DOCUMENT RESUME ED 378 025 RC 019 941 AUTHOR Ringer ...

[Pages:6]DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 378 025

RC 019 941

AUTHOR TITLE PUB DATE NOTE

PUB TYPE

Ringer, Martin

Adventure as Therapy: A Map of the Field. Workshop

Report.

Apr 94

6p.; In: Adventure-Based Interventions with Young

People in Trouble and at Risk. Proceedings of a

National One-Day Conference "Adventure-Based

Interventions" (April 22, 1994) and a Study Weekend

"Enabling Troubled Youth" (Ambleside, England, United

Kingdom, April 22-24, 1994); see RC 019 931.

Speeches/Conference Papers (150)

Reports

Descriptive (141)

EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. *Adventure Education; Definitions; Foreign Countries; Individual Development; *Therapeutic Recreation; Therapists *Adventure Therapy; *Program Characteristics

ABSTRACT This paper defines the field of adventure therapy and

relates itto other types of adventure activities. Outdoor adventure may have recreational, educational, or enrichment goals that focus on having fun, increasing participant knowledge, or building skills such as communication in a target group. Adventure therapy, on the other hand, ha's the clear goal of engendering lasting personal change in participants. Characteristics of adventure therapy include assessment of participants before the adventure experience, preactivity discussion to predispose participants to personal c.hange, activities chosen specifically for their potential to engender personal change, and postgro/T reflection to help participants transfer changes to everyday life. Adventure therapy programs vary widely in the areas of professional context, underpinning therapeutic framework and epistemology, range of therapeutic techniques, client base and presenting problems, funding sources, types of activities, interrelationship with other programs, and program design. A chart outlines the basic principles, underlying assumptions, role of therapi.t, and role of insight in five types of therapies: insight-based therapies, "black box" therapies and other behaviorist models, systems-based therapies, experiential therapies, and psychodynamic therapies. (SV)

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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

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"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

6i1r-e

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

7-1

Adventure as Therapy: A Map of the Field Workshop Report

MARTIN RINGER

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psychotherapy.

La

A

The purpose of this workshop was to enable participants to develop the field of adventure therapy and for them to be able to describe

an understanding the work they do

of to

other people.

We looked at developing a shared understanding of what adventure therapy is and how it relates to other types of adventure.

We then looked at the variation that exists within the field of adventure therapy and discussed appropriate language to describe what we do.

A

Outdoor Adventure: from recreation to therapy

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setting: Dubuque; Iowa: Kendal Hunt.

Recreation

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would be needed to make the activity more fun.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Martin Ringer, PO Box 906, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008 Tel: 010 6118 905354

2

U E DEPAPFFNENT OF EDVCATIO:4 Offwe of Educational D..esoarch and Int!..oyetnent

EOUCATIONA1 RESOURCES 1.4FORMATION

/nis CENTER (FIIC: document has been reproduced as received Iron, the person or organization originating it Minor ChangeS have been made to improve ',Production gustily

Pont, of view of OPrnrons slated in this doCu merit do not necessarily represent olfic.at OE RI rositart or PoIrcy

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Adventure therapy

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The charact-ristics of adventure therapy include the following:

Assessment experience

of

participants

is

usually

carried

out

prior

to

the

adventure

therapy

Pre-activity discussion is intended to predispose participants to personal change

The activities are chosen specifically

personal change in participants

because

of

their

potential

to

engender

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Therapy or therapeutic?

Therapy is said to be to engender personal

the deliberate and strategic change in participants.

application

of

activities

that

are

intended

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that a person has well-being from

156

3

Fig. .1

The adventure therapist in context

Public opinion/ Media focus

Funding I agency philosophy(s)

Program management

,i......*

...,:.-

rogram umbrella /. ''',:,......

organisation/

.::.

national body

:.:,...

..:.:

.....

Wishes of client's and

their significant others

Requirements of referral agents

Martin Ringer 1994

4

157

Variation amongst adventure therapy programmes

iAndwvheincthurveatrhiaetriaopnyopccrougrsr.ammes vary widely. The schedule below names the main areas

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For example some their clients whilst

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Fig. 2

Name of therapeutic class

Brief description of therapeutic type

Underlying assumption: Relationship

Humans are good,

with the

bad or indifferent

therapist

The role of insight in the change process

Insight based therapies

Based on the view that men and women are

rational, and if they have insight and

understand themselves, they will change"

[Haley, 1985 #223] (p 19)

Humans are inherently The relationship Insight precedes

good and their current with the

behaviour. Clients

problematic. behaviours therapist is a can change a behaviour

arise from the persistence vital component if they have insight

of behaviours that developed as a natural

in the healing process.

into the origin of' that behaviour.

response to difficult

experiences in their

formative years.

"Black box" therapies, including behaviourist models.

Derive from learning Humans are inherently

theory and propose that neutral or bad and that

people change when the their problematic

reinforcements that

behaviours arise from a

determine their behaviour lack of appropriate

are changed

restraints or reinforce-

[Haley, 1985 #223]

ment in their current

(p 20)

environment.

The relationship with

the therapist is not important.

Insight is either

not helpful or not relevant. Behaviour change is the goal.

Systems based therapies

Based on the idea that Humans are neither

people are participants in inherently good nor

a homeostatic system and inherently bad and that it

the governors of that is not useful to attribute

system must be reset to a specific "cause" to

bring about change.

problematic behaviour.

[Haley, 1985 #223] (p20). Furthermore, the word

The client can not be

"problematic" is only

considered in isolation valid to some observers

from her/his social system.of the system.

The relationship Insight is not required.

with the therapist Behaviour change

is important arises from complex

in that the

interactions between the

therapist forms client's intrapsychic

a part of the world and the client's

client's current interaction with the

network of

external world.

relationships

and vice versa.

Experiential therapies

Based on the principle Humans are inherently

that people change when good, and problematic

they have experienced behaviours arise despite

themselves acting

the client's best efforts.

differently in a novel The client will most

setting and are then able often be doing the

to reflect on the new

best that he/she can in

behaviour and to integrate any given moment.

it or transfer it to every-

day settings. [Nadler,

1992 #120].

The relationship Insight may be useful

with the therapist but is not essential.

provides

Transfer of learning

important

from the new situation

modelling and to everyday life is the

support for

key to success.

the client.

Psychodynamic therapies

Based in part on the principle that the clients'

Humans are inherently good and that

experience of the

problematic behaviours

relationship(s) involved arise from arrest of

in the therapeutic process natural developmental

enable clients to

processes because of an

reorganise: their intra- inappropriate early

psychic world in a

environment.

healing fashion.

Zeig, 1990 # 194].

c Martin Ringer 1994

The relationship Insight is important. with the therapist Change occurs when is central to the the client builds new healing in that behaviours and new it provides most insights based on of the important his/her interaction material for the with the therapist therapy topro- using the clientceed. The thera- therapist relationship pist becomes as the primary vehicle significant in for change.

the client's life.

159

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