that is not a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer.Form: Wh-questions with the verb to ‘be’Wh-wordVerb to ‘be’SubjectOther information?WhereamI ?Whatwasthe problem?Whyweretheyangry?Form: Wh-questions with other verbsWh-wordVerb to ‘do’SubjectMain verbOther information?What doyouwantfor lunch?Whichdoessheprefer?Whendidtheyarriveat school?ExerciseForm wh-questions. Follow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and question marks. Also, change the verb form if necessary.is / your / favourite subject / what (Form a wh-question with the words/phrases given. Use simple present tense.)What is your favourite subject?sport / do you / like / most / which (Form a wh-question with the words/phrases given. Use simple present tense.)Which sport do you like most?be / Danny and Carol / late / for the concert /why (Form a wh-question with the words/phrases given. Use simple past tense and the correct form of the verb to ‘be’.)Why were Danny and Carol late for the concert?you / spend / your / summer holidays / how (Re-order the words/phrases to form a wh-question. Use simple past tense.)How did you spend your summer holidays?go / bed / to / last night / when (Re-order the words/phrases to form a wh-question. Use simple past tense.)When did you go to bed last night?he / meet / the / MTR station / this morning / at / who (Re-order the words/phrases to form a wh-question. Use simple past tense.)Who did he meet at the MTR station this morning?spare time / usually / you / in / do / your / what (Re-order the words/phrases to form a wh-question. Use simple present tense.)What do you usually do in your spare time?1.6 Wh-questionsF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.should / history? / study / history / do / us ? / why / can / what / we / forWhy should we study history? What can history do for us?24530054292606986723885521.7since, as, because We use ‘since’, ‘as’ and ‘because’ to talk about reasons. ‘‘Since’ and ‘as’ can be used before or after the main clause, but ‘because’ is usually used after the main clause. Form:Main clauseAdverb clause of reasonSubjectVerbObject/Other informationsince/as/becauseSubjectVerbObject/Other informationEricfailedin the examinationbecause/since/ashewaslazy.The plantsdied-because/since/asno onewateredthem.Form:Adverb clause of reason,Main clauseSince/AsSubjectVerbObject/Other informationSubjectVerbObject/Other informationSince/Asshefeltsick,sheleftearly.Since/Asthe testwasquite difficult,not many studentspassedit.ExerciseJoin the two sentences together using ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary. Don’t change the order of the two sentences.Bungee-jumping is quite dangerous. I will not try it. (Join the two sentences together using ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’.)Since/As Bungee-jumping is quite dangerous, I will not try it. I cannot go to work at the moment. I have to care for the children. (Join the two sentences together using ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’.)I cannot go to work at the moment because/since/as I have to care for the children.They could not do anything. They decided to give up. (Join the two sentences together using ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’.)Since/As they could not do anything, they decided to give up.He is independent. He does not need our support. (Join the two sentences together using ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’.)Since/As he is independent, he does not need our support.He was soaked from head to toe. He was caught in the heavy rain. (Join the two sentences together using ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’.)He was soaked from head to toe because/since/as he was caught in the heavy rain.are / busy / you / now - will call / later / you / I (Re-order the words/phrases in the two sentences and join them together with ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’.)Since/As you are busy now, I will call you later.don’t need to / anymore / explain / I - have known / everything / you (Re-order the words/phrases in the two sentences and join them together with ‘since’, ‘as’ or ‘because’.)I don’t need to explain anymore because/since/as you have known everything.1.7 since, as, because(Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with the above pattern.F.1 Historythey / secondary sources. / directly related to / are / more reliable than / This is because / the event / Primary sources / that happened / in the past. / arePrimary sources are more reliable than secondary sources. This is because they are directly related to the event that happened in the past.Hong Kong / were also called / the Cantonese speaking people / a long time ago, / settled in / Since / the Puntis. / theySince the Cantonese speaking people settled in Hong Kong a long time ago, they were alsocalled the Puntis.F.3 Biology good for / milk / bone development. / children / because / calcium / for / is / Milk / providesMilk is good for children because milk provides calcium for bone development.does not / sufficient / he / He / scurvy / take in / suffers from / vitamin C. / becauseHe suffers from scurvy because he does not take in sufficient vitamin C.F.3 Chemistry it / in / forms / rarely / as / an octet structure / the outermost shell. / has / Argon / compoundsArgon rarely forms compounds as it has an octet structure in the outermost shell.diluted hydrochloric acid / to form / reacts with / soluble calcium chloride. / insoluble in / Calcium carbonate / is / water. / because / However, / calcium carbonate / dissolves in / the acid / itCalcium carbonate is insoluble in water. However, it dissolves in diluted hydrochloric acid because calcium carbonate reacts with the acid to form soluble calcium chloride. 2123818539894248785-11176042926038101.8so ‘so’ is used to introduce results. It is commonly used in spoken English.Form:Clause (Reason),soClause (Result)SubjectVerbObject/Other information,subjectverbObject/ Other informationI feelcold,soI puton more clothes.Marywill havea test next Monday,sosheis doing revision now.ExerciseCombine the two sentences with ‘so’. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.Peter will take part in a tennis match. He is practising now. (Combine the two sentences with ‘so’.)Peter will take part in a tennis match, so he is practising now.Emily does not feel well. She goes to see a doctor. (Combine the two sentences with ‘so’.)Emily does not feel well, so she goes to see a doctor.She is making a dress. Susan is going to attend her best friend’s wedding next Sunday. (Combine the two sentences with ‘so’. Make sure the result goes after ‘so’.)Susan is going to attend her best friend’s wedding next Sunday, so she is making a dress.John is going to take a driving test. He is learning how to drive a car. (Combine the two sentences with ‘so’. Make sure the result goes after ‘so’.)John is going to take a driving test, so he is learning how to drive a car.Tom is packing up his luggage because he is going to Japan to study next week. (Rewrite the sentence with ‘so’. Make sure the result goes after ‘so’.)Tom is going to Japan to study next week, so he is packing up his luggage.was / the dress / expensive - did not buy / I / it (Re-order the words/phrase in the two sentences and then combine them with ‘so’.)The dress was expensive, so I did not buy it.are decorating / the house / they children - the children / hold / are going to /a party (Re-order the words/phrase in the two sentences and then combine them with ‘so’.)The children are going to hold a party, so they are decorating the house.1.9First/Then/Next/After that/Afterwards/Finally These are some of the most common sequence linkers. They are used to show the order of events and are usually placed at the beginning of sentences.‘First’ is used to introduce the first event. ‘Finally’ is used to introduce the last event. They are in a fixed position but the others, such as ‘Then’, ‘Next’, ‘After that’ and ‘Afterwards’ can replace one another.Form:Sequence linker,Clause (Event)First/Then/Next/After that/Afterwards/FinallySubjectVerbObject/Other informationFirst,Maggieputon her new night-gown.Then,shetookout a pearl necklace.After that,sheputit on and took a pair of silk gloves.Finally,shewasready to go.ExercisePut the sentences in correct order using appropriate sequence linkers to show the sequence of the events. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.I get on the bus and go to school. / I brush my teeth and wash my face. / I eat breakfast. / I get dressed. / I get out of bed.First, I get out of bed. Then, I brush my teeth and wash my face. Next, I eat breakfast. After that, I get dressed. Finally, I get on the bus and go to school. She spread jam on another slice of bread.She ate it.She put the two slices of bread together.She spread peanut butter on one slice of bread.First, she spread peanut butter on one slice of bread.Then, she spread jam on another slice of bread.After that, she put the two slices of bread together.Finally, she ate it.1.9 First / Then / Next / After that / Afterwards / FinallyF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.well educated, and / to allow a few Chinese people / the government / very rich / to take part in / late 19th century, / they wanted to / became / Finally, / trade / Some Chinese merchants / because of / and the economy. / also / were / In the / They / the growth in / take part in / in the 1880s, / began / government affairs. / politics.In the late 19th century, some Chinese merchants became very rich because of the growth in trade and the economy. They were also well educated, and they wanted to take part in government affairs. Finally, in the 1880s, the government began to allow a few Chinese people to take part in politics.F.3 Chemistryevaporates, / becomes / concentrated. / As / saturated. / more and more / It / in the solution / finally / the remaining solution / becomes / the solventAs the solvent in the solution evaporates, the remaining solution becomes more and more concentrated. It finally becomes saturated.178606620408780645546101.10 also, as well, too ‘Also’ is commonly used to show similarities, or things that look almost the same.Form:ClauseandClauseSubjectVerbObject/Other informationsubjectverbalsoobject/other informationIanisslimandIvyisalsoslim.Harrywasat the meetingandFredwasalsothere.‘As well/Too’ is also used to show similarities, but they are usually used at the end of a sentence.Form:Sentence.SentenceSubject + Verb + (Object/ Other information)SubjectVerbObject/Other informationas well/,tooTaking an MTR train is fast and comfortable.Itiseconomicalas well.Gary and Martha and the kids are coming to visit us.Theyare bringinggrandmother, too.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using ‘also / as well / too’ and the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.Joey is hardworking. Simon is hardworking. (Combine the sentences using ‘also’.)Joey is hardworking and Simon is also hardworking.Cathy likes shopping. Sally likes shopping. (Combine the sentences using ‘as well’ or ‘too’.)Cathy likes shopping. Sally likes shopping as well/, too.Thursday is my birthday. Thursday is Vivian’s birthday. (Combine the sentences using ‘also’.)Thursday is my birthday and it is also Vivian’s birthday.My grandfather likes doing Taichi. My grandmother likes doing Taichi. (Combine the sentences using ‘as well’ or ‘too’.)My grandfather likes doing Taichi. My grandmother likes doing Taichi as well/,too.Luke is playing online games. Joe is playing online games. (Combine the sentences using ‘also’.)Luke is playing online games and Joe is also playing on-line games.sing / she / beautifully / and / the piano / she / play / very well (Re-order the words to make a sentence with ‘also’. Use simple present tense.)She sings beautifully and she also plays the piano very well.love / my grandfather / I / and / my grandmother / I / love (Re-order the words to make a sentence with ‘as well’ or ‘too’. Use simple present tense.)I love my grandfather. I love my grandmother as well/, too.1.11 before, after‘before’ and ‘after’ are adverbs of time. They are used to show the time link between two actions. Form:Main clause Adverb clause of timeSubjectVerbObject/Other informationbefore/afterSubjectVerbObject / Other informationJohnbrushedhis teethbeforehewentto bed.John wentto bedafterhebrushedhis teeth.We can also start a sentence with an adverb clause of time.Adverb clause of time,Main clause Before/AfterSubjectVerbObject/Other informationSubjectVerbObject/Other informationBeforeyougoto the concert,youshould bookthe ticket.Aftertheyfinishedtheir lunch in the restaurant,theypaidthe bill.ExerciseJoin the two sentences together using ‘before’ or ‘after’. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary. Don’t change the order of the two sentences.You should warm up. You go into water. (Join the two sentences together using ‘before’ or ‘after’.)You should warm up before you go into water.I felt ill. I ate some dirty food from a hawker. (Join the two sentences together using ‘before’ or ‘after’.)I felt ill after I ate some dirty food from a hawker.Students should read the passages carefully. They do the comprehension exercise. (Join the two sentences together using ‘before’ or ‘after’.)Students should read the passages carefully before they do the comprehension exercise.You leave your house. You should check whether you have closed all the windows. (Join the two sentences together using ‘before’ or ‘after’.)Before you leave your house, you should check whether you have closed all the windows.They had breakfast at home. They went to school. (Join the two sentences together using ‘before’ or ‘after’.)After they had breakfast at home, they went to school.your hair / wash / you - it /dry / blow (Re-order the words/phrases in the two sentences and then combine them with ‘before’ or ‘after’.)After you wash your hair, blow it dry.turned off / the light / he - bed / went / he / to (Re-order the words/phrases in the two sentences and then combine them with ‘before’ or ‘after’.)After he turned off the light, he went to bed.1.11 before, afterF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.the birth of / After three decades of / China’s economy / Reform and Opening-up, / Jesus / is called / developed / The years / rapidly. / after / AD.The years after the birth of Jesus is called AD. / After three decades of Reform and Opening-up, China’s economy developed rapidly.F.2 Historysuch as / and Asia. / the voyages of discovery, / some European countries, / set up / in America, Africa / After / Portugal and Spain, / coloniesAfter the voyages of discovery, some European countries, such as Portugal and Spain, set up colonies in America, Africa and Asia.becoming the Emperor of / Napoleon / After / France, / fought / many foreign wars.After becoming the Emperor of France, Napoleon fought many foreign wars.lost the Russian Campaign, / in a coalition / France. / Napoleon / to fight against / After / European countries / joined togetherAfter Napoleon lost the Russian Campaign, European countries joined together in a coalition to fight against France.F.3 Physics the first electric battery / safely. / invented / which can store / In 1800, / electrical energy / a French scientist6. 1800, the investigation of / In 1800, a French scientist invented the first electric battery which can store electrical energy safely.1800, doing electricity experiments / difficult and dangerous. / progressed / Before / was / After / rapidly. / electrical scienceBefore 1800, doing electricity experiments was difficult and dangerous. After 1800, the investigation of electrical science progressed rapidly.___________________________________________________________________________46443909461521894803911602698753251201.12 S + V + gerund/to-infinitive (+ object)We use gerunds (-ing form) or to-infinitives after certain verbs.Form:SubjectVerbGerund / To-infinitiveObject / Other information.I dislikeplayingcard games.Simonenjoyscycling.Theywantto buya bigger house in Fanling.She hopesto travelaround the world.Cindyhateseating/to eatfish.My parentslikeeating/to eatseafood.Louislovesreading/to readcomic books in his free time.ExerciseMake sentences with the pattern ‘Subject + Verb + Gerund/To-infinitive (+ object). You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.he / forget / shut down / the computer / last night (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)He forgot to shut down the computer last night.most people / hope / get / more freedom (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense.)Most people hope to get more freedom.Jessica / enjoy / write / postcards (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense. )Jessica enjoys writing postcards.he / decide / take part in / the competition (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)He decided to take part in the competition.my boyfriend / suggest / see / a movie / after work (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)My boyfriend suggested seeing a movie after work.plan / we / for a holiday / Japan / go to (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)We planned to go to Japan for a holiday.don't mind / your dog / take care of / I / for a few days (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense.)I don’t mind taking care of your dog for a few days.1.12 S+V+gerund/ to-infinitive (+ object)F.1 Integrated Science(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.evaporates / water / water vapour. / formingWater evaporates forming water vapour.forming water droplets. / condenses / water vapourWater vapour condenses forming water droplets. F.3 Biologyhelps in / regulating body temperature. / waterWater helps in regulating body temperature.transporting vitamins A + D. / fat / helps inFat helps in transporting vitamins A and D.2345690914407151482073191.13(a)Type 0 Conditionals Type 0 Conditionals show what is always true (general or scientific truth).A conditional sentence is made of 2 clauses: ‘If-clause’ and ‘main clause’. The ‘If-clause’ shows an action and the ‘main clause’ shows the result of the action.Form:If-clause (Simple Present),Main clause(Simple Present)If a baby is hungry,he/she cries.If a dog sees a stranger,it barks.ORMain clause(Simple Present)If-clause (Simple Present)A baby criesif he/she is hungry.A dog barksif it sees a stranger.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make Type 0 Conditional Sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.you / put / ice / in the sun - it / melt (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If-clause’.)If you put ice in the sun, it melts.Iron / rust – it / get / wet (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘Main clause’.)Iron rusts if it gets wet.a piece of wood / fall / into water - it / float (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If-clause’.)If a piece of wood falls into water, it floats.you / freeze / water – it / become / a solid (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If-clause’.)If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.mix / red and blue / you – get / purple / you (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘Main clause’.)You get purple if you mix red and blue.you / a glass / drop / on the floor – break / it (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If clause’.)If you drop a glass on the floor, it breaks.they / not get / enough water – plants / die (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘Main clause’.)Plants die if they do not get enough water.1.13(b)Type 1 Conditionals Type 1 Conditionals show what is likely to happen.Form:If-clause (Simple Present),Main clause(Simple Future)If you study hard,you will get higher marks.If he does not feel well,he will see a doctor.ORMain clause(Simple Future)If-clause (Simple Present)You will get higher marksif you study hard.He will see a doctorif he does not feel well.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make Type 1 Conditional Sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.my friends / come - I / be / very happy (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If-clause’.)If my friends come, I will be very happy.we / travel / to London - we / visit / the museums (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘Main clause’.)We will visit the museums if we travel to London.it / rain - the children / not go / for a walk (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If-clause’.)If it rains, the children will not go for a walk.we / take / the bus - we / not arrive / in time (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘Main clause’.)We will not arrive in time if we take the bus.you / eat / much junk food - you / get / fatter (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If-clause’.)If you eat much junk food, you will get fatter.ask / you / the policeman – he / the way / you / tell - (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘If-clause’.)If you ask the policeman, he will tell you the way.my laptop / lend / I / you - promise / to be / careful / with it / you (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Start the sentence with the ‘Main clause’.)I will lend you my laptop if you promise to be careful with it.1.14 and, or, & but ‘And’, ‘or’, and ‘but’ are conjunctions/connectives. ‘and’ is used to join two words, phrases etc. that are related in some way.‘or’ is used between two words or phrases to show either of the two things is possible, or used before the last in a list of choices.‘but’ is used to connect two statements or phrases when the second one adds something different after the first one.Form:SubjectVerbObject/Other informationand/or/butObject /Other informationSheordereda sandwichanda cup of coffee.Youcan stayin the roomorplay outside.You can haveham, cheeseortuna.Theyrushedto the hospital,butthey were too late.ExerciseMake sentences using ‘and’, ‘or’ or ‘but’. Follow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.we / go / to Beijing / Shanghai / next summer (Make a sentence using ‘and/or/but’ and simple future tense)We will go to Beijing and/or Shanghai next summer.I / wanted to / go to the concert / all the tickets / were sold (Make a sentence using ‘and/or/but’ and simple past tense)I wanted to go to the concert but all the tickets were sold.you / know / his address / telephone number (Make a question using ‘and/or/but’ and simple present tense)Do you know his address and/or telephone number?he / be / underweight / healthy (Make a sentence using ‘and/or/but’ and the simple present tense)He is underweight but healthy.you / can go / cycling / swimming / hiking (Make a sentence using ‘and/or/but’ and simple present tense)You can go cycling, swimming or hiking.wanted / a football match / my father / to watch - was watching / my mother /another programme (Re-order the words to make a sentence with ‘and/or/but’.)My father wanted to watch a football match but my mother was watching another programme.do my homework / am going to / I - when I get home / a shower / take (Re-order the words to make a sentence with ‘and/or/but’.)I am going to do my homework and take a shower when I get home.1.14 and, or & butF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.to understand / things happened / enables us / in the past. / why and how / HistoryHistory enables us to understand why and how things happened in the past.189315870021237353288321.15 ImperativesImperatives are verbs used to give instructions to do or not do something. An imperative has the same form as the base form of a verb.Form:ImperativeObject/ Other informationBequiet!Don’t makea noise.Watchout!Don’t walkon the grass.Imperatives can also be used to give instructions on how to do/make/cook something.Form:ImperativeObject/ Other informationPressthe “page down” button to move to the next page.Boil the eggs for five minutes.ExerciseMake sentences using imperatives. You may need to add punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.turn to / page 2 / of / your / vocabulary book (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use the correct form of the verb.)Turn to page two of your vocabulary book.don’t talk / loudly / on the phone (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use the correct form of the verb.)Don’t talk loudly on the phone.the fish / 15 minutes / for / steam (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use the correct form of the verb.)Steam the fish for 15 minutes.an X-ray room / don’t enter / when / the red light / be / on (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use the correct form of the verbs.)Don’t enter an X-ray room when the red light is on.the memory card / insert / the cover / open / and (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use the correct form of the verbs.)Open the cover and insert the memory card.that chewing gum / out of / take / your mouth (Re-order the words/phrases to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use the correct form of the verb.)Take that chewing gum out of your mouth.the loaf of bread / slice / into / 12 pieces – heat / in an oven / and / them (Re-order the words/phrases in the 2 sentences and combine them with the above pattern. Use the correct form of the verbs.)Slice the loaf of bread into 12 pieces and heat them in an oven.73977574549025603206299201.15 ImperativesF.1 Integrated Science(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.your / follow / teacher’s instructions.Follow your teacher’s instructions.the laboratory / clean. / keepKeep the laboratory clean.1.16 S + V + O + adj.Verbs used in this pattern can be followed by an object and an adjective.Form:SubjectVerbObjectAdjectiveOther informationTheysetthe birdfreeon a boat.Wepaintedthe wall yellowlast week.The following verbs are often used in this pattern.breakfindgetkeepleavepaintprizepushsetturnwishExerciseMake sentences with the pattern ‘S + V + O + adj.’ Follow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.the heater / keep / us / warm (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense.)The heater keeps us warm.I / wish / all of you / good luck (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense.)I wish all of you good luck.he / leave / the door / open / all night (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)He left the door open all night.get / the players / their clothes / dirty (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple future tense.)The players will get their clothes dirty.the police / find / the whole house / empty (Make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)The police found the whole house empty.the hills / turn / green / the warm weather (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple past tense.)The warm weather turned the hills green.herself / find / uncomfortable / the guests / before / she (Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern. Use simple present tense.)She finds herself uncomfortable before the guests.2.1 Conditionals (Types 0, 1 and 2)We use conditional sentences to show what happens when or after something else happens. There are three types of conditional sentences. They serve different functions: TypeUse0General or scientific truth1Something that is likely to happen in the future2Unreal or imaginary situationForm:Condition (if-clause)Result (main clause)IfSubjectVerb(Object/ No object / Adjective + other information,SubjectVerb(Object/ No object / Adjective + other informationType 0Ifa babyis (Simple present)hungry,he / shecries. (Simple Present)/Type 1Ifyoucome (Simple present)to Harbour City,youwill find(Simple future)your favourite shoes.Type 2IfIwere*(Simple past)you,Iwould join (would + verb in base form)the competition.*We use ’were’ instead of ‘was’ when the past tense of verb-to-be is used for an imaginary event/situation.You can also mention the result and then the condition, without a comma in between.Result (main clause)Condition (if-clause)SubjectVerb(Object/ No object / Adjective + other informationifSubjectVerb(Object/ No object / Adjective + other informationType 0A babycries (Simple present)/ifhe / sheis (Simple present)hungry.Type 1Youwill find (Simple future)your favourite shoesifyoucome (Simple present)to Harbour City.Type 2Iwould join (would + verb in base form)the competitionifIwere* (Simple past)you.Hint:A clause is made up of a subject and a verb.ExerciseUse the type of conditionals specified in the brackets and make sentences with the given words and phrases. Use the correct tense and add necessary words and punctuation.ice / melt – you / put / it / in / sun (Type 0)Ice melts if you put it in the sun.you / be / not / in a hurry – we / travel / bus (Type 1)If you are not in a hurry, we will travel by bus.plants / not / get / enough / water – they / die (Type 0)If plants do not get enough water, they die.I / have / enough / cash – I / buy / this dog / at once (Type 2)If I had enough cash, I would buy this dog at once.She / not feel / so lonely – she / have / brother / or / sister (Type 2)She would not feel so lonely if she had a brother or sister.not / promise / to tell / you / others – you / tell / a secret / I (Re-order the words and form a type 1 conditional sentence)If you promise not to tell others, I will tell you a secret.here / Miss Lee / be – us / some / give / she / advice (Re-order the words and form a type 2 conditional sentence)If Miss Lee were here, she would give us some advice.2651040-453087156452012952.1 Conditionals (Types 0, 1 and 2)F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.if / accelerates / A body / acts / a force / on it.A body accelerates if a force acts on it.But / Electricity / our lives / convenient. / very dangerous too / do not use / properly. / makes / if / it / it / we / can beElectricity makes our lives convenient. But it can be very dangerous too if we do not use it properly.2.2 Because of, owing to, due toWe use ‘because of’, ‘owing to’ and ‘due to’ to introduce a reason. They are followed by a noun phrase. Form:Resultbecause of / owing to / due toReasonMain clause: Subject + Verb +Object + other informationNoun phraseHe gave up smokingbecause ofthe doctor’s warning.She failed the testowing toher laziness.He was promoted by his managerdue tohis hard work.The phrases ‘because of’ and ‘owing to’ (Not “due to”) can be put before the main clause:Because of / Owing to Reason ResultNoun phrase,Main clause: Subject + Verb +Object + other informationBecause ofthe doctor’s warning,he gave up smoking.Owing toher laziness,she failed the test.Exercise Follow the instructions in the brackets and rewrite the following sentences. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops.He is gaining weight because he has an unhealthy diet. (Make a sentence with ‘because of’)He is gaining weight because of his unhealthy diet.Her salary is increased. She has good performance. (Make a sentence with ‘due to’)Her salary is increased due to her good performance.His memory is excellent, so he can remember anything. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘owing to’)Owing to his excellent memory, he can remember anything.The weather was great. Therefore, we had a wonderful holiday. (Make a sentence with ‘because of’ that appears in the middle of the sentence)We had a wonderful holiday because of the great weather.He has coughed a lot these days because the air is polluted. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘owing to’)Owing to the polluted air / air pollution, he has coughed a lot these days.Hint: What are the nouns for “honest” and “kind”?People respect her since she is honest and kind. (Make a sentence with ‘due to’ that appears in the middle of the sentence)People respect her due to her honesty and kindness.The football match was postponed. It was raining. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘because of’)Hint: What is the noun for “raining”?Because of the rain, the football match was postponed.2.2 Because of, owing to, due toF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.from the mainland of China / the outbreak of / Hong Kong. / of Hong Kong and / many people / was mainly / the Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) / This / Soon, / began / in China. / due to / the economic development / to move into Soon, many people from the mainland of China began to move into Hong Kong. This was mainly due to the economic development of Hong Kong and the outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) in China.the population of / After / and / a high birth rate / rapidly. / a low death rate. / Hong Kong / was mainly / grew / the Second World War, / due to / ThisAfter the Second World War, the population of Hong Kong grew rapidly. This was mainly due to a high birth rate and a low death rate.22142452260604267202260602.3 As a result, thus, therefore, henceWe use ‘as a result’, ‘thus’, ‘therefore’ and ‘hence’ to explain the result of an action. ‘As a result’, ‘Thus’, ‘Therefore’ and ‘Hence’ are connectives and usually put at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma which separate the connectives from the main clause.‘Hence’ and ‘Thus’ are very formal while ‘Therefore’ and ‘As a result’ are more formal than ‘so’. They are used more often in written English. Form: Reason (sentence)Connectives,Result (Clause)S. + V. … .S.+ V. … She worked too hard.Therefore / As a result / Thus / Hence,she was ill.The novel is interesting.it is one of the season’s best-sellers.He woke up late.he missed the bus.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and rewrite the following sentences. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops.He wants to buy a new mobile phone, so he saves his pocket money. (Rewrite the sentence with ‘thus’)He wants to buy a new mobile phone. Thus, he saves his pocket money.Tim could not get on the bus. He was late for school. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘hence’)Tim could not get on the bus. Hence, he was late for school.We need to spend more time doing revision because the exam is coming. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘as a result’)The exam is coming. As a result, we need to spend more time doing revision.We ate a lot because the food was very good. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘therefore’)The food was very good. Therefore, we ate a lot.He was very nervous, so he could not speak anything. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘hence’)He was very nervous. Hence, he could not speak anything.Owing to her honesty, everyone trusts her. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘thus’)She is honest. Thus, everyone trusts her.The picnic was cancelled because of the bad weather. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘as a result’)The weather was bad. As a result, the picnic was cancelled.2.3 As a result, thus, therefore, henceF.1 Integrated Science(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.As a result, / their natural habitat. / to obtain / some living things / lose / cut / wood. / trees / WeWe cut trees to obtain wood. As a result, some living things lose their natural habitat.we / with / very small / in size. / the naked eye. / cannot see / Cells / them / are / Therefore,Cells are very small in size. Therefore, we cannot see them with the naked eye.F.1 Historywas closely related to / Lime / many lime kilns / in Hong Kong. / and the building industry / and build walls. / the lime-making industry / was used to / fishing / There / ships / were / repair / Thus, There were many lime kilns in Hong Kong. Lime was used to repair ships and build walls. Thus, the lime-making industry was closely related to fishing and the building industry.Hong Kong’s entreport trade / the outbreak of / in 1950, / the United Nations / After / all Chinese goods. / sharply. / an embargo on / declined / placed / As a result, / the Korean WarAfter the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the United Nations placed an embargo on all Chinese goods. As a result, Hong Kong’s entrepot trade declined sharply.F.2 HistoryRoman remains / the Roman civilization. / Thus, / to learn about / a good chance / had / There were / the civilization. / home to / Italy / everywhere. / was / the ItaliansItaly was home to Roman civilization. There were Roman remains everywhere. Thus, the Italians had a good chance to learn about the civilization. _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________.40020441524002272030-70485500380152400he / and they / French rule. / the people there / to fight against / Napoleon / their national feelings, / When / to govern / As a result, / This / throughout / conquered / Europe. / a place, / nationalism / themselves. / did not allow / spread / began / awakenedWhen Napoleon conquered a place, he did not allow the people there to govern themselves. This awakened their national feelings, and they began to fight against French rule. As a result, nationalism spread throughout Europe.F.3 Historyraw materials and markets. / more colonies / Asia / to an increase / As a result, / and the Pacific. / Industrialization / scrambled / in the demand for / for / all major powers / in Africa, / ledIndustrialization led to an increase in the demand for raw materials and markets. As a result, all major powers scrambled for more colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.2.4 Moreover, furthermore, in addition, besidesWe use ‘moreover’, ‘furthermore’, ‘in addition’ or ‘besides’ when we need to give additional information. The additional information should be relevant or similar to the information that has been previously mentioned. e.g. Students in China do not have enough food. Moreover, / Furthermore, / In addition, / Besides, their living environment is much less comfortable than ours. (**the information in the first sentence [Students in China do not have enough food.] is relevant / similar to that in the second sentence [their living environment is less comfortable].)‘moreover’, ‘furthermore’, ‘in addition’ or ‘besides’ are connectives and usually put at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma which separates the connectives from the main clause. Note that ‘Moreover’, ‘Furthermore’ and ‘In addition’ are formal expressions and usually used in written English while ‘besides’ is less formal and can be used in spoken English. Form:S. + V. … (sentence)connectives,S.+ V. … (clause)The earthquake killed a lot of people. Besides / Moreover /Furthermore / In addition,it destroyed many homes. Nancy is a good companion.she is very helpful.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and rewrite the following sentences. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops.Ivy is a successful businesswoman. She is a good wife and mother. (Rewrite the sentence with ‘furthermore’)Ivy is a successful businesswoman. Furthermore, she is a good wife and mother.Bicycling is a good exercise. It also does not pollute the air. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘moreover’)Bicycling is a good exercise. Moreover, it does not pollute the air.The charity aims to provide shelters for the homeless and help them to find suitable jobs. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘in addition’)The charity aims to provide shelters for the homeless. In addition, it aims to help them to find suitable jobs.The whole report is badly written. It is also inaccurate. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘besides’)The whole report is badly written. Besides, it is inaccurate.He likes doing voluntary work. He also encourages others to do the same. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘moreover’)He likes doing voluntary work. Moreover, he encourages others to do the same. writer / be / Mr Johnson - lecturer / university / he / be (Re-order the words and add ‘in addition’to make a sentence)Mr Johnson is a writer. In addition, he is a university lecturer. nice / picnic / Sai Kung / place / for / be - easy / be /to reach / it (Re-order the words and add‘besides’ to make a sentence)Sai Kung is a nice place for picnic. Besides, it is easy to reach. 231267012065484488308922.4 Moreover, furthermore, in addition, besidesF.1 Integrated Science(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.a cell membrane. / plant cells / a cell wall. / plant cells / have / Like animal cells, / also / In addition, / haveLike animal cells, plant cells also have a cell membrane. In addition, plant cells have a cell wall.can make / Plants / through seeds. / can reproduce / Besides, / their own food. / theyPlants can make their own food. Besides, they can reproduce through seeds.2.5 Adverb clauses of time: when, while, until, till, as soon asWe use time clauses to show the time relationship between ideas. When you want to say that two events happen at the same time, you use ‘when’ and ‘while’.Main clauseSubject + Verb + Object / No object / Adjective + other informationwhen / whileTime clauseSubject + Verb + Object / No object / Adjective + other informationHe saw his girlfriendwhenhe opened the door. The dog always barks*whileI am sleeping. * We usually use ‘while’ for a longer action in present or past continuous tense.When we talk about when a situation ends, we can use a time clause with ‘till’ or ‘until’.Main clauseSubject + Verb + Object / No object / Adjective + other informationtill / untilTime clauseSubject + Verb + Object / No object / Adjective + other informationDon’t come in till / untilI give you the signal!My uncle worked hard all his lifehe retired. When you want to say that one event happens after another event, you use a time clause with ‘as soon as’. Note that ‘as soon as’ means ‘after’.Main clauseSubject + Verb + Object / No object / Adjective + other informationas soon asTime clauseSubject + Verb + Object / No object / Adjective + other informationShe woke up immediatelyas soon asthe alarm clock went off. We can always put the time clause at the beginning of a sentence and add a comma after the time clause. e.g. As soon as the alarm clock went off, she woke up immediately.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and join the following sentences. You may need to add necessary punctuation. She won’t speak to you. You apologize. (Make a sentence using ‘until’)She won’t speak to you until you apologize.Someone knocked at the door. He was sleeping. (Make a sentence using ‘while’)Someone knocked at the door while he was sleeping.I went on a picnic yesterday. I saw many butterflies on a tree. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘when’) When I went on a picnic yesterday, I saw many butterflies on a tree.He has finished the project. He will have a week’s holiday. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘as soon as’)As soon as he has finished the project, he will have a week’s holiday.The manager promises to pay the debt. They will not go. (Make a sentence using ‘till’)They will not go till the manager promises to pay the debt.chairman / stood / speak / up / the / to – silent / everyone / became (Re-order the words and add ‘as soon as’ to make a sentence)As soon as the chairman stood up to speak, everyone became silent.announced / host / the / the / news – were / dinner / we / having (Re-order the words to form a sentence. Start the sentence with ‘while’)While we were having dinner, the host announced the news.2.5 Adverb clauses of time: when, while, until, till, as soon asF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.Hong Kong, / took water / on Hong Kong Island. / from a stream / When / came to /ships / often / theyWhen ships came to Hong Kong, they often took water from a stream on Hong Kong Island.only three / The Executive Council / in 1843, / on making policies / government officials. / When the council / the governor / and carrying out laws. / advised / had / was first set up / itThe Executive Council advised the governor on making policies and carrying out laws. When the council was first set up in 1843, it had only three government officials. banking and transportation. / When / were made / developments / started to grow, / in the shipping industry, / the entreport tradeWhen the entrepot trade started to grow, developments were made in the shipping industry, banking and transportation.F.3 HistoryHitler / to stop aggression / Czechoslovakia / Britain and France / finally / annexed / the best way / in March 1939, / was through war. / realized that / WhenWhen Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Britain and France finally realized that the best way to stop aggression was through war.F.3 Physicsunless / reaches / will not boil / 100 oC. / Water / its temperatureWater will not boil unless its temperature reaches 100 oC.4199753-168876191770094615237353370712.6 Passive voice We can use passive voice to highlight the person or thing affected by an action, instead of the person or thing that does the action. e.g. ACTIVE VOICE: Vivienne Tam designs this dress. (The designer is highlighted.)PASSIVE VOICE: This dress is designed by Vivienne Tam. (The dress is highlighted.) Form:TensesSomething / Somebody affected by the actionPassive VerbbyDoer (something / somebody that does the action)Extra informationVerb-to-bePast participleSimple PresentMost T-shirts are made //in China.Flourismade//from wheat.SimplePastThe studentswerepunishedbyMiss Wong./This piece of jewellerywaswornbythe Queen./ExerciseThe following sentences are written in the active voice. Rewrite them in the passive voice. Do not make changes to the tense.Jane’s father switched off the television.The television was switched off by Jane’s father.Mary makes two beautiful models.Two beautiful models are made by Mary.Captain Cook discovered Australia a long time ago.Australia was discovered by Captain Cook a long time ago.People of all ages enjoy this show. This show is enjoyed by people of all ages.Careless students often make this type of mistake. This type of mistake is often made by careless students.Hint: Use another preposition instead of ‘by’. Snow covers the top of the mountain.The top of the mountain is covered with snow.Hint: Begin with ‘nothing’ and omit ‘never’.She never says anything about her past. Nothing is said (by her) about her past. 2.6 Passive voiceF.1 Integrated Science(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.with a backbone / vertebrates. / Animals / are calledAnimals with a backbone are called vertebrates.are classified into / Plants / and non-flowering plants. / flowering plants / two groups:Plants are classified into two groups: flowering plants and non-flowering plants.F.1 Geographyon the ground floors of / in Central District. / Retail shops / commercial buildings / are foundRetail shops are found on the ground floors of commercial buildings in Central District.is called / the Central Business District. / The area of a city / with many of these activitiesThe area of a city with many of these activities is called the Central Business District.is mainly used / Central District / for commercial activities.Central District is mainly used for commercial activities.F.1 Historyhappened. / Primary sources / who were there / by people / when the event / were madePrimary sources were made by people who were there when the event happened.Most of / of the Stone Age / the stone tools / are finely polished.Most of the stone tools of the Stone Age are finely polished.was defeated / and / sign / Nanjing. / was forced to / the Treaty of / In August 1842, / ChinaIn August 1842, China was defeated and was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing.from India / China / was shipped to / Hong Kong. / Opium / viaOpium from India was shipped to China via Hong Kong.F.2 Geographycaused by / flooding / The damage / in Hong Kong / very serious. / is notThe damage caused by flooding in Hong Kong is not very serious.land / The earth surface / and sea. / is made up ofThe earth surface is made of land and sea.F.2 Historyand writers / humanism. / were greatly influenced by / Renaissance artistsRenaissance artists and writers were greatly influenced by humanism.1678940285753754755-2266955418953-321588900-29210the influence of / during the Renaissance. / strive for / that restricted human thoughts / the freedom of / while all unreasonable rules / were encouraged to / People / their goals. /were opposed. / In addition, / was promoted, / expression and creativity / human individuality / humanism, / was realized / the liberation of / Due toDue to the influence of humanism, the liberation of human individuality was realized during the Renaissance. People were encouraged to strive for their goals. In addition, the freedom of expression and creativity was promoted, while all unreasonable rules that restricted human thoughts were opposed.people / by their lords. / declined, / When / were no longer controlled / feudalismWhen feudalism declined, people were no longer controlled by their lords.Constantinople / In 1453, / by the Muslim Turks. / was capturedIn 1453, Constantinople was captured by the Muslim Turks.England / was ruled / In the 17th century, / by the Stuarts.In the 17th century, England was ruled by the Stuarts.Louis XVI / by his wife. / and was controlled / was / very weakLouis XVI was very weak and was controlled by his wife.was charged with / was executed / and / the country / being disloyal to / Louis XVI / in January 1793.Louis XVI was charged with being disloyal to the country and was executed in January 1793.was exiled to / in the Atlantic Ocean, / a few years later. / the island of / he died / where / Napoleon / St. HelenaNapoleon was exiled to the Island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where he died a few years later.F.3 Biologyare used for / Proteins / cells. / makingProteins are used for making cells.is used to / haemoglobin. / Iron / formIron is used to form haemoglobin.F.3 GeographyTrees / are known as / in the top layer / emergents.Trees in the top layer are known as emergents.hamburgers / Beef / and hot dogs. / making / is used forBeef is used for making hamburgers and hot dogs.F.3 Historywere killed / More than / in the fighting. / 8 million soldiersMore than 8 million soldiers were killed in the fighting.F.3 PhysicsLight energy / is transferred / from the sun / by radiation.Light energy from the sun is transferred by radiation.by the battery. / electrical energy / In a closed circuit, / is suppliedIn a closed circuit, electrical energy is supplied by the battery.an electron / If / the atom / becomes / from an atom, / is removed / positively charged.If an electron is removed from an atom, the atom becomes positively charged.F.3 Chemistryin the air / water vapour / and carbon dioxide / Dust, / in order to / purify it. / are removedDust, water vapour and carbon dioxide in the air are removed in order to purify it.is compressed / The purified air / at a very high pressure.The purified air is compressed at a very high pressure.into anything simpler / which / cannot be broken down / substances / Elements / by chemical methods. / areElements are substances which cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical methods.2.7 Adverb clauses of manner: likeWe can add a clause that starts with ‘like’ to say what something / someone seems like or how somebody / something does an action.Form: main clause like-clause (adverb clause of manner)SVObject / No object / AdjectiveOther informationlikeSVObject / No object / AdjectiveOther information.Youspeak/to your brotherlikeyour fatherdoes.//.He looks //likehe hasn’t slept/all night.Exercise Use ‘like’ to re-write the following sentences. Change the verbs to the tense as indicated in brackets. my / parents / always / treat / me - a princess (Simple present tense)My parents always treat me like a princess.it / sound - you / be / very / confident (Simple present tense)It sounds like you are very confident.he / carry out / the / order - an expert / do (Simple past tense)He carried out the order like an expert did.she / act - she / stupid / be (Simple present tense)She acts like she is stupid.my / dad / tip / the waiter / generously – a millionaire / do (Simple past tense)My dad tipped the waiter generously like a millionaire plete / please / chart / the – she / one / do / the (Re-order the words and change the verbs to simple present tense)Please complete the chart like the one she does.our / the piano / in / no one / school / play - do / Tiffany (Re-order the words and change the verbs to simple past tense)No one in our school played the piano like Tiffany did. 2.8 S + V + adj. + to-infinitiveWe use this pattern to show how someone feels about something he / she does.Form:SubjectVerbAdjectiveto-infinitive …Iamgladto see you again.My brotheriseagerto set up his own company.Theyseeminterestedto join this project. The following adjectives and past participles can be used in this pattern.ablehappysadsurequicksorryreadyslowpatientwillingreluctantgladsurprisedshockedstunnedamazedprepareddeterminedexcitedamusedpleaseddisappointedinterestedannoyed ExerciseMake sentences using the pattern ‘S + V + adj. + to-infinitive’. Change the verbs in bold to the tense as indicated in brackets. Add necessary words and punctuation. Tommy - be - able - win - competition (Simple Future)Tommy will be able to win the competition.I - be - sorry - give - you - trouble (Simple Present)I am sorry to give you the trouble.Jack - be - quick – adapt to- new environment (Simple Future)Jack will be quick to adapt to the new environment.students - be - disappointed - hear - news (Simple Past)The students were disappointed to hear the news.new teacher - be - ready - help - weak students (Simple Present)The new teacher is ready to help the / those weak students.surprised / seem / letter / he / receive (Re-order the words and change the verb in bold to Simple Present)He seems surprised to receive the letter.look / lend / rich man / to his friends / money / reluctant (Re-order the words and change the verb in bold to Simple Past)The rich man looked reluctant to lend money to his friends. 2.9 Reporting statementsWe use reported speech / indirect speech when we want to report what another person has said. We change the tenses in reported speech when we are not sure if the original statement is still true, or when it is out of date. Change the present tenses in direct speech into past tenses in indirect speech. For modal verbs, use the past form in indirect speech (e.g. can could; will would).Remember to change the subject pronouns (e.g. I, you & we), object pronouns (e.g. me, you & us), possessive adjectives (e.g. my, your & our) and possessive pronouns (e.g. mine, yours & ours) too.Note that certain words and expressions showing time and place may also be changed in reported speech (e.g. here there; this that; last week the previous week)Look at these examples:Direct speech:1. The director, Danny DeVito, said, ‘Matilda is my favourite movie.’2. ‘You can try to call her tomorrow,’ Stephen suggested.3. ‘I am at the airport now,’ Amy answered.Indirect speech (Reported speech):Speaker (subject)Reporting verb(that)Subject + Verb (+ Object / No object / Adjective + other information)1. The director, Danny DeVito,said(that)Matilda was his favourite movie.2. Stephensuggested(that)I could try to call her the next day. 3. Amyanswered(that)she was at the airport then. Exercise Change the direct speech below into reported speech.‘I want to take a day off,’ Wendy told her manager. Wendy told her manager (that) she wanted to take a day off.‘This is not my handbag,’ mentioned the woman.The woman mentioned (that) that was not her handbag.‘We’ll have fish for dinner tomorrow,’ said Mrs Law. Mrs Law said they would have fish for dinner the following / next day.‘If you have nothing to do, we may have a drink together,’ Martin told me. Martin told me if I had nothing to do, we might have a drink together.‘There is nothing we can do,’ said the doctor.The doctor said there was nothing they could do.‘I’ll give you a call when I get to New York,’ Mr Lee said to us. (use “tell’ to report the statement)Mr Lee told us he would give us a call when he got to New York.‘Mandy, you can use the computer now,’ said Mrs Wong. (use “tell’ to report the statement)Mrs Wong told Mandy (that) she could use the computer then.2543810151130549910260352.9 Reporting statementsF.2 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.the windows / should be / during / of the laboratory / suggested that / open / Mary / experiments.Mary suggested that the windows of the laboratory should be open during experiments.F.3 Physicsbrings us / But / if / it / do not use / very dangerous / a lot of convenience. / we / it can be / Electricity / properly.Electricity brings us a lot of convenience. But it can be very dangerous if we do not use it properly.2.10 Adverb clauses of comparison: as…asWe use ‘as…as’ to show that things are the same in some way. It is also possible to have negative comparison by using ‘not as…as’. This is to show the two groups are not similar in some way. Form:Subject + verb(not) asadj. / adv. // much / many + nounasnoun / adverbial / clause (S + V)Tom isastall asJoe.* Doasmuch practiceaspossible before the examination.After 1997, Hong Kong isnot asbad aswe expected.* This is an imperative which starts with a verb without a subject.If a noun is used between ‘as…as’, we should use ‘much’ before uncountable nouns and ‘many’ before countable nouns. Exercise Rewrite the following sentences using the pattern ‘(not) as…as’ and the words given in brackets. Cathy is 13 years old. Wendy is 13 years old, too. (Use ‘old’)Cathy is as old as Wendy.The cat weighs 9kg. The dog weighs 9kg, too. (Use ‘heavy’)The cat is as heavy as the dog.David is lazy. Fanny is hard-working. (Use ‘hard-working’)David is not as hard-working as Fanny.Bonnie has many friends. Daisy has many friends, too. (Use ‘many friends’)Bonnie has as many friends as Daisy.The sofa she bought is comfortable. The stool he purchased is uncomfortable. (Use ‘comfortable’)The stool he purchased is not as comfortable as the sofa she bought.I drink seven glasses of water every day. You drink five glasses of water every day. (Use ‘much’)You do not drink as much water every day as I do.He sold 1500 mobile phones last month. I sold 2000 mobile phone last month. (Use ‘many’)He did not sell as many mobile phones last month as I did. 2.11 Making comparisonWe use the comparative when we compare two things. If adjectives are short with one or two syllables, -er is used to form the comparatives. With three syllables or over, the comparative is formed by using ‘more / less’ before the original adjectives.e.g. The jacket is less expensive than the sweater. More / less is usually used before comparative adverbs, e.g. He talks more loudly than usual. There are some exceptional cases: well better; fast faster; early earlier; late later; badly worse Form:Subject + verbcomparative adj. / adv.thannoun phrase / clause / adverbialHe will comeearlierthanthe guests.Mr. Wong isshorterwe expected.Jenny lookedmore beautifulusual.Both countable and uncountable nouns can be compared. In the case of countable nouns, don’t forget to use their plural forms when ‘more / fewer’ is present. When uncountable nouns are compared, ‘more / less’ is used.Form:Subject + verbcomparative adj.nounthannoun phrase/ clause/adverbial Mary hasfewerclothesthanSue.Studying Mathematics takeslesstimestudying English.ExerciseRewrite the following sentences using the pattern ‘…comparative adj. / adv/ + (noun) + than + noun phrase / clause / adverbial’ and the words given in brackets.My uncle is 45 years old. My aunt is 40 years old. (Use ‘older’)My uncle is older than my aunt.I have 10 books. My sister has 20 books. (Use ‘more’)My sister has more books than I (do).She ate three pieces of cake. Her brother ate four pieces of cake. (Use ‘fewer’)She ate fewer pieces of cake than her brother (did).He woke up at 5am last year. He wakes up at 6am this year. (Use ‘earlier’)He woke up earlier last year than this year.The chocolate cake tastes bad. The strawberry cake tastes good. (Use ‘better’)The strawberry cake tastes better than the chocolate cake.It is safe to stay here. It is dangerous to go to crowded areas. (Use ‘more dangerous’)It is more dangerous to go to crowded areas than (to) stay here.He performed badly. We had expected him to perform well. (Use ‘worse’)He performed worse than we had expected.2.11 Making comparisonsF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.the Tang Ancestral Hall / and the Man Lun-fung Hall / the oldest ancestral halls, / at San Tin / Among / at Ping Shan / are still standing.Among the oldest ancestral halls, the Tang Ancestral Hall at Ping Shan and the Man Lun-fung Hall at San Tin are still standing.F.2 Historyare / medieval paintings. / more colorful / Renaissance paintings / thanRenaissance paintings are more colourful than medieval paintings.than / are / medieval paintings. / richer in detail / Renaissance paintingsRenaissance paintings are richer in detail than medieval paintings.more realistic / than / Renaissance paintings / are / medieval paintings.Renaissance paintings are more realistic than medieval paintings.had / was made up of / Among them, / the French population / About 98% of / the hardest life. / the peasants / the Third Estate.About 98% of the French population was made up of the Third Estate. Among them, the peasants had the hardest life.F.3 Physicsradiates / A dull black surface / a white surface. / heat / faster thanA dull black surface radiates heat faster than a white surface.conducts / an insulator. / A conductor / much / faster than / heatA conductor conducts heat much faster than an insulator. 4405698-8271222885401765306327691276872.12 S + V + that-clauseWe learnt in previous lessons that an English sentence is made up of a subject and a verb. The verb is sometimes followed by an object or an adjective. e.g. He (S) kicks (V) the ball (O). / The girl (S) is (V) shy (Adj).For some verbs, they are followed by a that-clause (= that +S + V…) instead of an object or an adjective. Form:SubjectVerbthat-clauseIsupposethat you are right.He believedthat she was still alive.‘That’ can be omitted in this pattern.SubjectVerb(that)-clauseJennyhopes(that) the show will be successful.Theysaw(that) the room was empty. Exercise Make sentences using the pattern ‘S + V + that-clause’. Change the verbs in bold to the tense as indicated in brackets. Use appropriate tenses for other verbs and add necessary words and punctuation. I / know / he / be / very hard-working (Simple Present)I know that he is very hard-working.I / believe / mobile phones / be / most important inventions / in the 20th century (Simple Present)I believe that mobile phones are the most important inventions in the 20th century.My mother / think / it / rain / tomorrow (Simple Present)My mother thinks it will / may rain tomorrow.Daisy / admit / she / fail / her / English exam (Simple Past)Daisy admitted that she failed her English exam.article / say / many people / be killed / in the earthquake (Simple Past)The / An article said that many people were killed in the earthquake.their / will pay off / they / efforts / expect (Re-order the words and change the verb in bold to the Simple Past)They expected that their efforts would pay off.they / rain / heavier / realize / get (Re-order the words and change the verb in bold to the Simple Present)They realize that the rain is getting heavier.2.12 S + V + that-clauseF.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.in ancient times / Scientists / the centre of / to be / the universe. / believed / our earthScientists in ancient times believed our earth to be the centre of the universe.2486283218302607695415925 2.13 Adverb clauses of concession: although, though, even though‘although’, ‘though’ and ‘even though’ join two opposing ideas together. The two ideas are very different from each other in a surprising / unexpected way. The event immediately followed by these connectives shows a concession, or something that goes against the other event. ‘Although’ and ‘though’ mean exactly the same, while ‘even though’ is stronger in tone and is used to give emphasis.We can put ‘although’, ‘though’ and ‘even though’ at the beginning of a sentence:ConcessionUnaffected event/ action.Although/Though/Even thoughSubjectVerbObject / No object / Adjective + other information,SubjectVerbObject / No object / Adjective + other information.Even thoughshoppershave to payan extra 50 cents for each plastic bag,somedo not bringtheir own bags when they shop for groceries.Althoughheis notrich,heisquite generous with his money.Thoughitis raining/,the boysgo onplaying football.We can also put ‘although’, ‘though’ and ‘even though’ in the middle of a sentence without a comma:Unaffected event/ actionConcession.SubjectVerbObject / No object / Adjective + other informationalthough/though/even thoughSubjectVerbObject / No object / Adjective + other information.Some shoppersdo not bringtheir own bags when they shop for grocerieseven thoughtheyhave to payan extra 50 cents for each plastic bag.Heisquite generous with his moneyalthoughheis notrich.The boysgo onplaying footballthoughitis raining/.‘But’ must NOT appear in a sentence with ‘although’, ‘though’ or ‘even though’.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and rewrite the following sentences. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. You trust him. You must not tell him the secret. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘although’)Although you trust him, you must not tell him the secret.He was able to focus on his studies. It was quite noisy. (Make a sentence with ‘even though’ that appears in the middle of the sentence)He was able to focus on his studies even though it was quite noisy.She was not feeling well. She stayed until the end of the party. (Make a sentence with ‘though’ that appears in the middle of the sentence)She stayed until the end of the party though she was not feeling well.The task was difficult. We completed it before the deadline. (Make a sentence which starts with ‘even though’)Even though the task was difficult, we completed it before the deadline.The test was difficult. He managed to score full marks. (Make a sentence with ‘although’ that appears in the middle of the sentence)He managed to score full marks although the test was difficult.beach / the / polluted / was - there / many / went / swimmers / (Re-order the words to form a sentence. Start the sentence with ‘even though’)Even though the beach was polluted, many swimmers went there.still / want / did / she / to / home / not / return – already / it / midnight / was (Re-order the words with ‘though’ appears in the middle of the sentence)She still did not want to return home though it was already midnight.2.13 Adverb clauses of concession: although, though, even thoughF.1 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.not satisfactory, / Although / the resettlement estates / when compared with / were / a great improvement / the squatter huts.The “war” was “cold” because no direct military conflict, or “hot war”, occurred between the two superpowers, though intense diplomatic struggles did exist.F.3 HistoryThe “war” was “cold” / occurred / the two superpowers, / between / no direct military conflict, / diplomatic struggles / because / though / did exist. / or “hot war”, / intenseAlthough not satisfactory, the resettlement estates were a great improvement when compared with the squatter huts.22225002590804267201847852.14 However, nevertheless, nonethelessWe use ‘however’, ‘nevertheless’ and ‘nonetheless’ to introduce two contrasting ideas. ‘However’, ‘nevertheless’ and ‘nonetheless’ are connectives and usually put at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma which separate the connectives from the main clause. Note that ‘nevertheless’ and ‘nonetheless’ are very formal but ‘however’ is less formal. Therefore, they are usually used in written English. Form: S. + V. … (sentence).connectives,S.+ V. … (clause)She practiced very hard.However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless,she failed to get any prize.Tony loves animals very much.his parents do not let him keep a pet.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and rewrite the following sentences using ‘however’, ‘nevertheless’ or ‘nonetheless’. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. He knew we were coming. He did not wait for us. (Use ‘nevertheless’)He knew we were coming. Nevertheless, he did not wait for us.I don’t know her well but I like her very much. (Use ‘nonetheless’)I don’t know her well. Nonetheless, I like her very much.Sue has been blind ever since she was born. She has outstanding results at school. (Use ‘however’)She has been blind ever since she was born. However, she has outstanding results at school.Although Michael was ill, he attended the ceremony. (Use ‘nevertheless’)Michael was ill. Nevertheless, he attended the ceremony.She went on working even though she was tired. (Use ‘however’)She was tired. However, she went on working.is / Mr. Cheung / poor - he / charities / lots of / money / has donated/ to (Re-order the words and add ‘nevertheless’ to make a sentence)Mr Cheung is poor. Nevertheless, he has donated lots of money to charities.smoke / doctor / him / advises / the / to / not - he / smokes / lot / a /still (Re-order the words and add ‘however’ to make a sentence)The doctor advises him not to smoke. However, he still smokes a lot.2.14 However, nevertheless, nonethelessF.1 Integrated Science(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.are limited. / comes from / Most of the energy / fossil fuels / However, / we consume today / fossil fuels. / the reserves ofMost of the energy we consume today comes from fossil fuels. However, the reserves of fossil fuels are limited.In Hong Kong, / easily / a tap. / can get / in some places, / However, / is not / by turning on / easy to obtain. / water / we / easily / waterIn Hong Kong, we can get water easily by turning on a tap. However, in some places, water is not easy to obtain.F.1 Historyhad to cook / these public facilities, / and use public toilets / were / However, / fights for / outside their homes, / common. / and communal taps. / People / there were / since / not many of / the use of themPeople had to cook outside their homes, and use public toilets and communal taps. However, since there were not many of these public facilities, fights for the use of them were common.F.3 Historyand was unable to / with the hope that / the League of Nations / in Geneva, / had its own weaknesses / another world war. / international disputes / In 1920, / it could help / prevent / the League / was set up / settle / the outbreak of / However, / in the future.In 1920, the League of Nations was set up in Geneva, with the hope that it could help settle international disputes in the future. However, the League had its own weaknesses and unable to prevent the outbreak of another world war.42491801359242247385-1029742946401358902.15 Relative clauseDefining relative clauses with ‘that’, ‘who’ and ‘which’We use defining relative clauses when we give more important information about someone or something.This piece of information tells the readers (or defines) what or who the thing or person is. In other words, it is important information. Therefore, no commas should be added. The shaded parts give additional information to the object of the sentences.SubjectVerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other informationthat/ who/ whichVerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other informationThe modelworea black suitthat / whichis madeof Italian fabrics.Idon’t rememberthe personthat / whohas helpedme with the work.Main information Important information‘That’ can be used for a person or a thing.The shaded parts give additional information to the subject of the sentences below.Subjectthat/ who/ whichVerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other informationVerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other informationThe modelthat / whoworea black suitwasfrom France.The toolthat / whichison salecan doa lot of work. Main information Important information Main informationExerciseJoin the following sentences using defining relative clauses with who or which. The words in the second sentence provide us with important information about the first sentence. No commas should be used. The boys are my cousins. They are playing games. The boys who are playing games are my cousins.The tool can do a lot of work. The tool is on sale.The tool which is on sale can do a lot of work.I like the pencil box. It has bright colours.I like the pencil box which has bright colours.The test / we / take / this morning / be / quite difficult (Make a sentence with the given words using defining relative clauses. Change the verb form if necessary.)The test which we took this morning was quite difficult.Non-defining relative clausesNon-defining relative clauses give additional information about something or somebody that the readers know. We use them in written English only. Unlike defining relative clauses, ‘that’ is not used in non-defining relative clauses.Adding commas to separate the non-defining relative clause from the main clause is a must. Here is the pattern of non-defining relative clauses about a subject:Subject,‘who’/ ‘which’VerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other information,VerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other informationYves Saint Laurent,whowasa famous French fashion designer,diedin 2008.Switzerland,whichis in Europe,does not useEuro as her currency.Additional Information (Not necessary for readers to identify the subject)Here is the pattern of non-defining relative clauses about an object:SubjectVerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other information,‘who’/ ‘which’VerbObject/ No object / Adjective + other informationShelovesLouis Vuitton,which isfamous for bags with LV monograms.Ioften seeyour cousin,wholivesjust next to me.Additional information (Not necessary for readers to identify the object)ExerciseJoin the following sentences using non-defining relative clauses. The words in the second sentence provide us with additional information about the first sentence. Use commas and an appropriate relative pronoun in each case. Jack’s office is not difficult to get to. It is in Central.Jack’s office, which is in Central, is not difficult to get to.Sam’s mother has decided to go back to school. She is already 50 years old. Sam’s mother, who is already 50 years old, has decided to go back to school.Henry Ford was a great inventor. He built many cars. Henry Ford, who built many cars, was a great inventor.The East Rail Line / now terminate/ at / Hung Hom / serve / as an interchange station / for / West Rail Line (Make a sentence with the given words using non-defining relative clauses. Change the verb form if necessary and add any necessary words.)The East Rail Line now terminates at Hung Hom, which serves as an interchange station for West Rail Line.2.15 Relative clausesF.1 Integrated Science(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.extinction / endangered species. / that are / Living things / are called / in danger ofLiving things that are in danger of extinction are called endangered species.is / a section / the apparatus. / which shows / A sectional diagram / cut through / a simple line drawingA sectional diagram is a simple line drawing which shows a section cut through the apparatus.F.2 HistoryJames II, / also an absolute monarch, / Parliament / overthrew / and chose / who was / a new king. / In 1688,In 1688, Parliament overthrew James II, who was also an absolute monarch, and chose a new king.F.3 Biologywhich contains / all kinds of nutrients / The diet / a balanced diet. / is called / in right amountsThe diet which contains all kinds of nutrients in right amounts is called a balanced diet.42821311528292296812-1112112698751193802.16 Both…and…‘Both’ means ‘including A and B’. We should use the same kind of structures after ‘both’ and ‘and’. This pattern is called a ‘parallel structure’.Form:Subject + VerbbothObject / AdjectiveandObject / Adjective(i)She isbothcleverandrich.(ii)He speaksbothFrenchandJapanese.SubjectbothVerbandVerb(iii)Davidbothsmokesandgambles.Both clever and rich are adjectives.Both French and Japanese are nouns.Both smokes and gambles are verbs.ExerciseCombine the sentences below using the pattern ‘both…and…’. Remember to use the parallel structure in each case. Hints are given in italics in Q.1-5. The manager is mean. The manager is selfish.The manager is both mean and selfish.He washed the car. He waxed the car.He both washed and waxed the car.Amy writes neatly. Amy writes clearly. Amy writes both neatly and clearly.My aunt has arranged food for the party. My aunt has arranged drink for the party.My aunt has arranged both food and drink for the party.Alan works at home. Alan works at the office. Alan works both at home and at the office.They won the game. They earned a lot of money.They both won the game and earned a lot of money.Dick is my friend. Dick’s wife is my friends. Both Dick and his wife are my friends. 2.16 Both… and…F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.light / are / Both / waves. / and soundBoth light and sound are waves.2107342-1359252286001111252.17 Either…or…We often use the pattern ‘either…or…’ to talk about two possibilities, meaning 'one’ or ‘the other’. The two possibilities may not happen at the same time. This pattern is regarded as a ‘parallel structure’ and it should be noted that the same kind of structures should be used after ‘either’ and ‘or’. Form:Subject + VerbeitherObject / AdjectiveorObject / Adjective(i)He must beeithercleverorrich.(ii)Emily likeseithermusicordance.Subject + VerbeitherMain verb + other informationorMain verb + other information(iii)You caneitherstay hereorgo home.Both clever and rich are adjectives.Both music and dance are nouns.Both stay and go are infinitives (verbs). ExerciseCombine the sentences below using the pattern ‘either…or…’. Remember to use the parallel structure in each case. Hints are given in italics in Q.1-5. He loves you. He hates you.He either loves or hates you.You can choose the red one. You can choose the blue one. You can choose either the red one or the blue one.You face the reality. You make a decision. You either face the reality or make a decision.Alice goes to school in the morning. Alice goes to the library in the morning.Alice goes either to school or to the library in the morning.Tommy is coming tonight. Wilson is coming tonight. Either Tommy or Wilson is coming tonight.She forgot everything. She pretended to have forgotten everything. She either forgot or pretended to have forgotten everything.You pay me back all the money. I will take legal action. Either you pay me back all the money, or I will take legal action.2.18 Neither…nor…We often use the pattern ‘neither…nor…’ to talk about two negative ideas, meaning ‘not…and not…’This pattern is regarded as a ‘parallel structure’ and it should be noted that the same kind of structures should be used after ‘neither’ and ‘nor’. Form:SubjectneitherVerbnorVerb(i)Heneithersmokesnordrinks.Subject + VerbneitherObject / AdjectivenorObject / Adjective(ii)Harry playsneithertennisnorfootball.(iii)I amneithersmartnorhandsome.Both smokes and drinks are infinitives (verbs).Both tennis and football are nouns.Both smart and handsome are adjectives.ExerciseCombine the sentences below using the pattern ‘neither…nor…’. Remember to use the parallel structure in each case. Hints are given in italics in Q.1-5. She is not friendly. She is not helpful. She is neither friendly nor helpful.My father does not gamble. My father does not smoke.My father neither gambles nor smokes.Billy does not play the piano. Billy does not play the violin. Billy plays neither the piano nor the violin.This restaurant is not cheap. This restaurant is not good at service. This restaurant is neither cheap nor good at service.The teachers do not like him. The students do not like him. Neither the teachers nor the students like him. The actors are not famous. The director is not famous. Neither the actors nor the director is famous.The girls are not coming tonight. I am not coming tonight. Neither the girls nor I am coming tonight. Q 6-7Hint: The verb should agree with the second subject!3.1 Modal verbs (should, ought to, have to, must) + bare-infinitiveWe use modal verbs ‘should’, ‘ought to’, ‘must’ and ‘have to’ (or ‘has to’, ‘had to’) in order to give advice or talk about duties. Modal verbs must be followed by bare infinitives (verb in base form).‘Should’ and ‘ought to’ have similar meanings. They are less strong than ‘must’ and ‘have to’.We use ‘must’ to say what the speaker feels it is necessary. We use ‘have to’ when it is necessary for us to do something because others want us to do it. Form: subjectmodal verbbare infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).Youshouldstudy/harder.Heought totellhis parentsabout his poor exam results.Youmusthand inyour compositiontomorrow.Shehas togoto Englandto study next year.Youshouldbequietin the library.Exercise 1Fill in the blanks below with appropriate modal verbs and the correct verb form. Add ‘not’ if necessary.If you don’t want to stay after school to redo your homework, you must / have to do (do) your homework well the first time. You should not / ought not to give up (give up) so easily. Hang it there! You must ask (ask) them to stop if you don’t like them calling you names. We have to see (see) Mr. Chan this afternoon if we want to join the story-telling competition. He must / has to get (get) two more points to win this match. Don’t be disappointed! You should not be / ought not to be (be) so pessimistic. *Exercise 2Follow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. Also, change the verb form if necessary.wash/ you/ before/ you/ your hands/ eat (Re-order the words and form a sentence using ‘must’)You must wash your hands before you eat.his brother/ John/ when/ his parents/ younger/ are/ look after/ out (Re-order the words and form a sentence using ‘have to’)John has to look after his brother when his parents are out.more/ we/ vegetables/ eat/ fruit/ and (Re-order the words and form a sentence using ‘ought to’)We ought to eat more fruit and vegetables.3.2 S + ‘advise’/ ‘recommend’/ ‘suggest’/ ‘warn’/ ‘urge’ + to-infinitive/ gerund/ that-clauseWe can use ‘advise’, ‘recommend’, ‘suggest’, ‘warn’ and ‘urge’ to give advice.The verbs ‘advise’, ‘recommend’, ‘suggest’, ‘warn’ and ‘urge’ can be followed by to-infinitive. Here is the sentence pattern:subject‘advise’/ ‘recommend’/ ‘warn’/ ‘urge’object(the person you give advice to)to-infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).The doctoradvisedthe patientto getan X-ray/.Karenrecommendedher brotherto readan English novel.in the summer holiday.My fatherwarnedmenot to takedrugs/.The U.S.urgedChinato freepolitical prisoners/.‘Recommend’ and ‘suggest’ can be followed by gerund, but in this case, the person that you give advice to is not mentioned. Here is the sentence pattern:subject‘recommend’/ ‘suggest’gerund(object/ adjective)(other information).Karenrecommendedreadingan English novelin the summer holiday.Annasuggestedgoing/to Ocean Park.‘Recommend’, ‘suggest’ and ‘urge’ can be followed by a that-clause*. In the that-clause, the verb is ‘should’ plus a bare infinitive. ‘Should’ can be omitted but the verb must remain in base form. Here is the sentence pattern:subject‘recommend’/ ‘suggest’/ ‘urge’‘that’subject(should)bare infinitive (verb in base form)(object/adjective)(other information).Doctorsrecommendthatwe(should)drink8 glasses of watera day.Karensuggestedthather brother(should)readan English novelin the summer holiday.The U.S.urgedthatChina(should)freeall the political prisoners/.* A ‘clause’ is made up of a subject and a verb.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.taking/ a/ my parents/ recommended/ break (Re-order the words and make a sentence) My parents recommended taking a break.suggests/ his teacher/ more/ write/ he/ clearly (Re-order the words and make a sentence)His teacher suggests he write more clearly.cheat/ us/ in/ the exam/ warns/ Mr. Lau/ not (Re-order the words and make a sentence using the correct verb form) Mr. Lau warns us not to cheat in the exam.Tommy’s advice is that his father should stop smoking. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘suggest’ and a that-clause) Tommy suggests that his father stop smoking.Lily’s advice was that we should pay attention in class. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘advise’ and to-infinitive) Kily advised us to pay attention in class.To Louise, walking to school is a good thing to do. She thinks that we should do the same. (Make a sentence using ‘recommend’ and gerund) Louise recommends walking to school.To Wilson, we should donate some money to charities. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘urge’ and to-infinitive) Wilson urges us to donate some money to charities.3.2 S + ‘advise’ / ‘recommend’ / ‘suggest’ / ‘warn’ / ‘urge’ + to-infinitive / gerund / that-clauseF.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.warned / switch on / not to / The technician / the students / the circuit.The technician warned the students not to switch on the circuit.7150102095502543810-209553.3 Type 2 Conditionals [If I were you, I would (not) + bare infinitive … ]This pattern is used for giving advice. This pattern is based on Conditional sentences Type 2 which are used to describe imaginary or unlikely situations. Form: if-clause (past simple),main clause (object/ adjective)(other information)IfIwere*youIwould (not)bare infinitive(verb in base form)IfIwereyou,Iwouldreportthe case to the teacher.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgoon a diet.IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethe exam more seriously.*In type 2 conditional sentences, we usually use ‘were’ after ‘I’ / ‘he’ / ‘she’ / ‘it’ in the if-clause, even though ‘was’ is also acceptable.ExerciseBelow are some short conversations between you and your friends. Give advice to your friends using the structure ‘If I were you, I would (not) + bare infinitive (verb in base form)…’ with the words given in brackets. For questions 6 and 7, you need to re-order the words in the brackets.e.g. John: I want to buy a new computer, but I don’t have any money.You: If I were you, I would get a part-time job . (get a part-time job) Joe: I want to ask Mary out, but I’m afraid she’ll turn me down. I really love her!You: If I were you, I would ask her out.(just ask her out)Susan: I forgot Julie’s birthday and she is angry with me now. You: If I were you, I would send an email to her to apologize.(send an email to her to apologize)David: I always do badly in my Maths exam. You: If I were you, I would talk to the Maths teacher.(talk to the Maths teacher.) Chris: I am poor at English writing. What should I do? You: If I were you, I would read more English books and do more English writing.(read more English books and do more English writing) Chris: I am getting fatter and fatter. What should I do? You: If I were you, I would cut down on junk food.(cut down on junk food) Julie: I am always late for school.You: If I were you, I would go to bed early and set an alarm clock.(and/ alarm clock/ to bed/ set/ an/ early/ go)Tommy: I am feeling very nervous. Tomorrow is my final exam.You: If I were you, I would stop studying for a while and take a short walk outside.(outside/ stop/ studying/ a while/ a short walk/ take/ and/ for)3.4 Adverb clauses of manner: ‘as if’ & ‘as though’‘As if / as though’ can be used to say what something or someone seems like.We can also use as if /as though with a past verb tense to suggest that something is unreal (similar to the use of past tenses in Conditional Sentences Type 2)e.g. The little boy walks as if / as though he were an old man. (= In fact, the boy is not an old man.)When the idea which comes after ‘as if / as though’ is real, we use the present tenses. e.g. The girl is crying loudly as if she has just been scolded by her mother. (real)[compare: The girl is crying as if she was/were scolded by her mother. (unreal)]Form:main clauseas if- / as though-clausesubjectverb(object) + (other information)‘as if’/‘as though’subjectverb(object) + (other information).REALHeis tellingthe storyas if / as thoughheisvery excited.UNREALHe is telling the story as if / as thoughhe was / werea character in it.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.e.g. Mary keeps yawning. It seems that Mary did not sleep last night, but I know it is not true. (Complete the following sentence using ‘as if’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)Mary keeps yawning. Mary looks as if she did not sleep last night.We have queued up for ages to get onto the cable car. It seems that time stands still, but of course this cannot be true. (Make a sentence using ‘as if’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)We have queued up for ages to get onto the cable car as if time stood still.The cable car is swaying dangerously. It seems that there is an earthquake, but this is impossible. (Make a sentence using ‘as though’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)The cable car is swaying dangerously as though there were an earthquake.We are lining up in the strong sun. We are going to have a heat stroke soon. (Make a sentence using ‘as if’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)We are lining up in the strong sun as if we are going to have a heat stroke soon.The theme park was crowded. We thought it was open to all for free, but it was certainly not true. (Make a sentence using ‘as if’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)The theme park was crowded as if it were open to all for free.She talks about the singer. She knows him well. (Make a sentence using ‘as if’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)She talks about the singer as if she knows him well.My cousin, Mary, was excited and acted like a little kid. (Make a sentence using ‘as if’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)My cousin, Mary, was excited as if she were a little kid.The tiger performed like an obedient student listening to his teacher. (Make a sentence using ‘as if’. Consider whether you should use present or past tenses.)The tiger performed as if it were an obedient student listening to his teacher.3.4 Adverb clauses of manner: ‘as if’ & ‘as though’F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.it / not refracted. / is / The light ray / the glass block / passes through / as thoughThe light ray passes through the glass block as though it is not refracted.23791911400434432993048003.5 Gerund (as subject) + V …If the subject of a sentence starts with a verb, the verb is often in the form of a gerund (-ing form).Form:subjectverb(object/ adjective)(other information).gerund(object of the gerund)(other information)Winningthis competition/isimportantto us.Playingmusicloudly on the beachannoysother peoplethere.Listeningto loud musicfor a long timedamagesour hearing/.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.chat/ on/ MSN/ be/ a waste of time (Make a sentence using ‘gerund (as subject) + verb…’ and simple present tense)Chatting on MSN is a waste of time.go/ out/ in such cold weather/ do/ you/ no good (Make a sentence using ‘gerund (as subject) + verb…’ and simple present tense)Going out in such a cold weather does you no good.walk/ in the park/ by/ my favourite pastime (Make a sentence using ‘gerund (as subject) + verb…’ and simple past tense)Walking in the park was my favourite pastime.eating/ too fast/ not be/ good/ for/ our health (Make a sentence using ‘gerund (as subject) + verb…’ and simple present tense)Eating too fast is not good for our health.stay/ up/ all night/ be/ unhealthy (Make a sentence using ‘gerund (as subject) + verb…’ and simple present tense)Staying up all night is unhealthy.fat/ eat/ make/ snacks/ you (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘gerund (as subject) + verb…’ and simple present tense)Eating snacks makes you fat.be/ for/ 10 kilometres/ walk/ tiring (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘gerund (as subject) + verb…’ and simple present tense)Walking for 10 kilometres is tiring.3.5 Gerund (as subject) + V + …F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.is not / the energy of / the only way / an object. / to increase / HeatingHeating is not the only way to increase the energy of an object.can increase / its energy. / Doing work / on an objectDoing work on an object can increase its energy.Exposing oneself / for a long time / one’s skin. / to strong sun light / damagesExposing oneself to strong sun light for a long time damages one’s skin.the temperature / decreases / its resistance. / of a resistor / IncreasingIncreasing the temperature of a resistor decreases its resistance.2132056504563276602641603.6 S + be + good at + gerundWe can use this pattern to talk about a person’s strengths and what he or she can do well.Gerunds (-ing form) should be used after ‘good at’.Form:subjectVerb-to-be‘good at’gerund(object of ther gerund/ adjective)(other information).Iamgood atorganisingactivities/.Johnisgood atcommunicating/with others.Shehas beengood athandlingdifferent thingsat the same time.ExerciseYour classmates have different ambitions and different skills. Follow the instructions in brackets and make sentences using the words given to describe their skills and ambitions. You may need to change the order of the words. The first one has been done for you as an example. (e.g.) himself /express / teacher (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund)Bill wants to be a teacher because he is good at expressing himself.tight deadlines/ meet (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund) Sam is able to work very fast and he is good at meeting tight deadlines.work/ an astronaut/ independently (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund)Tom wants to be an astronaut . He is good at working independently.an artist/ think/ creative ideas/ of (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund)Chris’s ambition is to become an artist. He is good at thinking of creative ideas.analyse/ a police officer/ different clues/ to find out the truth (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund)Ben wants to be a police officer . He is good at analyzing different clues to find out the truth.a secretary/ different jobs/ handle/ at the same time (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund)Peter could be a secretary . He is good at handling different jobs at the same time.work/ as a team/ Susan/ with others/ a cheerleader (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund)Susan wants to be a cheerleader. She is good at working with others as a team.deal with/ a bank teller/ money/ Tim (Make a sentence with ‘S + be + “good at” + gerund)Tim wants to be bank teller. He is good at dealing with money.3.6 S + be + ‘good at’ + gerund + …F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.an experimental scientist. / different kinds of / skillful at / is / doing / wants to be / experiments. / He / JohnJohn wants to be an experimental scientist. He is skillful at doing different kinds of experiments.20243803086102038353581403.7 S + have + no problem + gerundWe can use this pattern to talk about a person’s abilities.A gerund (-ing form) should be used after ‘no problem’. Form:subjecthave/ has/ had‘no problem’gerund(object/ adjective)(other information).Ihaveno problemspeakingMandarin/.Hehasno problemcommunicating/with others.Shehadno problemwalkinga long distancebefore the car accident.ExerciseYou want to be an English teacher. You are now having a job interview with the principal of a local school. To get the job, you have to tell the principal what you are good at. Answer her question by using the words given in brackets. You may have to re-order the words.My name is Thomas Chiu. I think I am suitable for this job because (1) I have no problem speaking English (no problem / speak / English/ have). Also, (2) I am good at communicating with teenagers (good at / with / communicate / teenagers / be) since I have worked at another school before. Besides that, I believe that (3) I have no problem working with others as a team (no problem / work / with others / as a team / have). I know that teachers usually have lots of work to do, but I am sure (4) I have no problem working under great stress (work / great stress / under / no problem / have) and (5) meeting tight deadlines (tight / meet / deadlines) since (6)I am good at multitasking (good at / multitasking/ be). What’s more, I can help organise different extra-curricular activities because (7) I have no problem handling things in an organised way ___(handle / things / in an organised way / no problem / have).Apart from this, (8) I have no problem using a computer ( use / no problem / a computer / have) which allows me to make notes to help students organise what they have learnt. Lastly, I am self-motivated. That’s why I believe that I am a suitable candidate for the job.Could you introduce yourself and tell me why you are suitable to be an English teacher?28638520383503.8 … so as to / in order to …We can ‘so as (not) to’ and ‘in order (not) to’ to talk about purpose, or why something is done.The verb that follow ‘so as to’ or ‘in order to’ should be in base form.Form:subjectverb(object) +(other information)‘in order (not) to’‘so as (not) to’verb in base form(object) +(other information)WereadEnglish booksin order toimproveour English.Johnworkedhardso as not tofailthe test.She saidit once againin order tomakeher point again.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuations, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.Many students buy a computer. They want to play games. (Make a sentence with ‘in order (not) to’)Many students buy a computer in order to play games.I have to stop by the post office. I want to post a letter. (Make a sentence with ‘so as (not) to’)I have to stop by the post office so as to post a letter.He put on his glasses. He wanted to read the small prints. (Make a sentence with ‘in order (not) to’)He put on his glasses in order to read the small prints.I have signed up for a course. I do so because I want to learn some French. (Make a sentence with ‘so as (not) to’)I have signed up for a course so as to learn some French.She took a taxi. She did not want to be late for her appointment. (Make a sentence with ‘in order (not) to’)She took a taxi in order not to be late for her appointment.She did not want to catch a cold, so she put on a coat. (Make a sentence with ‘in order (not) to’)She put on a coat in order not to catch a cold.She went to the library so that she could find some information on the project. (Make a sentence with ‘so as (not) to’)She went to the library so as to find some information on the project.2206196-123573937002343153.8 … so as to / in order to …F.3 Biology(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.smaller pieces / the surface area of / increase / in order to / for quicker digestion. / The teeth / food / cut food intoThe teeth cut food into smaller pieces in order to increase the surface area of food for quicker digestion.F.3 Physicswhite / keep / the houses / the inside of / in order to / paint / their houses / cool. / PeoplePeople paint their houses white in order to keep the inside of the houses cool.reduce friction. / to the hinge of / the door / some lubricating oil / adds / Tom / in order toTom adds some lubricating oil to the hinge of the door in order to reduce friction.A large amount of / heat up / from 20 oC / is needed / a glass of water / energy / to 100 oC. /in order toA large amount of energy is needed in order to heat up a glass of water from 20 oC to 100 oC. 3.9 … so that / in order that …We use ‘so that’ and ‘in order that’ to talk about purpose, or why something is done.Modal verbs such as ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘will’, ‘would’, ‘may’ and ‘might’ are often (NOT always) used after ‘so that’ and ‘in order that’. Look at the example 1 and 3 below.Form:subjectverbobject/adjective +other information‘so that’/‘in order that’subjectverbobject/adjective +other information1Hesleptearlyso thathecould wake upat 6 the next day.2The teacherrepeatedthe instructionsin order thatwedid not forgetwhat to do.3Wetooka taxi so thatwewould not belate.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.He/ do/ revision/ now/ he/ can pass/ the exam (Make a sentence with ‘so that’)He is doing revision now so that he can pass the exam.She/ spoke/ loudly/ everyone/ could hear/ her (Make a sentence with ‘in order that’)She spoke loudly in order that everyone could hear her.He wrote down the instructions. He wanted to them. (Make a sentence using ‘so that’ and ‘would’)He wrote down the instructions so that he would remember them.You must work hard. You do not want to lose your job. (Make a sentence using ‘in order that’ and ‘do not’)You must work hard in order that you do not lose your job.She wanted to save money. She did not buy the expensive handbag. (Make a sentence using ‘so that’ and ‘could’) She did not buy the expensive handbag so that she could save money.on the door/ his wife/ He/ put a memo/ read it/ could (Re-order the words and add ‘so that’ to make a sentence.)He put a memo on the door so that his wife could read it.changed/ could not/ his house/ I/ the lock/ enter/ He (Re-order the words and add ‘in order that’ to form a sentence.)He changed the lock in order that I could not enter his house.3.9 … so that / in order that …F.3 Biology(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.The wall of / so that / the small intestine / easily. / the small food particles / into the blood / can pass through them / numerous tiny pores / hasThe wall of the small intestine has numerous tiny pores so that the small food particles can pass through them into the blood easily.2197735-103505261620863603.10 S + V + adj./ adv. + ‘enough’ + to-infinitive …We can use this pattern to say whether a quality is up to a certain level to do something.Form:subjectverbadjective/adverb‘enough’to-infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).That carisfast (adj.)enoughto win the race/.Shehas workedhard (adv.)enoughto come/first in class.HeWrotequickly (adv.)enoughto finishthe test paperin time.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.Kelly/ be/ tall/ touch/ the ceiling (Make a sentence using ‘adj./ adv. + enough + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense)Kelly is tall enough to touch the ceiling.you/ be/ old/ earn/ your own living (Make a sentence using ‘adj./ adv. + enough + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense)You are old enough to earn your own living.she/ not run/ fast/ win/ the race (Make a sentence using ‘adj./ adv. + enough + to-infinitive’ and simple past tense)She did not run fast enough to win the race.he/ not work/ hard/ get/ a promotion (Make a sentence using ‘adj./ adv. + enough + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense) He does not work hard enough to get a promotion.she/ wake up/ early/ catch/ the train (Make a sentence using ‘adj./ adv. + enough + to-infinitive’ and simple past tense) She woke up early enough to catch the train.loud/ wake/ up/ me/ the alarm clock/ not be (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘adj./ adv. + enough + to-infinitive’ and simple past tense)The alarm clock was not loud enough to wake me up.make/ he/ wise/ the/ right/ be/ decision (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘adj./ adv. + enough + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense)He is wise enough to make the right decision.3.10 S + V + adj. / adv. + ‘enough’ + to-infinitive + …F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.lift up / is / The motor / powerful enough to / a heavy cupboard.The motor is powerful enough to lift up a heavy cupboard.2247385-1194483691581276873.11 S + V + ‘too’ + adj. /adv. + to-infinitive …We use this pattern to say that something cannot happen.e.g. She is too busy to have lunch with me. (= She cannot have lunch with me because she is busy.)Form:subjectverb‘too’adjective/adverbto-infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).Sheistoobusyto havelunchwith me.Johnistooshortto touchthe ceiling/.The tortoisewalkstooslowlyto winthe race/.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.my brother/ be/ sick/ get out of/ bed. (Make a sentence using ‘too + adj./ adv. + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense)My brother is too sick to get out of bed.the cupboard/ be/ big/ get through/ the door. (Make a sentence using ‘too + adj./ adv. + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense)The cupboard is too big to get through the door.he/ write/ carelessly/ get/ high marks (Make a sentence using ‘too + adj./ adv. + to-infinitive’ and simple past tense)He wrote too carelessly to get high marks.the room/ look/ small/ hold/ a party. (Make a sentence using ‘too + adj./ adv. + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense) The room looks too small to hold a party.she/ cook/ badly/ be/ a chef. (Make a sentence using ‘too + adj./ adv. + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense) She cooks too badly to be a chef.difficult/ answer/ question/ seem (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘too + adj./ adv. + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense)The question seems too difficult to answer.young/ this kind of/ handle/ she/ situation/ be (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘too + adj./ adv. + to-infinitive’ and simple present tense)She is too young to handle this kind of situation.3.11 S + V + ‘too’ + adj. / adv. + to-infinitive + …F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.from the stars / be detected. / are / The radio signals / too weak toThe radio signals from the stars are too weak to be detected.2560423-617844019552178053.12 … ‘reason(s) why’ …We can use ‘reason(s) why’ to talk about reasons.This is the sentence pattern when ‘reason(s) why’ appears before the reason:Sentence 1Sentence 2There is/ There arenumber‘reason(s) why’resultreason(s).There isonereason whystudents in this class are more hardworking.They want to do better than their classmates.There aretworeasons whywe should bring our own bags when we shop. First, we can use fewer plastic bags. Second, we don’t have to pay the 50 cents levy.This is the sentence pattern when ‘reason(s) why’ appears after the reason:Sentence 1Sentence 2reason(s)This is/ These arethe‘reason(s) why’resultStudents in this class want to do better than their classmates.This isthereason whythey are more hardworking.First, we can use fewer plastic bags. Second, we don’t have to pay the 50 cents levy.These arethereasons whywe should bring our own bags when we shop. ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops.a/ selfish/ is/ he/ person – likes/ him/ nobody (Make two sentences. One of them should contain ‘reason(s) why’.)He is a selfish person. This is the reason why nobody likes him.feel/ did not/ in her/ she/ well/ stomach - a doctor/ would/ she/ see (Make two sentences. One of them should contain ‘reason(s) why’.) She did not feel well in her stomach. This is the reason why she would see a doctor.We could not understand him because he spoke too quickly. (Make two sentences. The second one should be with ‘the reason why’.)He spoke too quickly. This is the reason why we could not understand him.People did not enjoy the game show. The hosts were boring. Besides, the game was too easy. (Make three sentences. The first one should contain ‘the reason(s) why’.)There are two reasons why people did not enjoy the game show. First, the hosts were boring. Second, the game was too easy.3.12 … ‘reason(s) why’ …F.3 History(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.suggests / the appeasement policy / in the 1930s. / Britain / the reasons why / The cartoon below / adoptedThe cartoon below suggests the reasons why Britain adopted the appeasement policy in the 1930s.231328886497459740863603.13 ‘The reason for’ / ‘The cause of’ …We use ‘the reason for’ and ‘the cause of’ to talk about why something happens.The reason can be in the form of a noun/ a noun phrase:‘The reason for’/ ‘The cause of’noun phrase/ gerund(result)verb-to-benoun phrase (reason)The reason forbeing latewasthe heavy rain.The cause ofhis failureislaziness.The reason can also be a that-clause:‘The reason for’/ ‘The cause of’noun phrase/ gerund(result)verb-to-bethat-clause (reason)The reason forbeing latewasthat I overslept.The cause ofhis failureisthat he does not work hard.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.Reason: he/ cheat/ in/ the exam Result: the punishment (Make a sentence with ‘the reason for’ and verb-to-be. Use simple past tense.)The reason for the punishment was that he cheated in the exam.Reason: drink driving Result: the accident (Make a sentence with ‘the cause of’ and verb-to-be. Use simple present tense.)The cause of the accident is drink driving.Reason: he/ sing/ very well Result: be/ so popular (Make a sentence with ‘the reason for’ and verb-to-be. Use simple present tense.)The reason for being so popular is that he sings very well.Tom’s absence is caused by his illness. (Make a sentence using ‘the cause of’ and verb-to-be. Use a noun phrase.)The cause of Tom’s absence is his illness.She got lung cancer because she smoked for too long. (Make a sentence using ‘the reason for’ and verb-to-be. Use a that-clause.)The reason for getting lung cancer was that she smoked for too long.We used candles because of a power failure. (Make a sentence using ‘the reason for’ and verb-to-be. Use a noun phrase.)The reason for using candles was a power failure.Our team lost the competition because of a lack of practice. (Make a sentence using ‘the cause of’ and verb-to-be, omitting ‘our team’. Use a noun phrase.)The cause of losing the competition was a lack of practice.3.13 ‘The reason for’ / ‘The cause of’…F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.a cotton jacket, / to keep / The reason for / wearing / oneself / warm. / isThe reason for wearing a cotton jacket, is to keep oneself warm.2354477-535464019552260603.14S + V + so + adj. / adv. + that + S + V …We use this sentence pattern to talk about cause-and-effect relationship.The part ‘so + adj. / adv.’ tells the reason, while the that-clause tells the result.Form:subjectverbReasonResult (that-clause)‘so’adjective/adverb‘that’subjectverb(object/other information)The manissofunnythateveryonelaughsat him.Larryransofastthathecaughtthe train.The guardsweresogreedythattheystolethe diamonds.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.The camera is very expensive. We cannot afford it. (Make a sentence using ‘so + adj./ adv. + that’)The camera is so expensive that we cannot afford it.It was very windy, so we could not play tennis. (Make a sentence using ‘so + adj./ adv. + that’)It was so windy that we could not play tennis.The room is very untidy. It will take three hours to clean up. (Make a sentence using ‘so + adj./ adv. + that’)The room is so untidy that it will take three hours to clean up.Her throat was very sore. Therefore, she almost could not speak. (Make a sentence using ‘so + adj./ adv. that’) Her throat was so sore that she almost could not speak.My neighbour sang karaoke very noisily. I could not sleep as a result. (Make a sentence using ‘so + adj./ adv. + that’)My neighbour sang karaoke so noisily that I could not sleep.fat/ be/ Martin – to go/ decide/ he/ on a diet (Make a sentence using ‘so + adj./ adv. + that’ and simple past tense)Martin was so fat that he decided to go on a diet.the task/ difficult/ be – to do/ know/ nobody/ it/ how (Make a sentence using ‘so + adj./ adv. + that’ and simple present tense)The task is so difficult that nobody knows how to do it.3.15 Passive voice (present continuous, present perfect, past continuous & simple future)In passive voice, the subject of the sentence is the same the object in active voice. We often use the passive voice when the doer is unknown or less important. Passive voice is usually more formal than active voice.In passive voice, the verb form should be ‘verb-to-be + past participle’. We change the form of ‘verb-to-be’ to show the tense.In passive voice, we can tell the doer of the action (or the subject in active voice) by adding ‘by + somebody/ someone’. But we can choose not to mention the doer. Form:something/ someone(object in active voice)verb(by + doer)other informationverb-to-bepast participleThe problemis beingdiscussed/in the meeting now.The computerwas beingfixedby my friendwhen it suddenly worked again.The thiefhas beenarrested/already.Your homeworkwill becollectedby the subject leadernext Monday.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.He is painting the wall at present. (Rewrite the sentence in passive voice and omit the doer.)The wall is being painted at present.The students were decorating the hall. (Rewrite the sentence in passive voice and keep the doer)The hall was being decorated by the students.The firemen have already put out the fire. (Rewrite the sentence in passive voice and omit the doer)The fire has already been put out.My uncle wrote three novels in 1997. (Rewrite the sentence in passive voice and keep the doer)Three novels were written by my uncle in 1997.The police will arrest the thief. (Rewrite the sentence in passive voice and omit the doer) The thief will be arrested.the government/ build/ library/ a new/ soon (Re-order the words, add preposition ‘by’ and change the verb form to form a sentence in passive voice)A new library will be built by the government soon.now/ the carpets/ the servant/ clean (Re-order the words, add preposition ‘by’ and change the verb form to form a sentence in passive voice)The carpets are being cleaned by the servant now.3.15 Passive voice (present continuous, present perfect, past continuous & simple future)F.1 Geography(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.can be found / almost / Residential areas / in Hong Kong. / everywhereResidential areas can be found almost everywhere in Hong Kong.Much work / to redevelop / by the government / has been done / the old urban areas.Much work has been done by the government to redevelop the old urban areas.F.2 Geographyin the Chang Jiang Basin / reclaiming land / has been restricted. / from the lakes / In recent years,In recent years, reclaiming land from the lakes in the Chang Jiang Basin has been restricted.and dredged / flooding. / to prevent / has been straightened / Shenzhen HeShenzhen He has been straightened and dredged to prevent flooding.F.3 Geographyhave been cleared / in recent years, / the Amazon. / Large areas of / especially in / for cattle ranching / forestLarge areas of forest have been cleared for cattle ranching in recent years, especially in the Amazon.Sometimes, / to countries / which do not produce / or areas / may be carried / air pollutants / the pollutants. / by windsSometimes, air pollutants may be carried winds to countries or areas which do not produce the pollutants.F.3 Physicsa coolant / can be used as / in motor cars. / Water Water can be used as a coolant in motor cars.can be changed / but / or destroyed. / Energy / it / from one form to another, / cannot be createdEnergy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.4117340-144780249428045085541655450853.16 It is + adj. + that-clauseWe use this pattern with an adjective to give a comment on something. Form:Itis (not)adjectivethatsubjectverb(object/ adjective) + (other information).Itistruethatgadgetsmakeour life more convenient.Itislikelythatthe tortoisewill winthe race.Itissillythathewoke upso early.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases to make a sentence. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.tragic/ so many people/ have lost/ their home/ in the flood (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + that-clause’)It is tragic that so many people have lost their home in the flood.silly/ you/ argue/ with/ your mother (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + that-clause’)It is silly that you argue with your mother.important/ you/ understand/ my feelings (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + that-clause’)It is important that you understand my feelings.get/ a university/ surprising/ he/ could/ into (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + that-clause’)It is surprising that he could get into a university.nobody/ was hurt/ the fire/ lucky/ in (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + that-clause’)It is lucky that nobody was hurt in the fire.The economy has improved a lot recently. This is true. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + that-clause’)It is true that the economy has improved a lot recently.We won the competition. Everyone thinks that this is marvellous. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + that-clause’)It is marvellous that we won the competition.3.17 It is + adj. + to-infinitive + …We use this pattern with an adjective to give a comment on something. Form:Itis (not)adjectiveto-infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).Itisconvenientto search forinformationon the Internet.Itisdifficultto makea decision/.Itis not necessaryto wait/here.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases to make a sentence. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.useless/ argue/ with/ a stubborn person (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + to-infinitive + …’)It is useless to argue with a stubborn person.difficult / reach/ the target (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + to-infinitive + …’)It is difficult to reach the target.buy/ expensive/ a flat (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + to-infinitive + …’)It is expensive to buy a flat.nice/ to/ talk/ him (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + to-infinitive + …’)It is nice to talk to him.a job/ find/ not easy (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + to-infinitive + …’)It is not easy to find a job.Finding the missing wallet is quite impossible. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + to-infinitive + …’)It is quite impossible to find the missing wallet.Raising money for charities is more difficult now. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + to-infinitive + …’)It is more difficult to raise money for charities now.3.17 ‘It is’ + adj. + to-infinitive + …F.3 Physics(Re-order the words to make a sentence with the above pattern.a / car. / difficult / is / fast moving / to stop / itIt is difficult to stop a fast moving car.2502759370704921251930403.18 ‘It is’ + adj. + ‘for’ + somebody + to-infinitive + …We use this pattern to show what we think about an action or a situation.The adjectives used in this pattern are impersonal; they describe an event, not a person.Form:Itis (not)adjectiveforsomebodyto-infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).ItIshealthyforusto eatmore vegetables/.Itis notgoodforstudentsto go/to bed late.Itis not necessaryforusto wait/here.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases to make a sentence. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.cheat/ shameful/ you/ an old woman (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + for + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is shameful for you to cheat an old woman.foreigners/ hard/ learn/ Cantonese (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + for + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is hard for foreigners to learn Cantonese.We should not eat too much junk food because it is not good for us. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + for + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is not good for us to eat too much junk food.Drinking enough water is very important to us. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + for + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is important for us to drink enough water.Getting enough sleep is not difficult if students make good use of their time. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + for + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is not difficult for students to get enough sleep if they make good use of their time.We should not smoke because it is harmful. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + for + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is harmful for us to smoke.Children may get sick easily if they do not have a balanced diet. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + for + somebody + to-infinitive + …’ and the adjective ‘possible’)It is possible for children to get sick easily if they do not have a balanced diet.3.19 S + ‘find’ + ‘it’ + adj. + to-infinitive + …We use this pattern to comment on an action or event with an adjective. For example, John thinks that writing a book review is easy. Using this pattern, we can say ‘John finds it easy to write a book review’. Form:subject‘find’‘it’adjectiveto-infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).Johnfindsiteasyto writea book review/.Ifinditexcitingto watchthis playin Hong Kong.My motherfounditsadto readmy report card/.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.Tom thought that it was hard to tell his father the truth. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘find + it + adjective’)Tome found it hard to tell his father the truth.Wilson felt that it was great to make a new friend. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘find + it + adjective’)Wilson found it great to make a new friend.Everyone thinks that it is troublesome to be held up in a traffic jam. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘find + it + adjective’) Everyone finds it troublesome to be held up in a traffic jam.Many people think that realising their dreams is impossible. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘find + it + adjective’)Many people find it impossible to realise their dreams.To Louise, looking after her sister is important. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘find + it + adjective’)Louise finds it important to look after her sister.dinner/ simple/ make/ my father (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘find + it + adjective’ and simple present tense)My father finds it simple to make dinner.all the lights/ necessary/ have / on/ Anna/ when she sleeps (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘find + it + adjective’ and simple present tense)Anna finds it necessary to have all the lights on when she sleeps.3.20 ‘It is’ + adj. + ‘of’ + somebody + to-infinitive + …We use this pattern to show our opinion about the people who do an action.The adjectives used in this pattern are personal; they describe a person, not an event.Form:Itis (not)adjectiveofsomebodyto-infinitive(object/ adjective)(other information).Itiskindofyouto givemeadvice on healthy diet.Itissensibleofhimto avoidjunk food/.Itis not carefulofherto forgetmum’s birthday/.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases to make a sentence. You may need to add necessary punctuations, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.kind/ you/ help/ me (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + of + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is kind of you to help me.generous/ the Principal/ sponsor/ the party (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + of + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is generous of the Principal to sponsor the party.You are foolish if you take drugs. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + of + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is foolish of you to take drugs.She is so thoughtful that she has included some fruit in her children’s lunchbox. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + of + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is thoughtful of her to include some fruit in her children’s lunchbox.You are really a sensible person as you eat according to the food pyramid. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + of + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is sensible of you to eat according to the food pyramid.He is a healthy person. He goes to the gym three times a week. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + of + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is healthy of him to go to the gym three times a week.Joanne is very generous indeed. She lent us some money. (Make a sentence using ‘It + is + adjective + of + somebody + to-infinitive + …’)It is generous of Joanne to lend us some money.3.21 Reported commands and requestsWe use this pattern when we want to report a command or request to someone else.When we report a command or request, we also omit the inverted commas used in direct speech. In direct speech, a command or request starts with a bare infinitive (e.g. Don’t talk!). It is changed into to-infinitive in reported speech (e.g. not to talk). Make necessary changes to pronouns and time words. For details, refer to the section on ‘reported statements’.Form:subjectreporting verbobjectto-infinitive(object / adjective)(other information).My mothertoldmeto domy homework now.The policeorderedthe peoplenot to go/beyond the line.My brotherbeggedhis fatherto buyhim the model car.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.‘Stand back!’ the police told the crowd. (Rewrite the sentence in reported speech)The police told the crowd to stand back. ‘Don’t go away.’ Mrs. Wong ordered the boys. (Rewrite the sentence in reported speech)Mrs. Wong ordered the boys not to go away.‘Please don’t make a noise here!’ the librarian asked the girls. (Rewrite the sentence in reported speech)The librarian asked the girls not to make a noise there.‘Behave yourself in class!’ Mr. Lee reminded his students. (Rewrite the sentence in reported speech) Mr. Lee reminded his students to behave themselves in class.‘Just wait here until I come back!’ Granny told her grandson. (Rewrite the sentence in reported speech)Granny told her grandson to wait there until she came back.try/ their best/ encouraged/ the players/ The captain (Re-order the words and form a reported command using to-infinitive. You don’t need to change the verb form.)The captain encouraged the players to try their best.her father/ not/ her/ alone/ leave/ The little girl/ begged (Re-order the words and form a reported request using to-infinitive. You don’t need to change the verb form.)The little girl begged her father not to leave her alone.3.22 Present participle phrases showing time of actionWe can use present participle (-ing form of a verb) phrases to show the time of an action. It can be used to show:1 action happens in the middle of another action e.g. Waiting for the bus, she met her old friend. / She met her old friend, waiting for the bus. (= While she was waiting for the bus, she met her old friend.)2 actions that happen at the same time e.g. Standing next to her son, she watched him do his homework. (= She was standing next to her son and watching him do his homework.) 1 action happens immediately after the other one e.g. Hearing the thunder, they rushed into the house. (= After they heard the thunder, they rushed into the house.)Note that the two actions in any of the above situations are done by the same person or thing. In other words, they share the same subject.This is the sentence pattern when a sentence starts with a present participle phrase:The time of actions shown:Present participle phrasesMain clause(more important action/ event)Verb in –ing formObject/ AdjectiveOther informationSubjectMain verbObject/ AdjectiveOther information.b) i)Waiting/for the bus,shemether friend/.b) ii)Standing /next to her son,shewatchedhimdo his homework.b) iii)Hearingthe thunder/,theyrushed/into the house.When two actions happen at the same time, we can put the present participle phrases at the end of the sentence.e.g. She was standing next to her son, watching him do his homework.(see b ii)ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.I looked out of the window. I saw David walk past. (Make a sentence using present participle phrase)Looking out of the window, I saw David walk past.We stood at the top of the hill. We enjoyed the view below us. (Make a sentence using present participle phrase)Standing at the top of the hill, we enjoyed the view below us.My mum fainted when she was cooking in the kitchen. (Make a sentence using present participle phrase)Cooking in the kitchen, my mum fainted.While we were queuing up for the roller coaster, we suddenly saw Mickey Mouse walking past. (Make a sentence using present participle phrase)Queuing up for the roller coaster, we saw Mickey Mouse walking past.When we plunged from the highest point on the roller coaster, we shouted at the top of our voice. (Make a sentence using present participle phrase)Plunging from the highest point on the roller coaster, we shouted at the top of our voice.the fire/ hear/ alarm – rush/ the emergency exit/ we/ towards (Re-order the words and make a sentence using present participle phrase. The main verb should be in simple past tense.)Hearing the fire alarm, we rushed towards the emergency exit.watch/ a parade – a/ photos/ take/ we/ lot of (Re-order the words and make a sentence using present participle phrase. The main verb should be in simple past tense.)Watching a parade, we took a lot of photos.3.23 … wh-word + to-infinitive …Form:main clausewh-question wordsubjectverb(object)what / who/when / where /how /which+ noun phraseto-infinitive(object/adjective)(other information).Wedon’t know/which wayto go//.Sheis learning/howto bakea cake/.Pleasetellmewhatto do/next.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases to make a sentence. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.she/ not know/ which one/ buy (Make a sentence using the above pattern and simple present tense)She does not know which one to buy.he/ not know/ how/ get to/ the place (Make a sentence using the above pattern and simple past tense)He did not know how to get to the place.he/ show/ us/ how/ get/ to/ the ferry pier (Make a sentence using the above pattern and simple past tense)He showed us how to get to the ferry pier.she/ explain/ how/ calculate/ the sum (Make a sentence using the above pattern and present continuous tense)She is explaining how to calculate the sum.she/ teach/ her students/ how/ solve/ the problem (Make a sentence using the above pattern and simple present tense)She teaches her students how to solve the problem.must/ when/ you/ back/ tell me/ come (Re-order the words and form a sentence using the above pattern)You must tell me when to come back.who/ the party/ don’t know/ to / invite/ I (Re-order the words and form a sentence using the above pattern)I don’t know who to invite to the party.3.24 … + wh-word + …Form:main clausewh-question wordsubjectverb(object)what / who/when / where /how /which + noun phrasesubjectverb(object) +(other information).Iwonder/whyyoudo not understand/.Idon’t care/howtheythink about me.Weadvisedherwhatsheshould doto solve the problem.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and use the given words and phrases to make a. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.cannot decide/ I should / which one/ I/ buy (Re-order the words and make a sentence using the above pattern)I cannot decide which one I should buy.they/ me/ live/ ask/ where/ I (Re-order the words and make a sentence using the above pattern and simple past tense)They asked me where I lived.the police/ where/ my wallet/ I/ lose/ tell (Re-order the words and make a sentence using the above pattern and simple past tense)I told the police where I (had) lost my wallet.remind/ when/ should arrive/ she/ I/ me (Re-order the words and make a sentence using the above pattern and simple future tense)She reminded me when I should arrive.not know/ trust/ who/ he/ he can (Re-order the words and make a sentence using the above pattern and simple present tense)He does not know who he can trust.me/ ask/ could return/ he/ I/ the money (Re-order the words and form a sentence using the above pattern and simple past tense. Add a wh-word to complete the sentence.)He asked me when I could return the money.she/ book/ she/ not know/ should read (Re-order the words and form a sentence using the above pattern and simple present tense. Add a wh-word to complete the sentence.)She does not know which book she should read.3.25 ‘or’ & ‘otherwise’We use connectors ‘or’ and ‘otherwise’ to talk about some bad results if something is done or is not done. For example, I want to say ‘if you touch the dog, it will bite you.’ Using the connector ‘or’, I can say, ‘Don’t touch the dog, or it will bite you.’Please note that ‘or’ is a connective and can join two sentences together; ‘otherwise’ is NOT a connective, nor can it join two sentences together to form one sentence.Form:subjectverb(object/adjective) + (other information),or /.Otherwise,subjectverb(object/adjective) + (other information)/Don’t touchthe dog, oritwill biteyou.Youmust not tellanyone the secret.Otherwise,youwill regretit.Hewaslucky , orhecould not passthe test.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.You must be polite to your uncle. If not, you will be punished. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘or’)You must be polite to your uncle, or you will be punished.Please tell me how to do this project. If you don’t tell me, I cannot do it. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘otherwise’)Please tell me how to do this project. Otherwise, I cannot do it.If you don’t keep quiet, I will ask you to leave. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘or’ and start the sentence with ‘You must’)You must keep quiet, or I will ask you to leave.If you don’t finish your homework today, we can’t go to the Ocean Park tomorrow. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘otherwise’ and start the first sentence with ‘You should’)You should finish your homework today. Otherwise, we can’t go to the Ocean Park tomorrow.If you don’t listen to me, you will run into trouble. (Rewrite sentence using ‘or’ and start the sentence with ‘You must’) You must listen to me, or you will run into trouble.must/ get up/ now/ you / miss/ the flight/ you/ will (Re-order the words and add ‘or’ to make a sentence.)You must get up now, or you will miss the flight.fail/ the exam/ work harder/ will/ you (Re-order the words and add ‘otherwise’ to form two sentences.)Work harder. Otherwise, you will fail the exam.3.26 ‘whether’… ‘or’…‘whether… or…’ is used to talk about two possible choices or situations. BOTH choices are NOT important for the speaker to make the decision as stated in the first part of the sentence. e.g. We will go to Ocean Park tomorrow, whether the weather is good or not. (Good or bad weather is NOT important for the decision to go to Ocean Park tomorrow.)If the two possible situations are two opposites, we say ‘whether… or not’.Form:subjectverb(object/ adjective) +(other information),whethersubjectverb(object/ adjective) +(other information)or not/or …The concertwill be heldtomorrow,whetheritrains/or not.Everyoneshould readmore books,whethertheyarein Chineseor English.Wemustleave at 10 ,whetherJohncomes/or not.ExerciseFollow the instructions in the brackets and make sentences using the given words and phrases. You may need to add necessary punctuation, such as commas and full stops. Also, change the verb form if necessary.e.g. You have to do it. You like it. You don’t like it. It does not matter. (Make a sentence using ‘whether… or…’)You have to do it, whether you like it or not.You can get all the information that you want. You can get it online. You can get it in the library. (Make a sentence using ‘whether… or…’)You can get all the information that you want, whether online or in the library.The project will become a success. The boss supports it. The boss does not support it. It doesn’t matter. (Make a sentence using ‘whether… or not’)The project will become a success, whether the boss supports it or not.We will have a good time at Christmas. There is a party. There is no party. It doesn’t matter. (Make a sentence using ‘whether… or not’)We will have a good time at Christmas, whether there is a party or not.Jane will buy a new mobile phone. Her parents allow her to do so. Her parents do not allow her to do so. It doesn’t matter. (Make a sentence using ‘whether… or not’) Jane will buy a new mobile phone, whether her parents allow her to do so or not.We should not eat or drink on the MTR. We are on the platform. We are on the train. It is the same. (Make a sentence using ‘whether… or…’)We should not eat or drink on the MTR, whether we are on the platform or the train.the television/ You/ turn off/ watching the programme/ must/ now/ you have finished (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘whether… or not’)You must turn off the television now, whether you have finished watching the programme or not.the subject/ should/ we like/ pay attention/ We/ in class/ (Re-order the words and make a sentence using ‘whether… or not’)We should pay attention in class, whether we like the subject or not. ................
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