Cornell University
Answer key Final 2020Question 1: Grader: WangdaA. Repetitive strain disorders are injuries to the body caused by activities that are similar that occur at high frequency. These activities demand use of the body in one or more ways that puts strain or pressure on muscles, tendons, or skeletal structure. 2They illustrate the HER process of biomechanics and anthropometrics. This process refers to the dimensions and capabilities (measurements) of the body (anthropometrics). Biomechanics conceptualizes the body as a machine. When repetitive strains occur the biomechanics of the body are being strained or damaged because of the user interface with the environment. 2Pain and suffering/medical problems.Lost productivity or absenteeism.Economic costs (individual loses wages; company losses efficiency or profits; insurance or workman’s compensation costs 3B. Wrist or forearm (carpal tunnel syndrome) because her wrist angle is not neutral (0°). Typing in this position stretches the tendons linking muscles to fingers. This stretching or strain leads to inflammation because tendon is rubbing across bones in wrist. Poor back support from the chair. This can cause back problems, particularly in lumbar region. Related answer re: angle of chair and pressure on discs in spine. Lack of support for arms (elbow rest) causes fatigue in trapezius muscles leading to soreness in area between neck and shoulder. Unclear if height of chair allows her to have feet firmly on floor with support. 4 C. Change angle of keyboard so wrist angle is close to neutral. Increase lumbar support and make it adjustable so she can match to her height. Arm rests for chair that are adjustable to match her height. Adjustable seat height. 4 D. Self report: Self report of pain or discomfort in area of body Physiological data: Measure of muscle tension (EMG, electromyography, electrical activity in muscles); measure of disc pressure) Archival data: Absenteeism records, records for insurance (workman’s compensation) claims, premature retirement or retirement for medical reasons 6Answers just general describe the three different types of data but not specifically how it works in this specific case are reduced 1-2 points E. Lack of restorative elements no view to outside or natural elements in space; nothing to support fascination or involuntary attention Lighting is inadequate add task lighting; there may be overhead glare given screen over monitor thus reduce glare Enclosure may not fit task since concentration provide separate work space with a door she can close and walls that are floor to ceiling and sound attenuated Space appears to be pretty crowded increase space; more storage so equipment and other materials can be put away. Territoriality appears to be no personalization/marking of space. Suggests lack of place attachment, sense of ownership of space. 4Question 2: Grader: Mengni (mz65@cornell.edu)Part ARestoration or restorative environments. This HER process refers to environmental characteristics that are therapeutic or help restore health and wellbeing. A related and acceptable description is an explanation or description of why exposure to nature is good for people. 2 pointsThe two theories of restoration are biophilia and attention restoration theory. Biophilia argues that because human beings evolved in natural settings, we have an intrinsic attraction towards nature. Nature is healthy for us because it more closely approximates the environmental qualities we evolved in as a species. 1 point for identifying the theory, 1 point for explanationAttention restoration theory argues that human beings respond to settings with certain characteristics that help restore capacity for voluntary or effortful attention. When we use this type of attention it takes effort and creates cognitive fatigue. Thus settings with qualities such as fascination (supports involuntary or effortless attention), being away or change in situation, contemplation and reflection, or that have coherence contribute to attention restoration. 1 point for identifying the theory, 1 point for explanationTotal 6 pointsPart BAffect/emotion human beings prefer/like settings with nature studies with infants show more preference for natural vs. human-made sounds; people will put more pictures on their wall when they have no view to the outside and these pictures also tend to have more nature content; adults and youth following wilderness experiences are happier, less stressed; elderly patients with dementia are rated as happier and more alert when exposed to simulations of naturePhysiological or physical health people living in areas with more open green space have lower levels of cortisol, stress hormone; parallel finding for ratings of overall physical health; people who take a walk in nature vs. urban have lower bp, prisoners with views to outside vs. on prison interior use infirmary less; brain activity shows less physiological arousal when in natureMental health walking in natural vs. urban area leads to less rumination; greater self control (top down control, engagement of prefrontal cortex) when exposed to natural vs. human made scenes; effects of stress on children buffered if they live in a house with more nearby natureCognitive performance walk in nature vs. urban fosters better attentional control (can hold plan in Necker cube); neuropsychological evidence of more efficient attentional control when shown natural vs. human-made scenes; following back packing, better proofreading performance; similar finding following induction of cognitive fatigue with Stroop task following walk in nature vs. urban; children in schools with more nearby nature improve their working memory over the year faster 2 points for each example. Total 8 pointsPart C High Job Strain Low Job StrainHigh restoration 5 7Low restoration 2 7Pattern needs to show lower numbers on average under high job strain. Higher numbers under high restoration. Total 3 points Point DEither answer is correct as long as properly shown above and described. In the example here, there is evidence of an interaction since the effects of high vs. low job strain are buffered or attenuated when restoration is high. 5 vs. 7 compared to 2 vs. 7. Another acceptable answer is no interaction where job strain reduces satisfaction but the degree of change is the same across levels of restoration, namely the effect of job strain on job satisfaction is the same regardless of how much restoration is experienced. The explanation needs to explicitly state or imply the rate at which one factor affects the different levels of another factor is the same (no interaction) or different (interaction). total 4 pointsPart EProvide design elements that support fascination or involuntary attention. A fireplace, an aquarium. This fits with attention restoration theory since fascinating objects or elements draw our attention without effort and provide rest or recovery of voluntary attention capacity. Introduce experiences or opportunities into the setting to take a break, change in scenery, get away even if only for a short time period. For instance, a game room where people can do computer games, or some other activities that are different than their work (e.g. physical activity, working out). Consistent with attention restoration because being away rests our voluntary attention Meditation space/activities to support contemplation/reflection. Chapel or other religious space that provides support for prayer. Again consistent with attention restoration theory. Coherence develop a pattern of structure, design that provides some underlying rules or manifestations of organization. This could be done with many different design elements. Note that since the requirement is not to use natural elements, the theory of biophilia could not be used to explain why this feature might be restorative and alter job strain and job satisfaction relation. Points will be deducted if elements used are not manmade or the restoration effects rely on natural elements. For example, a window is a manmade element, however it’s just a void in the wall and one does not look at the window for restoration, one looks through the window to nature and therefore implying biophilia, this is -1 point unless further explanation is provided explicitly addresses this idea, and ties it to ART. 4 2 for the feature 2 for explanationQuestion 3: Grader: Youngsoo Question 4: Grader: GaryA. This graph from Malthus shows the relation between population size and surplus. It indicates that as the population grows there is an increase in surplus. At a certain point (diminishing returns) the amount of increase in surplus (slope of the line) starts to decline or slow down. Carrying capacity is when the slope is 0 or the top of the curve. It means that even though the population is growing, there is no additional surplus generated. Carrying capacity means that the ecosystem supporting a particular population has a finite amount of resources and can only support a population of a certain size. Once this point is reached, any additional population leads to terrible outcomes such as war, disease, and starvation. 82 for explanation of graph, 3 each for descriptions and location of carrying capacity; diminishing returns -1 if described but not located on graph per conceptB. Human populations will increase up until the point of carrying capacity and then decline (crash) because of war, disease, and starvation. Once the population has been reduced, it will then begin to grow again and the cycle will repeat. Fluctuating set of peaks and troughs or a sinusoidal wave form. 3C. Necessity is the mother of invention and technological fix are each related to the point of diminishing returns. When individuals or a community (society) recognizes that diminishing returns has started, this is an alarm or a danger signal. If nothing is done, the population will hit carrying capacity with all the negative outcomes noted above. This problem creates the necessity to come up with a solution or an invention in order to avoid progress towards carrying capacity. Often that invention is a technological innovation in order to increase productivity so that even though the population continues to grow, now it produces more surplus. A good example of this would be special strains of wheat or rice that yield more food. 6 -2 if didn’t explicitly say diminishing returns is what creates the pressure for necessity is the mother of invention -2 each of didn’t have meaning/definitionD. Malthus would argue the major problem is population growth since that is what leads to the challenge of carrying capacity. There are only finite resources that limit growth. Alternatively, the inventions that happy (technological fixes) nearly always are more energy intensive. This then leads to resource extractions and byproducts. We invent out way out of the carrying capacity dilemma but an unintended byproduct of this is often even more resource extraction. And this elevated use of energy typically has byproducts such a carbon emissions that damage the ecosystem. So higher energy use or more energy/capita is the second problem. 8Note: E-F were on original study guide but dropped from exam by a technical error. By the time we noticed it, more than half of the exams had been uploaded on Canvas so we decided to just grade based on A – D.E. Population growth - DSP would argue not a serious concern because of belief in unlimited resources (Cornucopia). In addition DSP has abiding faith in science and technology in order to be able to continue to support a growing population.NEP is concerned about this because there are limits to growth. Believe that carrying capacity is real and as population grows, use up more resources. Energy use/capita - DSP not too concerned because of faith that science and technology will come up with solutions to generate more energy that have minimal impact on environmental quality. Also believe that science and technology can lead to more efficient energy production that can counteract increase per capita use. Also DSP believes earth is resilient and can adapt to changes caused by energy expansion. NEP very concerned because of belief that earth is fragile and not resilient. Worried about catastrophic outcomes such as climate change. F. Religion Judaic Christian tradition has elements consistent with both types of attitudes. For DSP emphasis on human dominance and anthropocentrism. Nature is a resource. Nature is also portrayed as a place of temptation that one has to guard against. For NEP there is also a strong tradition of stewardship or responsibility to care for the earth’s resources. Moreover the earth is a place for restoration, contemplation. Art/literature DSP reflected in many children’s fairy tales with depiction of nature as evil, frightening, something to be wary of. Alternatively children’s literature also extols the virtues of nature such as my secret garden or Charlotte’s web. Western expansionism (Turner thesis) Largely in line with DSP and not NEP. Notions of progress and abundance reflect the western expansion in the early period of the US. Also nature something to overcome in order to have progress (clear the forests, ford the rivers…)It is possible to see something positive in this and connect to NEP but not required for exam. Because of this Western expansion a small set of frontier people and explorers were impressed by the beauty and majesty of what they saw as they headed west. This contributed to founding of National Parks system. Technology DSP much technological advancement shifts economics from labor to capital intensive. How hard a person works with the land changes to how much technological innovation they can afford. Plow example with low tech plow = one person. More work she or he puts in to tilling, direct link to harvest. Now it is how advanced a tractor can the farmer afford. NEP on the other hand, technological innovations yield products that enable us to use energy with a lower carbon footprint (e.g. solar energy). ................
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