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General Revision

Model Exam

Answer ONLY FIVE of the following questions:

1- What is contrastive linguistics? Mention three of its uses.

Contrastive linguistics refers to the systematic comparison of certain linguistic components of two languages. It is a branch of applied linguistics that compares specific linguistic characteristics of two or more languages, for example English and Arabic, in order to explore their similarities and differences.

Contrastive linguistics has a number of uses. One use is to identify and explain problems in second language learning through the analysis of the errors made by language learners. Another use is to help write and develop teaching materials based on the findings of contrastive linguistics in the light of the linguistic similarities and differences between the learners' L1 and L2. A third use is to help translators understand those areas where equivalents between different languages exist and those where such equivalents do not.

2- Arabic is a diglossic language. Explain.

Arabic is a diglossic language. This means that it consists at least of two levels: Colloquial Arabic acquired as a first language by all children at home without formal instruction and before reading and writing, and Modern Standard Arabic learnt at school after formal teaching. These two levels have different sounds, vocabulary items, and sentence structures.

3- Mention three differences between the writing system in English and Arabic.

There are several differences between the writing system in English and Arabic:

← The alphabet is different. Arabic uses a different alphabet from the Roman alphabet that English uses.

← Arabic is written from right to left, while English is written from left to right.

← Arabic is written through the line with letters going above and below the line, while English is written mainly on top of it.

← In Arabic, letters connect with the preceding and following ones but in English there are spaces between letters.

← In Arabic, letters have different word-initial forms (e.g. عــ), word-medial forms (e.g. ـﻌـ), and word-final forms (e.g. ـع). In English, the letter has the same form whether it appears at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a word.

← In Arabic, only consonants and long vowels are fully represented whereas short vowels do not appear in the alphabet because they are diacritical marks placed over, under, or through letters. However, both short and long vowels in addition to consonants are represented orthographically in English.

4- Which sounds are represented in Arabic orthography and which are not? Give an example in each case.

In Arabic, only consonants and long vowels are fully represented, whereas short vowels do not appear in the alphabet because they are diacritical marks placed over, under or through letters.

For example, ﮔتَبََ – كُتِب – قال – عيد – عود

However, both short and long vowels in addition to consonants are represented orthographically in English.

For example, cat /kæt/ and heat /hI:t/.

5- Show how English can represent different phonemes in different spellings by providing three different words with different spellings for each of the following English sounds:

A)Consonants

|Sound |Spelling1 |Spelling2 |Spelling3 |Spelling4 |

|/f/ |fly |phone |enough |off |

|/k/ |keep |can |except |quiet |

|/d3/ |job |general |soldier |------ |

|/v/ |very |of |Stephen |------ |

|/s/ |sun |pass |city |exercise |

|/z/ |zoo |rose |his |scissors |

|/∫/ |sure |ship |patient |special |

|/3/ |garage |explosion |measure |patient |

|/w/ |win |queen |one |------ |

B)Vowels

|Sound |Spelling1 |Spelling2 |Spelling3 |Spelling4 |

|/a:/ |card |heart |guard |------ |

|/I/ |it |except |city |------ |

|/i:/ |meat |equal |meet |------ |

|/3:/ |bird |church |word |term |

|/u/ |put |look |should |------ |

|/u:/ |fool |two |wound |move |

|/e/ |egg |head |said |------ |

|/aI/ |I |eye |guide |die |

|/eI/ |aim |ate |eight |day |

6- Explain why the following words represent a problem for a beginner Arabic-speaking learner of English:

"cutting" "add" "straight" "strategy" "split"

Words like "cutting" and "add" are difficult for a beginner Arabic-speaking learner of English because of germination. Germination is a feature of Arabic whereby some consonants are doubled as in مدّ- خفّ" ". On the other hand, English words spelt with double consonants are pronounced with a single consonant sound as in "cutting" and "add".

Words like "straight", "strategy", and "split" are difficult for a beginner Arabic-speaking learner of English because of consonant clusters. Arabic does not allow consonant clusters in initial position, while English can have up to 3 consonants without an intervening vowel in initial position as in "straight", "strategy" and "split". That is why; Arabic learners of English habitually add an intrusive vowel to manage these difficult clusters. So, they pronounce these words with as /? straight/, /?strategy/ and / ?split/.

Moreover, a word like "split" is also difficult for Arabic speaking learners of English because it includes the sound /p/ which is an English-specific sound not shared by Arabic. So, learners often pronounce it as /b/ because /b/ is an Arabic sound. This is because, learners tend to impose some first language pronunciation patterns in their production of a foreign language.

7- Identify the silent letters in the following words:

|Word |Silent Letter |

|know |k |

|khaki |h |

|climb |b |

|psychology |p |

|island |s |

|write |w |

|know |k |

|honest |h |

|talk |l |

|wrong |w |

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