PHYSICS Aristotle translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye
350 BC
PHYSICS
Aristotle
translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye
1
Aristotle (384-322 BC) - One of the most prominent Greek philosophers, he is
said to have reflected on every subject which came within the range of ancient
thought. Called ¡°the master of those who know,¡± by Dante, his influence on the
history of thought and knowledge is unparalleled. Physics (350 BC) - One of
Aristotle¡¯s treatises on Natural Science. It is a series of eight books that deal with
the general bases and relations of nature as a whole.
2
Table Of Contents
BOOK 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
BOOK 2
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
BOOK 3
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
BOOK 4
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
BOOK 5
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
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5
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25
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105
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CHAPTER 6
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Book 6
CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 3
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CHAPTER 4
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CHAPTER 5
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CHAPTER 6
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CHAPTER 7
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CHAPTER 8
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CHAPTER 9
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CHAPTER 10 . . . . . . . . . . .
BOOK 7
CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 3
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CHAPTER 4
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CHAPTER 5
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BOOK 8
CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 3
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CHAPTER 4
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CHAPTER 5
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CHAPTER 6
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CHAPTER 7
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CHAPTER 8
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CHAPTER 9
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CHAPTER 10 . . . . . . . . . . .
4
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123
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135
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141
144
147
150
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153
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169
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171
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208
211
. . . .
BOOK 1
CHAPTER 1
WHEN the objects of an inquiry, in any department, have principles, conditions, or
elements, it is through acquaintance with these that knowledge, that is to say scientific
knowledge, is attained. For we do not think that we know a thing until we are
acquainted with its primary conditions or first principles, and have carried our analysis
as far as its simplest elements. Plainly therefore in the science of Nature, as in other
branches of study, our first task will be to try to determine what relates to its principles.
The natural way of doing this is to start from the things which are more knowable and
obvious to us and proceed towards those which are clearer and more knowable by
nature; for the same things are not ¡®knowable relatively to us¡¯ and ¡®knowable¡¯ without
qualification. So in the present inquiry we must follow this method and advance from
what is more obscure by nature, but clearer to us, towards what is more clear and more
knowable by nature.
Now what is to us plain and obvious at first is rather confused masses, the elements and
principles of which become known to us later by analysis. Thus we must advance from
generalities to particulars; for it is a whole that is best known to sense-perception, and a
generality is a kind of whole, comprehending many things within it, like parts. Much the
same thing happens in the relation of the name to the formula. A name, e.g. ¡®round¡¯,
means vaguely a sort of whole: its definition analyses this into its particular senses.
Similarly a child begins by calling all men ¡®father¡¯, and all women ¡®mother¡¯, but later on
distinguishes each of them.
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