And Publications Guide

Style and Publications Guide U.S. Army

Center of Military History

Style

and

Publications Guide

For Use in the Preparation of CMH Products and Publications

Revised 2022

Preface

Every publishing house has its own unique style, and the U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH) is no different. This updated edition of CMH's Style, now called the Style and Publications Guide, retains most of our traditional style guidance particular to the writing of military history and its emphasis on primary sources such as archival materials. This revision also provides information on the CMH publication process to guide authors, editors, and production staff through the steps of preparing all components of a manuscript for timely publication.

We have updated certain areas of the guide based on the current best practices of academic writing, such as the importance of inclusive language and the appropriate use of outside material. Other updates answer style questions relevant to current Army operations, including joint and coalition activities, unconventional warfare, and conflicts involving nonstate actors. Additionally, to reduce in-house confusion and to make CMH style more accessible to outside authors, we have aligned our style guidance, wherever practical, with The Chicago Manual of Style (hereinafter called Chicago).

The CMH Style and Publications Guide is a living document that will be updated and revised as necessary to address questions and issues raised by CMH employees and outside authors. The editorial and production teams encourage authors to consult this guide regularly throughout the writing process.

For specific situations that are not covered in this guide, writers and editors should refer to the latest editions of Chicago and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (hereinafter called Merriam-Webster). When these sources contradict one another, Chicago usually trumps MerriamWebster, but the editorial team will make any final decisions to reconcile conflicting guidance. Authors should prioritize clarity and consistency in their writing over absolute adherence to any rule. When in doubt, ask.

Updating a style guide is a tedious--and sometimes controversial!--undertaking. This revision reflects the contributions of everyone in the Historical Products Division: Matthew T. Boan, Michael R. Gill, Shannon L. Granville, Kristina A. Hernandez, Bryan J. Hockensmith, Margaret J. B. McGarry, Carl E. "Gene" Snyder, and Deborah A. Stultz. Margaret McGarry deserves special recognition for the tremendous amount of work she did to research, update, organize, revise, and shepherd the work of the team on this revision. This updated guide is a reality because of Margaret's efforts. We are grateful to the following individuals for their meticulous review of our revisions and for their direct contributions to this guide: E. N. "Ned" Bedessem, Thomas Boghardt, Mark L. Bradley, Michael W. DeYoung, Kristin Kohler, Christopher N. Koontz, Pilar A. Lightfoot, Stephen J. Lofgren, Paul M. Miller, Jennifer A. Nichols, Channah F. Norman, Kate M. Richards, Nicholas J. Schlosser, Katelyn K. Tietzen, Dieter Stenger, Erik B. Villard, and William Michael Yarborough.

Washington, D.C. February 2022

CHERYL L. BRATTEN Division Chief, Historical Products Division, Histories Directorate

U.S. Army Center of Military History

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Note

Style guidance (both paraphrased and verbatim) from The Chicago Manual of Style appears intermittently throughout this style guide. This complies with the fair use guidelines established by the University of Chicago Press for those working in the field of scholarly publication. This guide is for internal use only; it is not for public distribution. The Center of Military History gratefully acknowledges Chicago's many authors and content creators from whom it has borrowed both language and ideas.

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Contents

Preface.............................................................................................................................................. i Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii

1 | Names and Terms..................................................................................................................... 1 General ................................................................................................................................. 1 People................................................................................................................................... 3 Public Acts and Military Orders .......................................................................................... 7 Publications and Their Parts ................................................................................................ 7 Military ................................................................................................................................ 9 Designations of U.S. Army Units and Organizations ........................................................ 13 Designations of U.S. Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Space Force Units................. 16 Rank and Title Designations.............................................................................................. 17 Military Equipment, Weapons, Ships, and Aircraft........................................................... 20 Foreign and Enemy Military and Nonmilitary Terms ....................................................... 21

2 | Punctuation............................................................................................................................. 24 General ............................................................................................................................... 24 Apostrophe ......................................................................................................................... 24 Brackets.............................................................................................................................. 26 Colon.................................................................................................................................. 26 Comma ............................................................................................................................... 27 Ellipses ............................................................................................................................... 31 Exclamation Point.............................................................................................................. 31 Hyphens and Dashes .......................................................................................................... 31 Hyphen ............................................................................................................................... 32 En Dash .............................................................................................................................. 33 Em Dash............................................................................................................................. 35 Parentheses......................................................................................................................... 35 Period ................................................................................................................................. 36 Quotation Marks ................................................................................................................ 36 Semicolon .......................................................................................................................... 38

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Contents

3 | Spelling, Abbreviations, Compounds, and Distinctive Treatment of Words ................... 39 Preferred Spelling .............................................................................................................. 39 Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................ 39 Punctuation in Abbreviations............................................................................................. 43 Plural Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 44 Ampersands........................................................................................................................ 44 Compounds and Hyphenation............................................................................................ 45 Italics.................................................................................................................................. 47 Foreign Words and Phrases ............................................................................................... 49 Expletives........................................................................................................................... 51 Lists.................................................................................................................................... 51

4 | Geographic Terms.................................................................................................................. 54 Spelling .............................................................................................................................. 54 Capitalization ..................................................................................................................... 55 Abbreviations and Punctuation .......................................................................................... 57 Foreign Geographic Terms ................................................................................................ 59

5 | Numbers .................................................................................................................................. 61 General Guidance............................................................................................................... 61 Special Topics .................................................................................................................... 61 Ordinal Numbers................................................................................................................ 63 Multiple Numbers .............................................................................................................. 64 Plurals and Punctuation...................................................................................................... 65

6 | Dates, Time, and Measurement ............................................................................................ 66 Dates .................................................................................................................................. 66 Time ................................................................................................................................... 67 Measurements .................................................................................................................... 68

7 | Visual Elements ...................................................................................................................... 70 General ............................................................................................................................... 70 Text References ................................................................................................................. 70 Numbering ......................................................................................................................... 71

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Contents

Titles and Labels ................................................................................................................ 71 Tables and Charts............................................................................................................... 72 Maps................................................................................................................................... 73 Captions ............................................................................................................................. 73 Source Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 76

8 | Using Outside Material.......................................................................................................... 77 General ............................................................................................................................... 77 Visual Elements ................................................................................................................. 77 Plagiarism .......................................................................................................................... 78 Repackaging CMH Publications........................................................................................ 79 Block Quotations ............................................................................................................... 79 Run-In Quotations.............................................................................................................. 80 Permissible Changes to Quoted Material........................................................................... 82

9 | Documentation ....................................................................................................................... 85 Citations Overview ................................................................................................................... 85 General Guidance and Style for Notes............................................................................... 85 Components of Notes......................................................................................................... 86 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 88 Punctuation and Capitalization .......................................................................................... 95 Missing Information........................................................................................................... 96 Shortened Citations ............................................................................................................ 96 Historians Files and Author's Files.................................................................................... 99 Online Sources ................................................................................................................... 99 Published Sources .................................................................................................................. 101 Books ............................................................................................................................... 101 Classic Texts .................................................................................................................... 103 Periodicals........................................................................................................................ 104 Government Publications and Public Documents............................................................ 107 Website Content............................................................................................................... 116 Archival Material (Unpublished Sources) ............................................................................. 117 General Guidance............................................................................................................. 117

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Contents

Sources from the National Archives ................................................................................ 119 Correspondence................................................................................................................ 125 Military Documents ......................................................................................................... 128 Other Archival Documents .............................................................................................. 141 Spoken Sources....................................................................................................................... 143 Bibliographies ........................................................................................................................ 147 Types of Bibliographies ................................................................................................... 147 Arranging and Formatting Entries ................................................................................... 148

10 | Front and Back Matter...................................................................................................... 150 Front Matter ..................................................................................................................... 150 Back Matter...................................................................................................................... 153 Pamphlets ......................................................................................................................... 153

11 | Indexes................................................................................................................................. 178 General ............................................................................................................................. 178 Cross-References ............................................................................................................. 179 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 179 People............................................................................................................................... 180 Notes ................................................................................................................................ 181 Visual Elements ............................................................................................................... 181 Formatting Entries ........................................................................................................... 181 Subentries......................................................................................................................... 183 Organizing the Index........................................................................................................ 183 Editing the Index.............................................................................................................. 185 Units ................................................................................................................................. 186

12 | From Manuscript to Publication: Preparation, Editing, Design, and Printing ........... 199 Production Schedule ........................................................................................................ 199 Preliminary Steps ............................................................................................................. 199 Manuscript Submission.................................................................................................... 201 The Editing Process ......................................................................................................... 203 Author Review ................................................................................................................. 205

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