Mr. Manuel's Science Classroom
Name __________________________ Period _____ Date __________
Biotechnology Manuel
Introduction to Cancer Notesheet
What is cancer?
- __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The three characteristics of cancer:
1. Immortalization - ________________________________________________________________________
2. Transformation - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Metastasis - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Not all tumors are cancerous
- ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The Rockefeller Institute - 1909
- ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Further study of the Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)
- ________________________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________________________
transcriptase
- ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________________________....
________________________________________________________________________!
________________________________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
They concluded that _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
At some point _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
While inside the virus, ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
After more research, ________________________________________________________________________.....
... ________________________...
... ________________________________________________....
... ________________________...
.. ________________________________________________.
After further studies, ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Their research _________________________________________________________________.
But they won _________________________________________________________________.
Varmus and Bishop ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
How Oncogenes Cause Cancer
ras
- ________________________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Translocation - _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The new neighboring ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tumor Suppressor Genes
TSGs ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________________.
The first _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
The mystery was, _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
Alfred G. Knudson _____________________________________________________________, whether __________________________________________________________, one bad allele had been inherited, or through the ________________________________________________.
Following this, ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
It was ______________________________________________________________________...
... ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
Rb has since been linked _________________________________________________________.
But ________________________________________________________________________.
The most important TSG ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
Carcinogens - _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
- ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Heredity can ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ______(the BRCA II gene for breast cancer)
However, ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
Initiation - ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
Promotion - _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Ex. - __________________________________- Initiation begins ________________________________________________________________________. Promotion is triggered ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
The ________________________________________________________________________
in some individuals.
Metabolic activation - ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
Precancerous
• a __________________________________________________________________
• If left untreated, ___________________________________________________________________.
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
A 1996 study found that __________________________________________________________
The TNM system
The TNM system is based on:
• ________________________ ________________________ ___________________(T),
• ________________________ ________________________ ______________(N),
• ________________________ ________________________ ________________(M).
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
For example, breast cancer classified as T3 N2 M0 refers to a large tumor that has spread outside the breast to nearby lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
Prostate cancer T2 N0 M0 means that the tumor is located only in the prostate and has not spread to the lymph nodes or any other part of the body.
For many cancers, TNM combinations correspond to one of five stages.
Criteria for stages differ for different types of cancer.
For example, bladder cancer T3 N0 M0 is stage III,
whereas colon cancer T3 N0 M0 is stage II
|Stage |Definition |
|Stage 0 |Carcinoma in situ. |
|Stage I, Stage II, and |Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease: Larger tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the |
|Stage III |organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or organs adjacent to the location of the |
| |primary tumor. |
|Stage IV |The cancer has spread to another organ(s). |
Modalities of treatment:
■ 1-local therapy:
◆ -________________________________.
◆ -________________________________________________.
■ 2-systemic treatment:
◆ ________________________________.
◆ ________________________________________________.
◆ ________________________________________________.
◆ ________________________________________________.
■ 3-________________________________.
■ 4-________________________________________________.
Surgery
■ Surgery was _____________________________________________________________.
■ It is the ________________________________________________________________.
■ The most important determinant _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Radiation therapy:
■ Radiation therapy: ________________________________________________________.
■ Success depends on ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
■ It involves ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
■ Method of delivery:
■ ________________________________________________.
■ ________________________________________________.
Radiation Therapy Complications:
■ There are two ________________________________________________________________.
■ Systemic symptoms such as ________________________________________________.
■ Radiation therapy is known _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Chemotherapy:
■ Systemic chemotherapy is ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
■ Progress in chemotherapy __________________________________________________.
■ Chemotherapy _______________________________________________________.
Complications of Chemotherapy:
■ Every chemotherapeutic _______________________________________________________________________.
■ E.G; Myelosuppression, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
07 - Introduction to Cancer Glossary
1. Carcinogens – mutagens in the form of various chemicals, ionizing radiations, and certain viruses that turn cells cancerous
2. Immortalization – the ability of cancer cells to continue to divide indefinitely
3. Initiation – phase of cancer that doesn’t turn the cell cancerous, however this initial mutation results from a cell’s first exposure to a carcinogen
4. Kinase – a protein made by the protooncogene src which adds phosphate groups to certain amino acids
5. Metabolic activation – usually brought about by enzymes in various tissues, especially the liver, some carcinogens have to be altered chemically inside the exposed individuals before they become active
6. Metastasis – one of the most damaging features of cancer cells; the ability to move away from their place of origin and invade other tissues
7. Neoplasm – the first step towards cancer; a population of cells growing out of control
8. Oncogenisis – the process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell
9. Oncology – the study of cancer
10. p53 – estimated to show up in as many as half of all the cancers that occur in the United States; one of the most important and common genes in a variety of cancers
11. Phosphorylation – the process by which the protooncogene src adds phosphate groups to certain amino acids
12. Precarcinogens – an inactive carcinogen
13. Precancerous - Pertaining to something that is not yet overtly cancerous, but appears to be on its way to becoming a cancer. Synonymous with premalignant
14. Promoters – carcinogens that eventually bring about whatever other mutations are necessary to turn cells cancerous
15. Promotion – one or more exposures to the same or different carcinogens; a gradual process that can take weeks in laboratory rats and years in humans
16. Protooncogenes – non cancer causing versions of oncogenes
17. ras – the first oncogene isolated from a human bladder
18. Retinoblastoma (Rb) – a rare type of cancer which affects the eyes of young children; the first tumor suppressor gene to be identified was found here
19. Reverse transcriptase – a viral enzyme used to transcribe RNA into DNA, which is then inserted into the host’s cell; in some cases this turns the cell cancerous
20. src – the first gene discovered to cause cancer; it is short for sarcoma
21. Transformation – the characteristic of cancer cells in that they do not observe the normal constraints on cell growth and division
22. Tumor – a mass of identical cells
23. Tumor suppressor genes – genes whose normal function is to stop cell growth
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