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THE 2020 NATIONAL REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
(Draft)
Hanoi, September 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES iii
LIST OF ACRONYMS vii
INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Objective of the Report 2
Process of the report formulation and information and data for the report formation 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
CHAPTER I: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4
1.1. Issuance of policy documents to form a legal basis for the implementation of the SDG NAP 4
1.2. Roles and involvement of stakeholders 6
1.3. Monitoring and evaluation of the SDG implementation 7
1.4. Difficulties and challenges in the SDG NAP implementation 9
CHAPTER 2: PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VIET NAM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 11
2.1. Overview of the issued policies and mechanisms with direct impacts on the recent VSDG implementation 11
2.2. Results of SDG implementation represented in the VSDG indicators, and comparision to the roadmap 2030 20
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 20
VSDG 2: End hunger, ensure food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture 28
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 34
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 50
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality; empower and create enabling opportunities for women and girls 60
Goal 6: Ensure the availability and and sustainable management of water resources, sanitation system for all 71
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for all 78
Goal 8: Ensure sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all 81
Goal 9: Build highly resilient infrastructure; promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization; foster innovation 95
Goal 10: Reduce social inequality 104
Goal 11: Promote sustainable, resilient urban and rural development 108
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 116
Goal 13: Respond in a timely and effectiive manner to combat climate change and natural disasters 125
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably utilize the ocean, the sea, and marine resources for sustainable development 128
Goal 15: Protect and sustainably develop forests, conserve biodiversity, develop ecosystem services, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation 136
Goal 16. Promote a peaceful , just and equal society for sustainable development; ensure access to justice for all; and develop effective, accountable and participatory institutions at all levels 142
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development 153
2.3. Difficulties and challenges for the implementation of VSDG 158
CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSALS 163
3.1. Background for SDG implementation in the coming period 163
3.2. General recommendations and proposals to achieve the SDG in the coming years 166
3.3. Priorities to be implemented in the coming time 169
APPENDIX 178
REFERENCES 182
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figures
Figure 1. Multidimensional child povery rate across different cut-off thresholds (*) 22
Figure 2. Basic social security coverage (%) 24
Figure 3. Access to basic living conditions (%) 26
Figure 4. Proportion of land owned by households with land use right certificates (%) 27
Figure 5. Number of households and household members in hunger (households & persons) 29
Figure 6. Prevalance of stunting among children under 5 years of age (%) 30
Figure 7. Prevalance of wasting malnutrition among children under 5 years of age (%) 30
Figure 8. Prevalance of obesity malnutrition among children under 5 years age (%) 31
Figure 9. Average per capita income in rural areas at current prices (1000 VND) 32
Figure 10. Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births 35
Figure 11. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 35
Figure 12. Under-5 mortality rate (‰) 36
Figure 13. Under-five mortality rate by sex (‰) 37
Figure 14. Under-one mortality rate (‰) 37
Figure 15. Under-one mortality rate by sex (‰) 38
Figure 16. Number of new cases of HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population 39
Figure 17. Number of new cases of tuberculosis infections per 100,000 population 40
Figure 18. Number of new cases of tuberculosis infections (person) 40
Figure 19. Number of new cases of malaria infections per 100,000 population 41
Figure 20. Suicide mortality rate per 100,000 population 42
Figure 21. Number of traffic accidents, number of deaths or injuries from traffic accidents 44
Figure 22. Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15–49 years) who have their need for family planning and are using modern methods 45
Figure 23. Adolescent birth rate (Aged 10-19) during 2009-2019 46
Figure 24. Percentage of fully vaccinated of children under one year old (%) 47
Figure 25. Number of health workers per 10,000 population 48
Figure 26. Coverage of essential healthcare services 48
Figure 27. Percentage of students recognized for completing the primary school programme and graduating from lower secondary school for the school year 2018-2019 50
Figure 28. Net enrollment rate at lower secondary school at the right age (%) 51
Figure 29. Percentage of students graduating from lower secondary school, percentage of students completing lower secondary school, rate of transition from primary to lower secondary school (%) 52
Figure 30. Proportion of five-year-old children attending kindergarten (%) 53
Figure 31. Proportion of trained employed workers 54
Figure 32. Proportion of trained workers 55
Figure 33. Education Equity index in terms of gender 56
Figure 34. Proportion of literates among people aged 15 and older 57
Figure 35. Percentage of schools which provide basic education programs about sex education, violence prevention, abuse prevention, and HIV-related knowledge 58
Figure 36. Sex ratio at birth (number of boys per 100 girls) 61
Figure 37. Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 63
Figure 38. Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 by rural-urban areas (in 2019) 64
Figure 39. Rate of National Assembly’s female deputies by term (%) 66
Figure 40. Rate of female government leaders (%) 67
Figure 41. Rate of People’s Council female deputies at all levels 67
Figure 42. Proportion of female directors/owners of businesses 68
Figure 43. Proportion of female farm owners 69
Figure 44. Number of mobile subscribers in Viet Nam (million subscribers) 70
Figure 45. Percentage of households using improved water sources (%) 72
Figure 46. Percentage of households using improved sanitation facilities (%) 73
Figure 47. Proportion of industrial parks and export processing zones with centralized wastewater treatment systems satisfying the environmental requirements (%) 74
Figure 48. Number and proportion of nature conservation areas; Number of Ramsar areas established and recognized 77
Figure 49. Proportion of households with access to electricity (%) 78
Figure 50. Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption (%) 79
Figure 51. Energy consumption to GDP (koE/1000 USD GDP) 80
Figure 52. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 82
Figure 53. GDP growth rate 82
Figure 54. GDP per capita 83
Figure 55. Labour productivity 83
Figure 56. Growth rate of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) 84
Figure 57. Proportion of informal employment (%) 85
Figure 58. Average income for a person employed 87
Figure 59. Differences in remuneration between female and male workers in 2018 87
Figure 60. Unemployment rate (%) 88
Figure 61. Underemployment rate (%) 88
Figure 62. Proportion of persons aged 15–24 years not in employment, education, or training 89
Figure 63. Statistics on occupational accidents 91
Figure 64. Share of tourism to GDP (%) 92
Figure 65. Number of commercial bank branches and automated teller machines per 100,000 adults 15 years and older 93
Figure 66. Number of domestic and international bank cards in circulation (million cards) 94
Figure 67. Volume of passenger transport by mode of transport (million passengers) 95
Figure 68. Manufacturing as a proportion of GDP 99
Figure 69. Value added per capita of manufacturing by purchasing power parity (Billion VND) 100
Figure 70. Manufacturing growth rate versus GDP growth rate (%) 100
Figure 71. Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment 101
Figure 72. Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP by source 102
Figure 73. Number of R&D workers (persons) 103
Figure 74. Growth rates of household income per capita (%) 105
Figure 75. Growth rates of household expenditure per capita at current prices (%) 105
Figure 76. Proportion of household living in poorly built housing (%) 108
Figure 77. Proportion of ordinary solid waste that is collected and treated according to national technical standards to total collected ordinary solid waste (%) 111
Figure 78. Greenhouse gas emissions per capita 113
Figure 79. Rate of communes recognized as achieving new rural criteria 115
Figure 80. Proportion of geological and mineralogical mainland area mapped at a scale of 1:50,000 (%) 117
Figure 81. Proportion of the mainland area of Viet Nam with aero-gamma-spectrometric maps at a scale of 1:50,000 (%) 118
Figure 82. Proportion of food losses along production and supply chain (%) 119
Figure 83. Rate of establishments causing serious environmental pollution that have fixed the problems (%) 121
Figure 84. Proportion of residual pesticide points that is completely treated 122
Figure 85. Proportion of municipal solid waste dumped in landfills as a percentage of total collected waste (%) 123
Figure 86. Variation of the average concentration of suspended solids (TSS) in coastal seawater in some coastal urban areas in the period 2012-2016 128
Source: MONRE, Report on situation of national environment 2016 - Urban environment, 2016Figure 87. Variation of the average concentration of NH4+ in coastal seawater in some coastal urban areas in the period 2012-2016 128
Figure 88. Variation of the average concentration of mineral grease in coastal seawater in some coastal urban areas in the period 2012-2016 129
Figure 89. Variation of mangrove swamps by period 131
Figure 90. Forest area (thousand ha)* 137
Figure 91. Proportion of forest coverage 137
Figure 92. Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area over years (%) 138
Figure 93. Proportion of children aged 1-14 years experiencing different disciplinary measures (%) 142
Figure 94. Number of domestic violence cases in the period 2008-2018 144
Figure 95. Proportion of enterprises that have to pay informal fees when using public services 148
Figure 96. Satisfaction Index of Public Administration Services (SIPAS) 149
Figure 97. Proportion of state budget expenditure compared to the approved state budget expenditure estimates 149
Figure 98. Percentage of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered during 2006-2019 151
Figure 99. Proportion of communes meeting the criteria of legal access 152
Figure 100. Viet Nam’s value of exported goods in the period 2010-2019 154
Figure 101. Total ODA and concessional loans to Viet Nam in the period 2011-2019 (million USD) 157
Figure 102. Structure of ODA and concessional loans by sector in the period 2011-2018 (%) 157
Figure 103. Forecast results of the implementation of 115 VSDG targets by 2030(*) (number of VSDG targets to be achieved at different levels) 159
Figure 104. Summary of forecast results for the implementation of 17 VSDG (*) 160
Figure 105. Share of state budget revenue to GDP 161
Tables
Table 1. Poverty rate according to the national multidimensional poverty line (%) 21
Table 2. Multidimensional child poverty rate 22
Table 3. Number of beneficiaries of health insurance and social insurance (thousand persons) 25
Table 4. Annual average consumer price index (previous year = 100) by commodity groups 33
Table 5: Facilities of general schools in 2019 and plan for 2020 59
Table 6: Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 15 and older subjected to violence (*) by their husbands or partners (%) 62
Table 7. Proportion of women aged 15 years and older subjected to violence by persons other than an intimate partner (%) 62
Table 8: Proportion of urban population provided with drinking water through the improved water supply system (%) 71
Table 9. Percentage of households using improved water sources by region (%) 72
Table 10: Percentage of households using improved sanitation facilities by region (%) 73
Table 11: Potential for developing renewable energy in Viet Nam (GW) 80
Table 12: Contribution of capital, labor force, and total factor productivity to the overall growth rate (%) 85
Table 13: Volume of passenger traffic during 2010-2019 by mode of transport (million passengers-km) 96
Table 14: Volume of freight transport during 2010-2019 by mode of transport 96
Table 15: Volume of freight traffic during 2010-2019 by mode of transport 98
Table 16: Proportion of household living in poorly built housing by region and 5 income quintiles (%) 109
Table 17: Economic losses and number of deaths, missing persons, and injuries attributed to disasters 111
Table 18: Concentration of substances in the air environment at selected monitoring points 112
Table 19: Distribution of coral species that create reefs in some Viet Namese sea areas 131
Table 20. List of Viet Nam marine protected areas planned and established 132
Table 21: List of Ramsar areas in Viet Nam (as of the end of 2019) 136
Table 22: List of ASEAN heritage parks in Viet Nam (as of the end of 2019) 136
Table 23: Number of cases of domestic violence and violence against children reported to authorities from 2016 to May 2019 144
Table 24. Number of illegal weapons, explosive materials and supporting equipment confiscated 146
Table 25: Average import tax rates in FTAs in 2019 153
LIST OF ACRONYMS
|Agenda 2030 |2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development |
|AP |Action plan |
|ATMs |Automated Teller Machines |
|CPTPP |Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership |
|CSI |Corporate Sustainability Index |
|EC |Europe Commission |
|EIA |International Energy Agency |
|EU |European Union |
|EVFTA |EU - Viet Nam Free Trade Agreement |
|EVIPA |EU - Viet Nam Investment Protection Agreement |
|FDI |Foreign direct investment |
|FIES |Food Insecurity Experience Scale |
|FTA |Free Trade Agreement |
|GATs |Investigation of Tobacco Use |
|GDP |Gross Domestic Product |
|GII |Global Innovation Index |
|GSO |General Statistics Office |
|ICT |Information and Communication Technology |
|IT |Information Technology |
|IUU |Illegal, unreported, and unregulated |
|M & E |Monitoring and Evaluation |
|MARD |Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development |
|MDGs |Millennium Development Goals |
|MICSs |Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey |
|MOC |Ministry of Construction |
|MOCST |Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism |
|MOET |Ministry of Education and Training |
|MOF |Ministry of Finance |
|MOH |Ministry of Health |
|MOHA |Ministry of Home Affairs |
|MOIC |Ministry of Information and Communications |
|MOIT |Ministry of Industry and Trade |
|MOLISA |Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs |
|MONRE |Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment |
|MPI |Ministry of Planning and Investment |
|MOST |Ministry of Science and Technology |
|NCDs |Non-communicable diseases |
|NGO |Non-governmental organization |
|NSIS |National statistical indicators system |
|NTPSPR |National target programme for sustainable poverty reduction |
|ODA |Official Development Assistance |
|PCI |Provincial Competitiveness Index |
|PPP |Purchasing power parity |
|R&D |Research and Development |
|S&T |Science and technology |
|SDG |Sustainable Development Goals |
|SDG NAP |National Action Plan for the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development |
|SEDP |Socio- economic Development Plan |
|SEDS |Socio- economic Development Strategy |
|SIPAS |Satisfaction Index of Public Administration Services |
|SMEs |Small and medium enterprises |
|UN |United Nations |
|UNDP |United Nations Development Program |
|UNICEF |United Nations Children’s Fund |
|USA |United States of America |
|VBCSD |Viet Nam Business Council for Sustainable Development |
|VCCI |Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry |
|VHLSS |Viet Nam Household Living Standards Survey |
|VNAT |Viet Nam National Administration of Tourism |
|VNR |Voluntary National Report |
|VSDG |Viet Nam Sustainable Development Goal |
|VUSTA |Viet Nam Union of Science and Technology Associations |
|WEF |World Economic Forum |
|WHO |World Health Organization |
|WTO |World Trade Organization |
| INTRODUCTION |1 |
Background
Sustainable development is an urgent need and an inevitable trend in the development process of human society. At the United Nations (UN) Summit, which took place from September 25-27, 2015 in New York, USA, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Agenda 2030) was approved by the United Nations member states. At the Summit, the Head of the State of Viet Nam affirmed that Viet Nam supported and committed to mobilize all necessary resources, all ministries, related ministries, localities, organizations, communities and citizens to successfully implement the Agenda 2030 and all sustainable development goals (SDG).
The Agenda 2030 possesses a universal and broad policy coverage for the full benefit of all people around the world, for today’s generation and for future generations. The Agenda 2030 sets out the vision for the next 15-year development phase with 17 sustainable development goals and 169 targets, identifying specific means of implementation, global partnerships and action plans. The global SDG is a continuation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for the period 2000-2015, and also concretizes the Agenda 21 on sustainable development for the entire 21st century which was approved by the UN in 1992.
The global SDG and targets are applicable to both developed and developing countries, taking into account differences in conditions, capabilities and levels of development of countries, and respecting national priorities and policies. Each nation will build its own SDG that are aligned with the global SDG and appropriate to its own context and policy priorities. Countries will decide how to integrate the SDG into their national plan making and development of strategies and policies.
In implementation of the commitment, on May 10, 2017 the Prime Minister issued the Decision No. 622/QD-TTg on the National Action Plan for the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG NAP). The SDG NAP sets out targets, tasks and assignments of responsibilities for ministries, related agencies and provinces. In the SDG NAP, 17 goals and 169 targets of the Agenda 2030 have been nationalized into 17 Viet Nam SDG (VSDG) and 115 targets, based on Viet Nam’s development conditions and context. 115 VSDG targets reflect 150/169 global ones. The inapplicable targets are those unsuitable with Viet Nam's development context and conditions.
The year 2020 is of great importance, marking nearly 5 years of Viet Nam's implementation of the Agenda 2030 and being the last year of the Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) 2016-2020, creating momentum for the implementation of the SEDP 2021-2025 and Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) 2021-2030. The year 2020 also witnesses the Covid-19 pandemic and its global impact. The Covid-19 pandemic is considered to cause economic and social crisis in many countries, especially in developing and underdeveloped ones, increasing the risk of unfulfilling 17 SDG by 2030 in many nations. Entering a new period of 2021-2030, the world's and the region's outlook has been more complicated than ever projected. The increasingly serious public debt crisis in many countries, the world economy's slower recovery, the acceleration of risks in the international financial and monetary markets, and many countries' recent intensification of trade protectionism have been taking place. Together with the rapid development of the science and technology, the fourth industrial revolution and the digital economy become one of the major development trends of the era.
In the context that Viet Nam is preparing for the XIII Party Congress with the formulation of the SEDS 2021-2030 and the SEDP 2021-2025, and after nearly 5 years of the implementation of the Agenda 2030 in Viet Nam, the 2020 National Report on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals is designed to update and evaluate the progress of SDG implementation in Viet Nam, presenting the challenges and difficulties in the implementation process, and the ability to achieve Viet Nam's SDG by 2030. The report also suggests directions and solutions to be taken to overcome challenges in the SDG implementation in the coming time.
Objective of the Report
The 2020 national report on the SDG implementation focuses on the following main contents:
+ To update the implementation of VSDG over the past 5 years, with the analysis of the performance results in accordance with the Viet Nam's Set of Sustainable Development Indicators (issued in the Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT on January 22, 2019 by the Ministry of Planning and Investment), and assessment of the achievement level based on the roadmap for the implementation of the VSDG by 2030 (issued in the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 681/QD-TTg on June 4, 2019).
+ To highlight the difficulties and challenges faced during the SDG implementation, such as policy gaps, policy implementation, resources, coordination of stakeholders, monitoring and evaluation of performance results, etc.
+ To propose recommendations and solutions to promote the SDG implementation and prioritized activities to be implemented in the next 5 years.
Process of the report formulation and information and data for the report formation
The report development process was driven by the involvement of the National Assembly, ministries and related agencies, localities, socio-political organizations, such as the Women’s Union and Youth Union, socio-professional organizations, national and international organizations, representatives from the business community, research institutes and scientists. The process also received comments from the vulnerable groups (women, ethnic minority people, people with disabilities) on matters related to sustainable development following the principle that no one is left behind.
The information and data used in the report are taken from the Report on the implementation of the sustainable development goals of ministries, related agencies and localities, the General Statistics Office's data report, and reports which have recently released by ministries, related agencies, and national and international organizations in various fields.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY[1]
|CHAPTER I: |2 |
|IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | |
1.1. Issuance of policy documents to form a legal basis for the implementation of the SDG NAP
a) A roadmap for the implementation of the Viet Nam's sustainable development goals (VSDG) to 2030
On June 4, 2019, the Prime Minister promulgated the Decision No. 681/QD-TTg on a roadmap for the implementation of the VSDG by 2030.
Based on the roadmap, ministries, related agencies, and localities formulate their annual and 5-year SEDPs and develop specific targets and tasks for their sectors and localities in order to implement the SDG in each period from now to 2030. The roadmap is an important foundation for monitoring and evaluation of the SDG implementation, and is a measure to assess the achievement level of the SDG at the 2020, 2025, 2030 milestones.
The issuance of the roadmap affirms Viet Nam's commitment to the SDG implementation and its responsible contribution to the global efforts, and thereby raising Viet Nam's position in the world.
b) The Prime Minister’s Directive on sustainable development
In order to promote the SDG implementation, the Prime Minister issued the Directive No. 13/CT-TTg on sustainable development on May 20, 2019. Accordingly, the Directive assigns ministries, related agencies and localities to seriously implement the followings: (i) Urgently complete the development of their own action plan/programme to implement SDG NAP; (ii) Arrange a focal point and full-time or part-time staff for sustainable development; (iii) Actively coordinate with the Viet Nam Fatherland Front, socio-political organizations, and socio-professional organizations in the SDG implementation; (iv) Effectively integrate the SDG implementation into the formulation and implementation of the SEDP at all levels, sectors and localities, and carry out support policies to the poor, near poor, ethnic minority people, social policy beneficiaries and other vulnerable groups in a timely manner; (v) Strengthen coordination and information sharing among ministries, sectors and localities on implementation of SDG NAP.
The Directive also assigns a number of specific tasks to the National Council for Sustainable Development and Competitiveness Improvement, the Central Committee of the Viet Nam Fatherland Front and central agencies of mass organizations, the Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI), the Business Council for Viet Nam sustainable development, and the Viet Nam Association of small and medium-sized enterprises in SDG implementation.
c) Viet Nam's Set of Sustainable Development Statistical Indicators
On January 22, 2019, the Minister of Planning and Investment issued the Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT on Viet Nam's set of sustainable development indicators (hereafter refer to as VSDG indicators) for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the SDG implementation. The VSDG indicators are developed based on the following principles: (i) Reflecting and evaluating 17 VSDG goals and 115 targets; (ii) Ensuring international compatibility while still meeting Viet Nam's practical conditions and sustainable development needs; (iii) Ensuring the feasibility and consistency with Viet Nam's other statistical indicator systems.
The Circular stipulates a system of 158 VSDG indicators. Data collection and reporting are responsibilities of the General Statistics Office (GSO) and 26 ministries and related agencies, with 140 VSDG indicators of route A (implemented since 2019), 18 VSDG indicators of route B (implemented since 2025). Out of 158 VSDG indicators, 38 indicators belong to the national statistical indicators system (NSIS) which is specified in the Statistics Law 2015; 109 indicators are similar to 101 SDG indicators at the global level.
d) Guidance for SDG integration and Guidance for SDG M&E
In order to support ministries, related agencies and localities in the integration and M&E of the SDG implementation, the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) issued the Decision No. 2158/QD-BKHDT dated December 31, 2019 on the Guidance for integrating SDG into the five-year SEDP 2021-2025 and 2026-2030 of the ministries, related agencies and localities, and the Decision No. 468/QD-TTg dated March 26, 2020 on Guidance for M&E of the SDG implementation in Viet Nam by 2030.
e) Action plans of ministries, related agencies and localities to implement the Agenda 2030
In implementation of the assigned tasks in the SDG NAP, 17/22 ministries[2] and 50/63[3] provinces have issued their action plans to implement the Agenda 2030. Basically, the action plans of ministries, related agencies and localities have closely aligned with the contents and tasks assigned in the SDG NAP.
1.2. Roles and involvement of stakeholders
a) National Council for Sustainable Development and Competitiveness Improvement
The Council was established in 2005 and is now renamed the National Council for Sustainable Development and Competitiveness Improvement, with the responsibility of advising the Government and the Prime Minister on the SDG implementation in Viet Nam.
In 2018, the Council reorganized its functions and duties according to the Prime Minister's Decision No. 419/QD-TTg dated April 18, 2018, whereby the Council has 6 Committees, including: the Committee on Sustainable Development, Business Environment Enhancement and Competitiveness Improvement chaired by the Minister of Planning and Investment; the Social Affairs Committee chaired by the Minister of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA); the Environment Committee chaired by the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE); The Committee on Science and Technology (MOST) chaired by the Minister of Science and Technology; Committee on Education and Human Development chaired by the Minister of Education and Training (MOET); the Commission on Public-Private Partnership chaired by the Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
One of the Council's important tasks is to advise the Prime Minister on the organization of the annual National Conference on Sustainable Development and competitiveness improvement. In 2018 and 2019, the Council successfully organized the National Conference on Sustainable Development with the presence and chairmanship of the Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc.
b) Ministries, related agencies and provinces
The Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) acts as the focal point to lead and coordinate with the relevant ministries and related agencies in the implementation of the SDG NAP.
Ministers, Heads of the ministerial-level agencies, Heads of the Governmental agencies, and Chairmen of the Provincial People's Committees are responsible to the Prime Minister for the implementation and results of the SDG NAP. According to the tasks assigned in the SDG NAP, ministries, related agencies and localities are responsible for developing and issuing their action plans/programmes to implement the SDG NAP. 17 ministries and 50 localities have so far issued their action plans to implement the Agenda 2030.
The reports of the ministries, related agencies and localities show that a focal point unit/agency, i.e the Department of Planning and Finance in ministries and the Department of Planning and Investment in localities, has been designated to implement the Agenda 2030. A number of ministries and localities have established their own Steering Committee, or Office of Sustainable Development or Assisting Agency on Sustainable Development. The contents and tasks of the Agenda 2030 assigned to the ministries, related agencies and localities are integrated into their 5-year and annual SEDPs for implementation.
To promote inter-sectoral coordination between ministries and related agencies in the implementation of the Agenda 2030, an Inter-sectoral SDG Working group was also established based on the Decision No. 667/QD-BKHĐT dated May 21, 2018. The working group is headed by an MPI leader, with the participation of representatives from 28 ministries and related agencies.
c) Other stakeholders
The Viet Nam Business Council for Sustainable Development (VBCSD), led by the VCCI, continues to play an important role in involving the business community in the SDG implementation. This is one of the initiatives to orient, gather and link the business community to share and multiply good practices and sustainable business models, thereby confirming the active role of the business in realizing 17 VSDG, committing to building a better world through better business. In recent years, VBCSD's various activities has contributed to raising the business community's awareness and mobilization to participate in the SDG implementation. VBCSD is also the host of the annual ranking of the sustainable enterprises in Viet Nam based on the Corporate Sustainability Index (CSI) .
A Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations in Viet Nam was established to coordinate with the Vietnamese Government in the implementation of the Agenda 2030. This UN working group has actively participated in the process of developing the Voluntary National Report (VNR) in 2018 and the Agenda 2030-related documents and policies. Furthermore, UN agencies including UNDP and UNICEF in Viet Nam have provided a great deal of technical assistance to Viet Nam in the implementation of the Agenda 2030, especially in the process of developing the SDG NAP and related documents and policies.
In addition, networks of national and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), networks of social organizations, such as the Viet Nam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA), the Viet Nam Women's Union, the Viet Nam Central Union of Communist Youth, and the Viet Nam Federation on Disability have conducted proactive activities to implement the SDG and contributed directly to the formulation of the VNR and the National Report on the Implementation of the Viet Nam's Sustainable Development Goals.
International organizations, such as the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), the Hanns Sedel Foundation (Federal Republic of Germany) and other development partners have also made crucial and direct contributions to the nationalization and implementation of the Agenda 2030 in Viet Nam.
1.3. Monitoring and evaluation of the SDG implementation
The National Assembly, Viet Nam Fatherland Front, and social organizations play an important role in monitoring the implementation and providing peer-review during the SDG implementation process.
According to the Decision No. 622/QD-TTg, the MPI presides over and coordinates with the ministries, related agencies, localities, and organizations to monitor, supervise and evaluate the results of SDG implementation and the action plans, and prepare reports on the SDG implementation to be submitted to the Government and the National Assembly. The Viet Nam Fatherland Front, the social-political organizations, the social-professional organizations, NGOs, and the business community have actively participated in the SDG implementation and the action plans (AP) within their own scope of functions and as assigned in the SDG NAP, and reported the results of the AP implementation to the MPI for consolidation and reporting to the Government and the National Assembly.
A number of documents that create a legal basis for SDG M&E have currently been formed, including:
- The Prime Minister's Decision No. 681/QD-TTg dated June 4, 2019 on the roadmap for VSDG implementation.
- The Minister of Planning and Investment's Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT dated January 22, 2019 on the set of VSDG indicators.
- The Prime Minister's Decision No. 468/QD-TTg dated March 26, 2020 on the guidance for monitoring and evaluation of the VSDG implementation.
Accordingly, the SDG implementation is monitored and evaluated based on 158 VSDG indicators (issued in the Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT), and the achievement level to the years 2020, 2025, and 2030 is assessed based on the roadmap for the SDG implementation (issued in the Decision No. 681/QD-TTg). The SDG M&E involves the participation of stakeholders, including: the Viet Nam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations; ministries and related agencies; the Provincial People's Committees; social organizations and professional associations; NGOs; Universities, research institutes, experts, and the business community. The ministries, related agencies and organizations at the central level, and the Provincial People's Committees annually send the report on the SDG implementation to the MPI for consolidation and submission to the Prime Minister.
According to the regulations, M&E report on the SDG implementation consists of:
- Annual assessment report on the SDG implementation.
- VNR.
- Thematic sustainable development reports and other add - hoc reports.
The social organizations, NGOs, research institutes and other stakeholders are encouraged to submit their reports, studies, evaluation and peer reviews on the SDG to the MPI and authorities of various fields.
In 2018, Viet Nam was one of 47 countries to have implemented the VNR at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 2018. The report assessed the progress on 17 VSDG, sharing difficulties, challenges and lessons learnt in VSDG implementation with other countries in the world. The implementation of the VNR has affirmed Viet Nam's commitment to the implementation of the Agenda 2030, especially the monitoring, evaluation and reporting of the progress on the SDG implementation.
1.4. Difficulties and challenges in the SDG NAP implementation
a) Financial resources for the implementation of the Agenda 2030
Most of the reports of the ministries, related agencies, and localities on the implementation of the Agenda 2030 have raised a common difficulty related to the mobilization of financial resources for the SDG implementation, especially in the background of the contracted public budget. The Agenda 2030 is a large, crossing-cutting programme, covering almost all socio-economic aspects with many new indicators that require large investment resources in the context of limited local investment resources for socio-economic activities.
The implementation of the SDG set out by the ministries, related agencies, and localities is mainly through the conduct of related tasks, programmes and projects in the 5-year and annual SEDPs. The unavailability of a separate budget line for the implementation of the Agenda 2030 has induced all ministries, related agencies, and localities to face certain difficulties, particularly in the development of mechanisms and policies to apply participatory approach, especially from the private sector, in creation of an M&E of the SDG implementation, and enhancement of the capacity of the officials, civil servants and community related to the Agenda 2030.
b) Limited coordination mechanism among ministries and related agencies, and mobilization of the stakeholders participation
The SDG NAP is univeral, cross-cutting, with mutually cohesive goals. Therefore, the policies and measures need to be integrated and inter-sectoral, which then requires stakeholders' close cooperation and improved coordination for the implementation.
However, the current mechanism of coordination and participation has not been formed and operated smoothly. The coordination between the leading and coordinating agencies, socio-political organizations, trade associations, the business community, and NGOs, and the coordination between the central and local agencies as stipulated in the SDG NAP are still limited. The restricted ownership and creativity lead to a number of ministries, related agencies, and localities to face confusion in coordinating the implementation of the Agenda 2030.
The implementation of the Agenda 2030 has been in a top-down direction, even in the process of policy formulation and implementation. The proactive participation and initiatives of the stakeholders in the policy formulation and implementation process have not been aroused and have not become the overall strength for the SDG implementation. This leads to a delay in the policy implementation, slowing down the wide implementation of the SDG; the good initiative and active participation of all social classes have not been strongly promoted.
In the ministries, related agencies, and localities, the organization and concurrent personnel of less experienced, less frequently trained on implementation methods and skills, heavy duty, high work pressure, and the declined number of public servants are causes of slow implementation and ambiguous efficiency.
The inadequate awareness of the sustainable development of a large part of officials and people, especially people in the remote and difficult areas, has made a great impact on the SDG implementation. This is partly attributed to insufficient attention to SDG propaganda because of limited propaganda coverage, mainly at the central level and some localities without going into all classes, and the poor propaganda content.
c) The formative stage of the monitoring and evaluation of the SDG implementation
The Minister of Planning and Investment has issued the Circular No. 03/2019/TTg-BKHDT on the VSDG indicators, including 158 indicators. This is an important basis for monitoring and evaluating the SDG implementation from now to 2030. The collection and reporting of data for 158 VSDG indicators have been assigned to 22 ministries and related agencies. The reports made by the ministries and related agencies indicate that the indicators have not met the requirements set out in the Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT, especially in terms of disaggregation. Data are unavailable for a great number of indicators, although the collection roadmap has been identified right after the issuance of the Circular No. 03 (2019). So far, data are unavailable for up to 60 indicators, accounting for 38%. The contents of some of the indicators reported by the ministries and related agencies are different from those specified in the Circular No. 03.
Moreover, data collection and calculation of some VSDG indicators still meet difficulty. A variety of ministries and related agencies have not reported data in accordance with the requirements set out in the Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT. In addition, many indicators in the Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT are inconsistent with the sectoral indicators in the guiding documents issued by the ministries and related agencies, thus leading to difficulty for the statistical work and assessment of the SDG in localities. Some VSDG indicators in the Circular No. 03 have not coincided with the ones used to define the roadmap under the Decision No. 681/2019/QD-TTg, making difficulties in the collection and reporting on the SDG implementation.
The constraint of statistical capacity in the ministries, related agencies, and especially in localities, has not met the requirements set out in the Circular No. 03, given the relatively large number of indicators with a wide coverage and cross-cutting characteristics, and even highly specialized indicators. The training to improve localities' statistical capacity is limited due to contracted funding.
|CHAPTER 2: |2 |
|PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VIET NAM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS | |
2.1. Overview of the issued policies and mechanisms with direct impacts on the recent VSDG implementation
This section of the Chapter 2 summarizes the policies and mechanisms that were issued and implemented in the period 2016-2019, with direct relation to SDG areas assigned to the ministries and related agencies in the SDG NAP. The documents and policies listed in this section have been recently promulgated and directly related to the VSDG. Meanwhile, the policies and mechanisms (such as Strategies, Plans, Master Plans, Schemes, Programmes, etc.) that were previously issued are not mentioned but are still being implemented in practice and are working effectively[4]. Policies and mechanisms can be grouped as follows:
a) Policies and mechanisms on sustainable poverty reduction, social protection, and nutritional improvement for everyone (SDG 1 and SDG 2)
The national target programme for sustainable poverty reduction (NTPSPR) 2016-2020 issued in the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1722 dated September 2, 2016 continues Viet Nam's remarkable success in poverty reduction owning to the 2011-2015 and previous years' NTPSPR. This program which has renovated its implementation mechanism has integrated gender and the vulnerable groups in the implementation solution as compared to the previous programmes. The multidimensional poverty approach is applied to one of the NTPSPR's targets instead of merely focusing on income poverty reduction. Another feature of NTPSPR is the expansion of its beneficiaries, including poor households, near-poor households, and households that have just escaped from poverty nationwide. Priority is given to ethnic minority poor households and poor women. This shows that more attention has been paid to the inclusion of gender and the vulnerable groups, such as ethnic minorities, than previous poverty reduction programs. Particularly for the ethnic minorities, the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1557/QD-TTg dated September 10, 2015 identified a number of ethnic minorities-related indicators for the MDG implementation in attachment with the post-2015 SDG. Accordingly, reduction of the poverty rate of the ethnic minorities of 3% - 4%/year on average, along with other indicators related to ethnic minority children in the period up to 2025 show that this document has integrated ethnic minorities and children groups into the implementation of VSDG 1.
On the basis of the preliminary assessment of the implementation of the NTPSPR 2016-2020, relevant ministries are currently coordinating to develop the National Target Programme Framework for Sustainable Poverty Reduction 2021-2025, from which to develop the NTPSPR 2021-2025 to ensure the completion of the VSDG 1 set out for poverty alleviation in the coming years.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 712/QD-TTg dated June 12, 2018 on the National Action Programme "No more hunger" in Viet Nam until 2025 is a policy aimed at realizing the VSDG 2 on "End hunger, ensure food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agricultural development", and is also consistent with the above NTPSPR. The Programme not only aims at having enough food, foodstuff, and nutrition all year round, ensuring adequate supply of daily calories, but also guaranteeing the nutrition quality in everyone's meals; Special attention has been paid to vulnerable groups, such as children, pregnant and lactating women.
Children, especially children living in the disadvantaged areas, is one of the groups receiving support in the SDG NAP. Therefore, the Prime Minister's Decision No. 588/QD-TTg dated May 17, 2019 approves a Project of mobilization of social resources to support children in extremely difficult communes of the ethnic minority areas 2019-2025, with the focus on effective mobilization of the society's various resources to improve the nutrition and health status of children in extremely difficult communes of the ethnic minorities and mountainous areas. The effective implementation of the Decision will contribute to the results of multiple VSDG, including VSDG 1 on poverty reduction, VSDG 2 on hunger ending, and VSDG 3 on healthy life.
The target programme for the development of the social assistance system 2016-2020, which was issued under the Prime Minister's Decision No. 565/QD-TTg dated April 25, 2017, aims at developing and improving social support services for the vulnerable groups, creating a safe, friendly and sound living environment for children, reducing gender inequality or high risk of gender inequality, contributing to ensuring social security and safety, to ensure equality and sustainable socio-economic development. The Programme focuses on supporting the vulnerable groups, such as children, women, the elderly, and people with disabilities. It is not only related to the VSDG 2 but also such VSDG as the VSDG 5 and the VSDG 10.
With a view to supporting social security and effectively implementing VSDG 2, the Prime Minister's Decision No. 708/QD-TTg dated May 25, 2017 approves the project of development of a national database on social security, application of information technology (IT) to addressing social security policies by 2020 and development orientation to 2030. The project aims at widely applying IT to addressing social security policies for the people, enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the state management, and promoting online public service delivery in order to create better conditions in providing social security services to all people.
The Government's Decree No. 109/2018/ND-CP on the management of agriculture and organic food stipulates regulations on production, certification, labeling, logo, traceability and trading of agricultural organic products and policies to encourage the development of organic agricultural production. The Decree is considered one of the important legal bases to support the Vietnamese enterprises during their participation in the organic agriculture development, meeting domestic and export needs, and contributing to the achievement of the VSDG 2. In addition, the Government's Resolution No. 30/NQ-CP dated March 7, 2017 issued a loan programme for high-tech agriculture, clean agriculture with suitable interest rates. The State Bank of Viet Nam that assumes the prime responsibility needs to coordinate with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) to support enterprises with appropriate capital resources for sustainable agricultural development, contributing to achievement of the VSDG 2.
b) Policies and mechanisms to ensure a healthy life and promote well-being for all at all ages (VSDG 3)
Ensuring a healthy life and promoting well-being for all people is an important focus of the social policy to which the Vietnamese Party and Government always pay special attention. In recent years, the Government and the Prime Minister have issued a series of policies that contribute to the implementation of the VSDG 3. Specifically, the Prime Minister issued the Decision No. 2348/QD-TTg dated December 5, 2016 to approve the project of building and development of the grassroots health network in the new situation in order to improve the supply capacity and the service quality of the grassroots health network, ensuring full provision of the primary health care, medical examination and treatment services for everyone, ensuring equality and efficiency in protection, care and improvement of people's health.
The Law on Children No. 102/2016/QH13 passed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, term XIII, 11th session, possesses many new points, creating a more comprehensive legal environment for the realization of the children's rights, improvement of the quality and effectiveness of child protection, care and education in a child rights-based approach, and provision of appropriate and effective response to emerging social problems that affect children due to the impact of integration and globalization. The effective implementation of this Law contributes to the realization the VSDG 3, 4, 5 and 10.
To ensure citizen's access to the health care services, the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1092/QD-TTg dated September 2, 2018 approves Viet Nam's health program to ensure significant increase of people's access to essential, safe, effective, quality, and affordable healthcare services, medicines, and vaccines, contributing to the achievement of the targets 3.6 and 3.7. In addition, the Prime Minister promulgated the Decision No. 41/QD-TTg dated January 8, 2019 approving the project "Ensuring reasonable nutrition and enhancing physical activity for children, pupils and students for health promotion, cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma in the period 2018- 2025”. The Ministry of Health (MOH) has implemented this project by issuing a National plan on advocacy for salt reduction in the diet to prevent hypertension, stroke and other non-communicable diseases in the period 2018- 2025, and developed a project of nutritional care in the first 1000 days of life to contribute to improvement of the Vietnamese stature and fitness. These policies are all oriented towards the realization of the target 3.3. Also related to the target 3.3 and to ensure adequate supply of medicine to the citizens, the Prime Minister signed the Directive No. 23/CT-TTg dated August 23, 2018 on strengthening management and connecting medicine suppliers. In implementation of this Directive, the Project on strengthening control of medicine prescriptions and sellings in the period 2017-2020 has been issued to ensure adequate supply of medicines and vaccines, quality safety, and price reasonability for medical examination and treatment and prevention of epidemics and natural disasters.
After the Prime Minister issued the Decision No. 1679/QD-TTg dated October 22, 2019 approving the Viet Nam Population Strategy to 2030, relevant agencies has developed their Projects on Population Communication to 2030, the Project on fertility adjustment among regions and groups to 2030, the Project on improvement of the population quality of the ethnic minorities, the project "Communication, consultation and provision of reproductive health care services for workers in industrial zones and export processing zones", etc. Thus, the implementation of these projects all contribute to the effective implementation of the target 3.1.
After the National Assembly's passing of the Law on prevention and control of harmful effects of alcoholic beverages in 2019, a variety of policies have been issued in order to realize the law's regulations, thus contributing to the implementation of the target 3.9, such as strict prohibition of smoking in crowded places, provision of smoking areas in the offices and public places, and prohibition of alcoholic beverages during working hours, prohibition of advertising products harmful to health, etc.
In order to reduce traffic accidents according to 3 criteria set out in the target 3.5, the Government issued the Decree No. 100/2019/ND-CP dated December 30, 2019 on administrative penalties for road traffic offences and rail transport offences, raising penalties against consumption of alcoholic beverages of high alcohol content while driving, and strictly implementing safety regulations in the road traffic and railway transport to limit traffic accidents.
c) Policies and mechanisms for the development of education, training and human resources serving the country's industrialization and modernization (VSDG 4)
Education and training which is always regarded as the nation's first priority is reflected in various policies issued in the past years. It is noteworthy that the Law on Education passed by the National Assembly in 2019 has reaffirmed the free tuition for primary and secondary school students in public schools and tuition support to non-public schools. This is a great effort of the Government to facilitate schooling for children, especially poor children. In order to mobilize investment in education and training institutions, the Government issued the Resolution No. 35/NQ-CP dated June 4, 2019 on increasing social resources to invest in the education and training in the period 2019-2025, with the desire to make a clear and substantial change in attracting, using and managing the resources of the entire society for education and training development, and improving the quality of education and training human resources to meet the requirements of the industrial revolution 4.0 and the international integration.
In the field of vocational training, the Prime Minister's Decision No. 899/QD-TTg dated June 26, 2017 approves target programme on job education and work safety in the period 2016-2020. This programme aims at providing policy solutions to support the development of vocational training, promotion of labor market, and improvement of the efficiency of labor supply-demand connection, creating jobs, increasing labor export, and ensuring of occupational safety and sanitation to meet the requirements of national development and internationally economic integration, promotion of sustainable employment associated with the increased labor productivity, improved working conditions, increased income and preventive occupational accidents. Thus, this program is attached to not only the target 4.4, but also the VSDG 08.
In addition, the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1665/QD-TTg dated October 30, 2017 on the Project to support students' start-up to 2025 promotes the entrepreneurial spirit of the students, and equips them with entrepreneurship knowledge and skills during their studies at schools, with a view to creating a favorable environment to support students to formulate and realize their start-up ideas and projects, and contributing to job creation after graduation. The High-Quality College Development Project to 2025, issued by the Prime Minister in the Decision No. 1363/QD-TTg dated October 11, 2019, focuses on policies and solutions to improve the quality of training human resources directly working in business and services. This equips them with knowledge, skills and professional responsibility to foster their creativeness and adapt to the working environment in the context international integration. The effective implementation of these projects will obviously contribute to the achievement of the target 4.4.
d) Policies and mechanisms to ensure gender equality, empower and create enabling opportunities for women, and ensure social equality (VSDG 5 and 10)
In recent years, gender and gender equality have been focused on and reflected in a great number of promulgated policies. Notably, the gender policy also concentrates on the vulnerable groups, such as girls and ethnic minority people. For example, the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1898/QD-TTG dated November 28, 2017 on the Project to support gender equality in ethnic minority areas from 2018-2025 with the goal of creating a positive change in realizing gender equality and enhancing the women status in ethnic minority areas; and the Directive No. 18/CT-TTg dated May 16, 2017 on strengthened measures to prevent children violence and harming.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 1464/QD-TTG dated July 22, 2016 on the Project on Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response 2016-2020 and vision to 2030, aiming at effective implementation of gender-based violence prevention and response.
The Prime Minister 's Decision No. 235/QD-TTG dated February 14, 2015 on the Project to reduce domestic violence in the Vietnamese rural areas for the period 2015-2020.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 1438/QD-TTg, dated October 29, 2018 on the Project to support children with disabilities to access children protection and care services in the community for the period 2018-2025.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 498/QD-TTG dated April 14, 2015 on the Project to minimize child marriage and near-blood marriage in ethnic minority areas for the period 2015-2020.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 468/QD-TTG dated March 23, 2016 on the Project to control the balance of sex at birth for the period 2016 - 2025.
e) Policies and mechanisms to ensure green and sustainable economic growth, create decent work, and build infrastructure for sustainable development (VSDG 8 and 9)
The Government's Resolution No. 63/NQ-CP dated July 22, 2016 approves the Government's action plan for the implementation of the National Assembly's Resolution on the SEDP 2016-2020. The program identifies policy solutions to renew the growth model, combine the effectiveness of extensive and in-depth development with the focus on in-depth development, enhance the application of scientific and technological advances, and mobilize and efficiently use national and international resources, and constantly improve productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness in the coming years.
The Resolution No. 35/NQ-CP dated May 16, 2016 on Business Support and Development to 2020.
The Prime Minister's Decision No.147/QD-TTg dated January 20, 2020 on the Viet Nam Tourism Development Strategy to 2030, and vision to 2050.
The Decision No. 1023/QD-TTg dated June 7, 2016 on the Program to prevent and reduce child labor for the period 2016-2020.
The Decision No. 234/QD-TTg dated February 5, 2016 on the Program to prevent and control child injuries in the period 2016-2020.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 986/QD-TTg dated August 8, 2018 on the Development Strategy of Viet Nam Banking Sector to 2025, with orientation to 2030.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 242/QD-TTg dated February 28, 2019 on the Scheme for restructuring security and insurance markets by 2020 and vision to 2025.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 1726/QD-TTg dated September 5, 2016 on the Scheme to improve access to banking services for the economy.
The Decision No. 1734/QD-TTg dated September 9, 2016 on the "Policies on synchronous development of infrastructure in the country, linking domestic infrastructure development with regional infrastructure networks".
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 13/2015/QD-TTg dated May 5, 2015 on incentive mechanisms and policies for the development of public transport bus services, especially the priority mechanisms for buses using clean energy to facilitate the development of this type of vehicle to contribute to improvement of fuel efficiency and environment protection. This Decision's contents are related to the VSDG 12 on sustainable consumption of environment-unharmful products.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 16/2019/QD-TTg dated March 18, 2019 on raising emission standards for cars in traffic, and energy labeling for newly assembled and imported motorbikes. The Decision's contents are related to the VSDG 12 on sustainable consumption of environment-unharmful products.
f) Policies and mechanisms on industry, infrastructure innovation and development; sustainable urban and rural development; sustainable production and consumption, and sustainable energy development (VSDG 11, 12 and 7)
The Government issued the Decree No. 13/2019/ND-CP on science and technology (S&T) enterprises, institutionalizing the enterprises-centered orientation in terms of national innovation, with a series of important solutions, such as simplification of the administrative procedures in S&T enterprise accreditation registration, and encouragement of innovative startups to register for S&T recognition.
The Prime Minister Decision No. 1851/QD-TTg dated December 27, 2018 on the Scheme to promote technology transfer, mastery and development of imported technologies in the prioritized sectors and fields to 2025, with orientation to 2030.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 18/2019/QD-TTg dated April 19, 2019 regulating the import of used machinery, equipment and production lines. The Decision aims at preventing the import of outdated, poor quality, and environmentally polluting machinery, equipment and production lines.
The Government's Decree No. 109/2017/ND-CP dated September 21, 2017 on the protection and management of the world cultural and natural heritage in Viet Nam identifies the content of the world heritage protection; the process of making master plan on the world heritage, management plan of the world heritage, and regulations on the world heritage protection; functions and duties of organizations assigned to manage and use the world heritage; and the responsibilities of ministries, related agencies and localities in the protection and management of the world heritage.
The Resolution No. 46/NQ-CP dated June 27, 2019 on the implementation of housing support policies for people with meritorious services to the revolution;
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 33/2015/QD-TTg on the Housing support programme for the poor rural households;
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 714/QD-TTg dated June 14, 2018 on the Program to build residential clusters and houses in the flooded areas in the Mekong River Delta in the period 2018-2020.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 950/QD-TTg dated August 1, 2018 on the Scheme for development of smart sustainable cities in Viet Nam in the period 2018-2020 and vision to 2030.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 84/QD-TTg dated January 19, 2018 on the development of the Viet Nam green growth cities plan to 2030.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 491/QD-TTg dated May 7, 2018 on the adjustment to the national strategy on the general management of solid waste to 2025, and vision to 2050.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 2038/QD-TTg dated December 17, 2018 on integration and implementation of the mechanism improvement for cost determination and management to maintain public services in the urban infrastructure within the implementation of the Project on improvement of the construction cost norms and prices.
The Prime Minister Decision No. 589/QD-TTg dated April 6, 2016 on the adjustment to the Orientation for Development of Water Sewage and Drainage Systems in Viet Nam's Urban Centers and Industrial Parks to 2025 and Vision to 2050.
The Government's Decree No. 57/2018/ND-CP dated April 17, 2018 on the policies and mechanisms to encourage enterprises' investment in agriculture and rural areas.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 1600/QD-TTg dated August 16, 2016 on the national target program for construction of new rural areas in the period 2016-2020.
The Government's Decree No. 109/2017/ND-CP dated September 21, 2017 on the protection and management of the world cultural and natural heritage in Viet Nam.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 712/QD-TTg dated May 26, 2017 on the pilot project to mobilize socialization to complete and replicate the environmental protection model in building of the new rural areas in the difficult and border communes and islands in the period 2017-2020.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 76/QD-TTg dated January 11, 2016 on the national action plan on sustainable production and consumption to 2020, and vision to 2030.
The Government's Decree No. 163/2018/ND-CP dated December 4, 2018 on the issuance of corporate bonds, including the regulation on green bonds.
The Government's Decree No. 95/2018/ND-CP dated June 30, 2018 on the issuance, registration, depository, listing and trading of government debt instruments on the stock market, including issuance of the government's green bonds to invest in environmental protection projects.
The Decision No. 02/2019/QD-TTg dated January 8, 2019 amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Prime Minister's Decision No. 11/2017/QD-TTg dated April 11, 2017 on the incentive mechanism for development of solar power projects in Viet Nam.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 280/QD-TTg dated March 13, 2019 on the Program on economical and efficient use of energy in the period of 2019-2030.
g) Policies and mechanisms on environmental protection, sustainable use of natural resources, prompt and effective response to climate change and natural disasters (VSDG 6, 7, 13, 14, 15)
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 2502/QD-TTg dated December 22, 2016 on adjustments to the development orientations for water supply for urban areas and industrial parks to 2025, and vision to 2050.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 2038/QD-TTg dated December 17, 2018 on the project on improvement of the construction cost norms and prices.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 1566/QD-TTg dated August 9, 2016 on the national programme to ensure safe water supply in the period 2016-2025.
The Government's Decree No. 83/2019/ND-CP dated November 12, 2019 on amending and supplementing the Decree No. 94/2014/ND-CP on the establishment and management of natural disaster prevention and control funds.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 2053/QD-TTg dated October 28, 2016 on promulgation of the plan to implement the Paris agreement on climate change.
The Government's Resolution No. 120/NQ-CP dated November 17, 2017 on the sustainable development of the Mekong River Delta.
The Decision No. 5081/QD-BNN-TCLN dated December 6, 2017 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development approving the "Scheme on establishing a voluntary target of balancing land degradation in Viet Nam in the period 2017-2020, and vision to 2030 on the basis of determining the area at risk of degradation and degraded land.
The Decree No. 59/2017/ND-CP on the management of access to genetic resources and sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 1671/QD-TTg dated September 28, 2015 on the scheme on conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources to 2025, and orientation to 2030.
The Government's Decree No. 06/2019/ND-CP on the management of endangered, precious and rare forest plants and animals.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 78/QD-TTg dated January 16, 2018 on the national action plan to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing to 2025.
h) Policies and mechanism to ensure security, safety and justice, and mobilize resources for development (VSDG 16 and 17)
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 2546/QD-TTg dated December 31, 2015 on the programme on prevention and control of human trafficking (referred to as Programme 130/CP) in the period 2016-2020;
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 623/QD-TTg dated April 14, 2016 on the National Strategy on crime prevention in the period 2016-2025, and orientation to 2030.
The Law on Access to Information No. 104/2016/QH13, promulgated by the National Assembly on April 6, 2016, effective on July 1, 2018, stipulates the exercise of citizen's right to access information, the principles, order and procedures for exercising the right, responsibilities and obligations of the state agencies in ensuring citizens' right to access information.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 619/QD-TTg dated May 8, 2017 on the regulations to construct communes meeting the standards of law access.
The Anti-Corruption Law 2018 passed by the 14th National Assembly at the 6th session conducted on November 20, 2018.
The Prime Minister's Decision No. 40/QD-TTg dated January 7, 2016 on the Strategy on overall international integration to 2020, and vision to 2030. As a result, Viet Nam has signed the EU-Viet Nam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) and implemented its commitment to reduce tariffs in 11 free trade agreements (FTAs), including ASEAN, ASEAN - China, ASEAN - Korea, ASEAN - Australia - New Zealand, ASEAN - India, ASEAN - Japan, Viet Nam - Japan, Viet Nam - Chile, Viet Nam - Korea, Viet Nam - Union the Eurasian Economic Alliance, and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).
The Law on Public-Private Partnership Investment passed by the 14th National Assembly at the 9th session conducted on June 18, 2020 to encourage public private partnership (PPP) projects in Viet Nam.
The Government's Decree No. 125/2017/ND-CP dated November 16, 2017 on amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Government's Decree No. 122/2016/ND-CP dated September 1, 2016 on the Import and Export Tariffs, the Preferential Import Tariffs, the List of Goods and Absolute Tariffs, Mixed Tax, and Non-Quota Import Tax.
i) Integration of SDG into the promulgated policies and mechanisms
One of the main tasks identified in the SDG NAP is to incorporate the SDG in the process of developing annual SEDP, strategies, policies and plans of the ministries, related agencies and localities. As mentioned above, the integration of the SDG contents into the development policies, strategies and plans developed by the ministries and related agencies has been relatively well implemented in recent years. The promulgation of the Decision No. 2158/QD-BKHDT on guiding the integration of the SDG into the ministries' and related agencies' 5-year SEDP 2021-2025 and 2026-2030 is expected to facilitate the integration of the SDG in the coming years.
2.2. Results of SDG implementation represented in the VSDG indicators, and comparision to the roadmap 2030
The Section 2.2. of the Chapter II, which contains the main contents of the report, focuses on reviewing the progress in implementation of 115 VSDG targets of 17 goals stated in the SDG NAP (the Prime Minister's Decision No. 622 dated May 11, 2017). The review and assessment of the progress in SDG implementation is specifically based on: i) 158 VSDG indicators promulgated under the MPI's Circular No. 03/2019/TT-BKHDT dated January 22, 2019; ii) the indicators used to determine the roadmap of SDG implementation to 2030 stated in the Prime Minister's Decision No. 681/QD-TTg dated June 4, 2019. Data used for analysis in this chapter will be limited from 2010 to 2019, prior to the global COVID-19 pandemic. However, the analysis focuses on the period 2016-2019, i.e upon the UN adoption of the Agenda 2030 and the start of its implementation in Viet Nam.
The analysis of the data associated with the aforementioned statistical indicators is to monitor the progress of VSDG implementation, assess the current trends and make forecasts for the coming years to see if Viet Nam is on the right track and whether Viet Nam can achieve the roadmap to 2030. Therefore, at the end of each VSDG, an summary of the analysis is presented, outlining the challenges that Viet Nam needs to overcome and summarizing the results of assessing the implementation progress with a map describing the results of forecasting the VSDG implementation to 2030 according to the level of completion, including: 3 - achieved completed according to the roadmap to 2030; 2- still face many challenges to achieve the target, and 1- fail to achieve the target by 2030.
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Target 1.1: By 2020, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than 1.25 USD a day[5]; By 2030, reduce at least by half of the poverty rate according to the national multidimensional poverty criteria (Global target 1.1 and target 1.2)
Indicator 1.1.1: Multi-dimensional poverty rate (According to the Circular No. 03/2019-BKHDT on the list of statistical indicators for sustainable development in Viet Nam) - hereinafter referred to as the Circular No. 03.
The Prime Minister’s Decision No. 681 dated June 4, 2019 on a roadmap to implement VSDG by 2030 (hereinafter referred to as the Decision No. 681) sets a roadmap for the indicator 1.1.1 as follows: maintain the annual reduction of 1-1.5% by 2020; maintain a reduction of 1-1.5% in the period 2021-2030, and reduce at least by half of the multidimensional poverty rate according to the national multidimensional poverty criteria by 2030.
Table 1. Poverty rate according to the national multidimensional poverty line (%)
|Region |2015 |2016 |2017 |2018 |2019 |
|Country |9. 9 |9.2 |7.9 |6.8 |5.7 |
| |Urban areas | |3.5 |2.7 |
|Mult|% |21.2 | |19.1 | | | | |
|idim| | | | | |14.5 | | |
|ensi| | | | | | | | |
|onal| | | | | | | | |
|chil| | | | | | | | |
|d | | | | | | | | |
|pove| | | | | | | | |
|rty | | | | | | | | |
|rate| | | | | | | | |
|(6-w| | | | | | | | |
|ay) | | | | | | | | |
| |Female |% |18.1 | |18.6 | |12.1 | |
|By | | | | | | | | |
|urba| | | | | | | | |
|n/ru| | | | | | | | |
|ral | | | | | | | | |
| |Rural |% |26.8 | |23.6 | |18.6 |
|By | | | | | | | | |
|regi| | | | | | | | |
|on | | | | | | | | |
| |Northern Midlands and Mountains |% |40.2 | |34.5 | | 29.3 |
| |North Central and Central Coast |% |19 | |20.4 | |13.8 | |
| |Central Highlands |% |41.2 | |32.8 | |25.4 | |
| |South East |% |9.6 | |10.5 | |6.6 | |
| |Mekong River Delta |% |27.4 | |21.5 | |15.6 | |
|By ethnic group | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |Kinh, Hoa |% |12.7 | |10.8 | |6.8 | |
| |Others |% |61.2 | |52.5 | |46.4 | |
Source: UNICEF and GSO, 2020: Multidimensional child poverty
Data in Table 2 on multidimensional child poverty rate reflects a similar trend to the national multidimensional poverty rate shown in Table 1, with more detailed disaggregation by ethnic group, region and gender. As can be seen from Table 2, multidimensional child poverty rate in Viet Nam is always higher than the national average. For instance, if the national multidimensional poverty rate in 2016 was 9.2%, the multidimensional child poverty rate in that same year was 19,1%. Similarly, this correlation in 2018 was 6.8% and 14.5%, respectively. In addition, in Viet Nam, there is a huge gap between urban and rural multidimensional child poverty rates, between children of the Kinh and Hoa and those of ethnic minorities. In 2018, multidimensionally child poverty rate in rural areas was 3.7 times as high as that in urban areas; the multidimensionally child poverty rate of ethnic minorities (excluding the Chinese) was 6.8 times as high as that of the Kinh and Hoa. The regions with the highest rates of multidimensional child poverty in the country were the Northern Midlands and Mountains (29.3%) and the Central Highlands (25.4%).
The studies conducted by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the MOLISA (2018) indicated that the multidimensional child poverty rate was always higher than that of other population groups at other ages, and this rate is higher in households with larger number of children[10]. Thus, poverty reduction policies in the coming years should pay more attention to children, especially children in ethnic minorities, and children living in rural and remote areas in order to reduce inequality.
Target 1.2: Implement nationally appropriate social security protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable (Global target 1.3)
Indicator 1.2.1: Number of contributors to social insurance, health insurance, and unemployment insurance
The Decision No. 681 uses the indicator "Proportion of the labor force in the working age participating in social insurance and unemployment insurance" to set the roadmap: 35% for social insurance and 25% for unemployment insurance by 2020; 45% and 35%, respectively by 2025; and 60% and 45%, respectively by 2030.
According to the Viet Nam Social Insurance, the number of people paying social insurance, health insurance and unemployment insurance has continuously risen during 2015-2020.
Figure 2. Basic social security coverage (%)
[pic]
Source: Viet Nam Social Insurance, Forecast: expert calculation
By 2019, the proportion of the labor force in the working age participating in social insurance reached 31%. Viet Nam may be close to the targeted social insurance coverage rate of 35% and targeted unemployment insurance coverage rate of 25% by 2020. With an annual average growth rate of only 1.8 percent for the proportion of the labor force participating in social insurance, it is difficult for Viet Nam to meet the social insurance coverage target by 2025 (45%) and by 2030 (60%). However, if the current rate of labor force participating in unemployment insurance continues, Viet Nam may reach the target set for 2025 and 2030, which are 35% and 45%, respectively. It should also be noted that the growth rate of the following years will be lower than the average growth rate achieved in the first years, so the incoming policies must be more focused and effective.
Viet Nam is gradually moving towards universal coverage of health insurance with the high proportion of population participating in this type. The proportion of the population participating in health insurance grew continuously from 71% in 2014 to 86.8% in 2018. The rate reached nearly 90% of the population (equivalent to 85.4 million people) in 2019, and exceeded the target set by Central Resolution No. 21-NQ/TW (2012) for 2020[11]. Notably, the proportion of the poor and the near- poor participating in health insurance, which is one of the indicators showing the coverage of social security policies for the poor and the vulnerable, was improved. Under the current regulations, the poor households, the near-poor households and children under 6 years of age are provided with free health insurance. This means that the poor in Viet Nam are guaranteed to access to health services by law.
Target 1.2.2: Number of beneficiaries of social insurance, health insurance and unemployment insurance
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 1.2.2.
The GSO annually releases data on the number of beneficiaries of health insurance, the number of beneficiaries of social insurance and unemployment insurance. Data show the increased tendency in terms of the number of people participating in social insurance, health insurance and unemployment insurance (Table 3).
Table 3. Number of beneficiaries of health insurance and social insurance (thousand persons)
| |2014 |2015 |2016 |2017 |2018 |
|Number of beneficiaries of monthly social insurance (1000 persons) |2721 |2838 |2934 |3026 | |
|Number of beneficiaries of one-time social insurance (1000 persons) |772 |811 |802 |864 | |
|Number of beneficiaries of health insurance (1000 persons) |136326 |130175 |149700 |169859 |176468 |
|Number of beneficiaries of monthly unemployment insurance (Person) |532949 |550655 |614791 |706512 | |
|Number of beneficiaries of one-time unemployment insurance, apprenticeship, job |45681 |59654 |36006 |.. | |
|finding (Person) | | | | | |
Source: GSO. Data on health insurance beneficiaries in 2018 is from the MOH
Indicator 1.2.3: Number of beneficiaries of monthly social allowance in community
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 1.2.3 as follows: By 2020, 2025 and 2030, the number of beneficiaries of monthly social allowance in the community accounts for 3%, 3.5% and 4% of the population, respectively.
In the past years, social allowance policies have been expanded in terms of beneficiaries, for the right purposes and the right subjects, and gained efficiency. The number of beneficiaries of regular social allowance has increased over the year. According to current regulations, the beneficiaries of monthly social allowance include: i) children under 16 years of age without a patron; ii) children of full 16 years of age who are receiving social allowance and continue to pursue vocational training are eligible to receive allowance until 22 years old; iii) people in poor households; iv) children and HIV-infected people from the poor and near-poor households; v) the solitary elderly; vi) people with severe disabilities. According to the MOLISA, by 2019, more than 3 million people (including 1.75 million of the elderly receiving monthly social allowance in cash; over 1,098 million people with disabilities; 217,000 children; the rest were other vulnerable groups, accounting for 3.1% of the population) received monthly social allowance, with support under the form of funding and health insurance cards.
Indicator 1.2.4: Number of people receiving ad-hoc social support
The Decision No. 681 defines a roadmap as follows: By the end of 2020, 2025, and 2030, 100% of people in need receive ad-hoc social support.
According to the current regulations, the following cases are entitled to receive ad-hoc hardship subsidy: i) a funeral allowance; ii) seriously injured in force majeure events; iii) poor, near-poor households and households facing difficulties due to damaged or collapsed houses; iv) households urgently displaced due to force majeure; v) children whose parents are lost and homeless. According to the MOLISA, the ad-hoc social support has covered all groups of beneficiaries, ensuring that people are promptly supported upon risks and natural disasters. Millions of people who are in short of food after natural disasters, in between-crop period, and on the occasion of the Lunar New Year annually receive timely relief under the form of rice and cash. In 2019, the number of cases receiving funeral support was 62.2 thousand people.
Indicator 1.2.5: Number of people living and being cared for in social protection facilities or social housing
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 1.2.5.
According to the MOLISA's report, in 2019, 40.1 thousand people lived and were cared for in social protection facilities or social housing. Among them, people with disabilities made up the highest proportion (23.5 thousand people, accounting for more than 58%), followed by orphans (9.6 thousand children, accounting for 23.9%), the elderly (nearly 3 thousand people). and others.
For target 1.2, it can be seen that Viet Nam is in the right direction, but it is necessary to actively take measures to attract employees to participate in the Social Insurance in the coming time.
Target 1.3: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance (Global target 1.4)
Indicator 1.3.1: Proportion of the population living in households with access to basic services
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 1.3.1.
Figure 3. Access to basic living conditions (%)
[pic]
Source: VHLSS, GSO
Except for the percentage of households with permanent house which has not increased significantly in the past 8 years, and remained at only 50%, other indicators of access to basic living conditions have grown and remained high. According to the World Bank data, the percentage of households with land use right certificates in Viet Nam is quite high, the lowest in the Central Highlands, 62% in 2018, and the highest in the Mekong River Delta, up to 90%. This partly shows the ability to secure people's land use rights in Viet Nam.
Figure 4. Proportion of land owned by households with land use right certificates (%)
[pic]
Source: World Bank, 2018
Generally, Viet Nam is likely to achieve target 1.3 if it continues to maintain the current policy, while at the same time making a significant effort to improve housing conditions for its people, especially in the Central Highlands, South East and Mekong River Delta, and pay more attention to supporting the poor in the vulnerable groups.
Target 1.4. By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters (Global target 1.5)
The Circular No. 03 and the Decision No. 681 set no targets for the target 1.4. However, the target 11.5 possesses related information and will be analyzed in the lower part of the Report.
In the past years, Viet Nam has implemented a great number of policies to build resilience to natural disasters. The government has spent trillions of VND for investment in infrastructure projects, and simultaneously implementing timely support policies for people affected by natural disasters.
However, facing weather's unpredictable changes and the increasing impacts of climate change, Viet Nam needs more sustainable and long-term solutions to increase resilience of the vulnerable groups, especially those living in areas prone to natural disasters and affected by economic, social and environmental disasters.
|SUMMARY: As a continuation of the success in poverty reduction in the MDG |[pic] |
|implementation, Viet Nam has achieved impressive results in the period | |
|2016-2020 in implementing VSDG 1 "End poverty in all its forms everywhere". | |
|Viet Nam is likely to achieve all three targets under the VSDG 1 by 2030. | |
|However, in addition to further implement the National Target Programme on | |
|Sustainable Poverty Reduction, supporting policies for the poor in the coming | |
|years need to focus more on the poor of the vulnerable groups, such as | |
|children, ethnic minority people, people with disabilities and in difficult | |
|areas. Moreover, there is a need to increase the coverage of the social | |
|security network, especially social insurance, with compulsory and voluntary | |
|social insurance. | |
VSDG 2: End hunger, ensure food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 2.1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including the elderly and infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round (Global target 2.1)
Indicator 2.1.1: Prevalence of undernourishment
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 2.1.1, but sets a roadmap for the indicator "Prevalence of hunger" as follows: hunger is fundamentally eliminated by 2020, and hunger is eliminated nationwide from 2025 onward.
Viet Nam has reduced hunger across the country at an impressive rate in recent years, and is expected to completely eliminated by 2020. Viet Nam's starvation is seasonal and largely influenced by natural disasters and unusual weather, mainly concentrated in the provinces in the Northern Midlands and Mountains, North Central Coast, South Central Coast and Central Highlands. To reduce people's starvation, in recent years, the Government has promptly executed multiple policies, such as livelihood support for the poor, prevention of the natural disasters, and provision of social security support (as described in the target 1.2), which has significantly contributed to the implementation of the VSDG target 2.1 on ending hunger.
Figure 5. Number of households and household members in hunger (households & persons)
[pic]
Source: GSO
Thus, if Viet Nam can maintain the previous trend, it will certainly fulfill the target by 2020 and 2025.
Target 2.1.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 2.1.2[12]
Viet Nam has not conducted survey to collect data for computation of this indicator, thus there is no data for reporting. However, the GSO has begun to integrate questions on Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) in the 2018 VHLSS and the following years. As a result, the moderate or severe food insecurity in the population will be analyzed in the coming time.
In general, Viet Nam can early achieve VSDG target 2.1 by 2020, and maintain this achievement in the coming years.
Target 2.2: By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, and address the nutritional needs of children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons (Global target 2.2)
Target 2.2.1: Prevalence of stunting and malnutrition among children under five years of age
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 2.2.1 as follows:
- Stunting (height for age): under 21.5% by 2020, under 20% by 2025, and under 15% by 2030;
- Wasting malnutrition (weight for age): Under 5% by 2020 and maintain this rate in the following years;
- Obesity malnutrition (weight for height): below 5% for rural areas and below 10% for urban areas by 2020 and maintain this rate in the following years.
Figure 6. Prevalance of stunting among children under 5 years of age (%)
[pic]
Source: GSO, Forecast: expert calculation
Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age nationwide fell by 4.7 percentage points, from 24.6% to 19.9% during 2015-2019. This rate was much higher in rural areas compared to urban areas, 23.7% versus 6.2%. Meanwhile, this rate is not much different between men and women, 20% and 18%, respectively in 2019. If Viet Nam can maintain the current pace, it is likely to achieve the proposed roadmap for the indicator 2.2.1, with the decline of the prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age by 21.5% at the end of 2020 and less than 15% by 2030. Nevertheless, it is necessary to have a more appropriate policy for nutritional supplementation, especially for infants and children under 5 years of age in rural areas.
Figure 7. Prevalence of wasting malnutrition among children under 5 years of age (%)
[pic]
Source: GSO, Forecast: expert calculation
The prevalence of wasting malnutrition among children under 5 years of age also tends to drop from 14.1% in 2015 to 12.4% in 2019. This rate in rural areas is much higher than that in urban areas, 15.7% versus 6.3%. Similarly, this rate is higher for boys than for girls, albeit insignificant difference, 13% and 12.1%, respectively in 2019. With an average annual declining rate of 0.34 percentage points, it is very difficult for Viet Nam to achieve the target of reducing the prevalence of wasting malnutrition of under-5 children below 5% by the end of 2020. If the speed of reduction remains in the following years, it is also very difficult to achieve the target of less than 5% by 2030 in the proposed roadmap.
Figure 8. Prevalence of obesity malnutrition among children under 5 years age (%)
[pic]
Source: GSO
The prevalence of obesity malnutrition among children under 5 years of age nationwide maintained at around 6% in recent years, except the falling by 5.1% in 2019. This rate was 7.2% in urban areas and 4.5% in rural areas. Therefore, Viet Nam has reached the roadmap target set for 2020 and the following years when maintaining the prevalence of obesity malnutrition among children under 5 years of age under 10% in urban areas and 5% in rural areas. Overall, Viet Nam is likely to keep the national rate of obesity malnutrition among children under 5 years of age less than 5% after 2020.
Generally, Viet Nam still has a high chance of achieving VSDG target 2.2 by 2030 if it well implements policies to improve nutrition and constitution for children in rural areas. This remark can be made because the figures of malnourished children shown the insignificant gap between boys and girls in Viet Nam, but significant difference between children in urban and rural areas.
Target 2.3: By 2030, increase by 1.5 times the agricultural productivity and income of agricultural workers (Global target 2.3)
The Circular No. 03 sets no indicator for the target 2.3.
The Decision No. 681 sets the roadmap for the target 2.3 based on the indicator: per capita income in rural areas reaches 43 million VND by 2020, 60 million VND by 2025, and 90 million VND by 2030, respectively.
Figure 9. Average per capita income in rural areas at current prices (1000 VND)
[pic]
Source: GSO, Forecast: expert calculation
The nearly doubling growth rate of per capita income after 6 years enables Viet Nam to fulfill the target of "Per capita income in rural areas reaches 43 million VND/year by 2020" and exceed 90 million VND by 2030 (at current prices).
Overall, Viet Nam is sure to achieve target 2.3 "Increase 1.5 times the agricultural productivity and income of agricultural workers by 2030”.
Target 2.4: By 2030, ensure sustainable food production and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality (Global target 2.4)
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural cultivation area applying safe production processes
The Decision No. 681 sets a target as follows: Agricultural cultivation areas applying safe production processes maintains an annual increase of 10-15%.
The Circular No. 03 assigns the MARD to coordinate with the GSO to collect and release this indicator starting from 2025. According to the MARD's report, by the end of 2019, 1,950 establishments nationwide were granted VietGAP certificates, equivalent to an area of 38.6 thousand hectares of crops (double the 2016 area); 11,521 farms and livestock households were certified VietGAP (1.6 times as high as that in 2016). Thus, the annual average growth rate of the agricultural cultivation area applying safe production processes is 25%/year, exceeding the target set out in the roadmap (10-15%/year).
Indicator 2.4.2: Proportion of aquaculture area applying good and sustainable aquaculture practices
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap as follows: the aquaculture area applying good and sustainable aquaculture practices maintains an annual increase of 8%.
Similar to the indicator 2.4.1, the Circular No. 03 assigns the MARD to coordinate with the GSO to collect and release this indicator starting from 2025. According to the MARD's report, by the end of 2019, 624 establishments were granted VietGAP certificates in aquaculture, with a total area of 5,174 hectares, tripling the 2016 area, or an annual average increase of 100%/year, far exceeding the target of 8%/year set out in the roadmap.
Target 2.4.3: Consumer price index (CPI) of food and foodstuff
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for this indicator.
CPI of food and foodstuff recorded low increase and somewhat stable, which indicates the possibility of ensuring Viet Nam's production of food and foodstuff. In recent years, CPI of food and foodstuff in Viet Nam is always lower than the annual average CPI of the entire commodity group in the CPI basket. Particularly, food always maintains its low price index, if not the lowest index.
Table 4. Annual average consumer price index (previous year = 100) by commodity groups
| |Unit |
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Target 3.1: By 2030, reduce the maternal mortality ratio to less than 45 per 100,000 live births; reduce the under-1 mortality ratio to less than 10 cases per 1,000 live births and the neonatal mortality ratio to less than 15 per 1,000 live births (Global targets 3.1 and 3.2)
Indicator 3.1.1: Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births
The Decision No. 681 defines a roadmap for the indicator 3.1.1 as follows: 52 by 2020, 75% by 2020, > 78% by 2025, and > 80 by 2030.
Figure 25. Number of health workers per 10,000 population
[pic]
Note: (*) Health workers were those working in the medical facilities at the reporting time[16]
Source: Health Statistical Yearbooks (2014-2018) and 2019: MOH
For indicator 3.7.3, data shown that number of health workers per 10,000 population steadily increased over the years from 2011 onward and reached 51.8 persons/10,000 population in 2018, equivalent to 472.6 thousand people. This reflects that the health care for the population has improved. This trend is presented in all criteria, in terms of number of physicians, doctors and nurses per 10,000 population.
Figure 26. Coverage of essential healthcare services
[pic]
Source: MOH
Regarding the "Coverage of essential healthcare services" used to define the roadmap, the above Figure shows that the coverage of essential healthcare services in Viet Nam steadily increased over the years in the period 2015- 2019, reaching 78% in 2019 compared to 72% in 2015. This achievement is attributed to the recent policies on development of the social security network, expansion of the health service system to the village, and improvement of access to health care services for all. Presently, 90% of the Vietnamese people own health insurance. In addition, 100% of the poor and near-poor, of which 100% of children under 6 years old, are provided free health insurance cards attached to birth certificates upon their birth or upon their permanent residence registration. Such social policies obviously have contributed and will contribute to ensuring the coverage of healthcare services for the people, especially those in the vulnerable groups who have difficulty in paying medical services.
Viet Nam is sure to achieve the targets of coverage of essential healthcare services for the years 2020, 2025 and 2030.
Target 3.8: By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination (Global target 3.9)
The Circular No. 03 sets no target and the Decision No. 681 has no roadmap for the target 3.8.
This is one of the difficult targets to measure and evaluate the implementation progress in Viet Nam because it is hard to quantify this indicator due to Viet Nam's irregular data collection. Currently, there are only reference data from the WHO on the deaths from indoor and outdoor air pollution (83.2 cases per 100,000 population) and the deaths from unsafe water, environmental sanitation and personal hygiene (2 cases/100,000 population). The un-updated data cannot reflect the VSDG implementation via Viet Nam's abovementioned indicator. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to improve and update information on the progress of implementing target 3.8 in the coming time.
Target 3.9: Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Global Goal 3.a)
Indicator 3.9.1: Proportion of people aged 15 and older using tobacco
The Decision No. 681 defines a roadmap for the indicator 3.9.1 as follows: proportion of men aged 15 and older using tobacco by 2020: 39%, by 2025: 32%, and by 2030: 27%.
Currently, the indicator 3.9.1 is obtained solely from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) of which the most recent was conducted in 2015. According to the results of this survey (GATS 2015), the national smoking rate in 2015 tended to decrease compared to that in 2010. In which, the proportion of people using tobacco that is standardized by age among those aged 15 and older was 22,5%, slightly lower than 2010 (23.8%). The male smoking rate was 47.4% in 2010, but decreased by 45,3% in 2015. For women, the reduction was negligible, from 1.4% in 2010 to 1.1% in 2015. With such a rate of smokers, the WHO ranks Viet Nam among the 15 countries with the highest number of smokers in the world.
With the aim of enhancing the implementation of the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Viet Nam has issued and implemented the Law on Tobacco Prevention and Control (2012), thereby progress has been seen in reducing tobacco use. However, this rate is still high and it is essential to implement comprehensive tobacco prevention policies to gain considerable reduction of smoking rate, especially among men.
With the past years' slow decline in the rate of male smokers aged 15 and older, Viet Nam will find it difficult to achieve the target as set out in the roadmap for the years 2020, 2025 and 2030.
|SUMMARY: Viet Nam is close to reach the VSDG 3 on “Ensure a healthy life and|[pic] |
|promote well-being for all at all ages". In particular, Viet Nam will reach | |
|10/18 indicators according to the roadmap set out by 2030. However, there | |
|are 5 remaining indicators that will be difficult to achieve according to | |
|the roadmap. The remaining indicators (3) are due to lack of data or due to | |
|the absence of a roadmap for monitoring indicators. Viet Nam is likely to | |
|fail to meet target 3.6 (reproductive health care) and target 3.9 (the WHO's| |
|Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) as set out in the roadmap. In | |
|addition, the lack of statistical information for some indicators is also a | |
|challenge in the coming years for the monitoring of the performance of | |
|targets under the VSDG 3. | |
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure all girls and boys complete free, equitable, and quality primary and lower secondary education (International target 4.1)
Indicator 4.1.1: Percentage of students going to primary school
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 4.1.1.
In recent years, the net enrollment rate of primary school was always high, reaching 98% in 2019. In other words, Viet Nam has essentially ensured that all girls and boys can attend primary school at the right age.
Indicator 4.1.2: Percentage of students recognized for completing the primary school programme
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.1.2 as follows: 95% by 2020, 97% by 2025, and 99% by 2030.
Figure 27. Percentage of students recognized for completing the primary school programme and graduating from lower secondary school for the school year 2018-2019
[pic]
Source: Education and Training Statistical Yearbook
Viet Nam has completed primary education universalization (according to the national standards) and still maintained this result. All children aged 6-10 years old attend primary school and are exempted from school fees. Proportion of students completing the primary school programme at the right age grown continuously and reached 99,6 % in 2019, higher than the target set out for 2030. This rate for ethnic minority students is 94.6%.
Currently, all provinces nationwide have met the standard of universal primary education at the right age level 2, of which 14 provinces have met the standard of universal primary education level 3. Gender inequality index in access to primary education for the past decade or so has always reached 1.0.
Thus, Viet Nam has completed the indicator 4.1.2 ahead of schedule and will continue to maintain this result until 2030.
Target 4.1.3: Percentage of students going to lower secondary school
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 4.1.3.
Figure 28. Net enrollment rate at lower secondary school at the right age (%)
[pic]
Source: MOET
Data released by the MOET shown a consistently high net enrollment rate of lower secondary school during 2016-2018, more than 92%, but this figure dropped by 89.2% in 2019, equivalent to an annual average of 89.7% in the period 2011-2015. This requires further strengthening of propaganda and mobilization of children's going to school at the right age in lower secondary level in the coming years, especially for children in remote areas where there is a high proportion of ethnic minority children.
Indicator 4.1.4: Percentage of students graduating from lower secondary school, percentage of students completing lower secondary school, rate of transition from primary to lower secondary school
The Decision No. 681 sets the roadmap for the indicator 4.1.4 as follows: Percentage of students graduating from lower secondary school by 2020: 85% by 2025: 88%, and by 2030: 93%.
Thus, the indicator 4.1.4 consists of 3 different indicators, but the roadmap is defined only for the indicator "Percentage of students graduating from lower secondary schools ".
Figure 29. Percentage of students graduating from lower secondary school, percentage of students completing lower secondary school, rate of transition from primary to lower secondary school (%)
[pic]
Source: MOET
In 2019, rate of transition from primary to lower secondary school reached 99.2%. Viet Nam has completed universalization of lower secondary education level 1 in all 63 provinces. Percentage of students graduating from lower secondary school was always high, reaching 99.3% in 2019 and quite similar across most regions and much higher than the target set out in the roadmap to 2030. Particularly, the Northern Midlands and Mountains and the South East had the lowest proportion of student graduating from lower secondary school, but still stood at nearly 99%. The percentage of students completing lower secondary school improved over the years, from 80.7% in 2016 to 85% in 2019[17]. There exists no gender disparity in education in the lower secondary level. The gender equality index in the lower secondary level is always 1.0 or more. This means that percentage of girls going to lower secondary school at the right age is even higher than that of boys.
It can be said that Viet Nam has completed the roadmap set out for the target 4.1 as early as 10 years ahead of schedule. However, attention needs to be paid to the gap in the school's facilities, the quality of education between urban and rural areas and among regions to ensure similar quality of primary education and lower secondary education across the country.
Target 4.2: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education (Global target 4.2)
Indicator 4.2.1: Proportion of children under five years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning, and psychosocial well- being
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.2.1 as follows: 98.9% by 2020, 99.1% by 2025, and 99.3% by 2030.
Currently, no data series are collected for this indicator, starting from 2015. Nevertheless, according to the MOET's report, in 2019 "Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and and psychosocial well- being”, as shown in the indicator 4.2.1, reached 90%. In which, this rate was 90% for men and 89% for women. Particularly, for the ethnic minority group, this rate was lower, standing at 82%. Compared to the proposed roadmap, it is difficult for Viet Nam to reach the target set out in the roadmap, which is 98.9% by 2020, and more effort should be made to achieve the targets for 2025 and 2030.
Indicator 4.2.2: Proportion of five-year-old children attending kindergarten
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.2.2 as follows: 98.9% by 2020, 99.1% by 2025, and 99.3% by 2030.
Figure 30. Proportion of five-year-old children attending kindergarten (%)
[pic]
Source: MOET
Proportions of children attending creche and kindergarten has continuously increased in recent school years. In the school year 2018-2019, proportions of children going to creche and kindergarten reached approximately 28,9% and 92% compared to the corresponding rates of 11.9% and 72.7% in the school year 2010-2011. Notably, Viet Nam has ensured universal preschool education for 5-year-old children, with the rate reaching 99.9% in the school year 2018-2019 and there was no difference in the enrollment rate between 5-year-old girls and boys (99.9% and 99.8%, respectively). In particular, children from ethnic minorities and children with disabilities have been taken care and provided with access to education. The Inclusive Education Development and Support Centers in the localities have given educational interventions and supports for children with disabilities in preschools, despite of much lower than their needs. In the school year 2018-2019, proportion of children with disabilities receiving inclusive learning at all levels was 79.1% in creche and 81% in kindergarten.
Viet Nam will achieve the target set out in the roadmap by 2030, but more attention should be paid to under-3-year-old children, given its relatively low enrollment rate (nearly 30%), and education for under-5-year-old children with disabilities.
Target 4.3: By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education (Global target 4.3)
Indicator 4.3.1: Proportion of people aged 15 and older participating in intermediate-level vocational education, or in college, or in university training programs
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.3.1 as follows: 80% by 2020, 85% by 2025, and 90% by 2030.
Viet Nam's annual data for the indicators 4.3.1 are unavailable. However, according to the MOET's report, proportion of people aged 15 and older participating in intermediate, college and university training programs reached 75% in 2019, 5 percentage points lower than the target set out in the roadmap for 2020 (80%). As such, Viet Nam will face challenges in the coming years to reach the targets set out in the roadmap.
Target 4.4: By 2030, substantially increase the number of workers who have relevant skills to the labor market needs for good employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship (Global target 4.4)
Indicator 4.4.1: Proportion of trained employed workers
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.4.1 as follows: 65% by 2020, 70% by 2025, and 75% by 2030.
Figure 31. Proportion of trained employed workers
[pic]
Source: GSO
Proportion of trained employed workers gained steady growth over the years during 2010-2019, but still very low compared to the labor market demand and the target 4.4[18]. As of 2019, only 23% of the Vietnamese employed workers were trained the remaining 77% of the employed workforce were untrained. This rate in urban areas was 2.5 times as high as that in rural areas, and 5 percentage points higher in male laborers than female workers. The shortage of skills will be a major barrier to the industrialization and development in Viet Nam in the coming years, especially in the period of industrialization and technology revolution 4.0.
According to the MOLISA's report, "Proportion of trained workers", an indicator to determine the roadmap, is much higher than the indicator "Proportion of trained employed workers” in the Circular No. 03, and also has increased steadily over the years during 2016-2020, from 53.6% in 2016 to 62% in 2019, and is expected to reach 64.5 % by 2020.
Thus, Viet Nam has approached the target set out in the roadmap to 2020 and if Viet Nam can keep the current trend, it will exceed the targets for 2025 and 2030.
Figure 32. Proportion of trained workers
[pic]
Source: Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs
Indicator 4.4.2: Proportion of people aged 15 and older with basic information and communications technology (ICT) skills
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.4.2 as follows: 70% by 2020, 80% by 2025, and 90% by 2030.
Currently, Viet Nam has not collected and released appropriate information on the indicator 4.4.2 although according to the Circular No. 03/2014/TT-BTTTT dated March 11, 2014 of the Ministry of Information and Communications, the required IT skill standards include: i) Basic IT understanding; ii) Basic computer use; iii) Basic word processing; iv) Basic spreadsheet use; v) Basic powerpoint use; and vi) Basic Internet use.
However, according to the MOET's report, in Viet Nam, proportion of people aged 15 and older with basic ICT skills reached 62% in 2019 compared to the roadmap target of 70% in 2020.
Thus, Viet Nam is likely to fail to achieve the target for 2020 and the following years without breakthrough efforts.
Target 4.5: By 2030, ensure equal access to education, training and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous people and children in vulnerable situations (Global target 4.5)
Indicator 4.5.1: Parity indices in access to education
The Decision No. 681 uses 2 other indicators to define the roadmap to be achieved as follows:
+ Proportion of trained indigenous workers: 40% by 2020; 45% by 2025; and 50% by 2030.
+ Proportion of workers with disabilities who have working capacity to receive appropriate vocational training: 30% by 2020; 35% by 2025; and 40% by 2030.
Viet Nam has not compiled and periodically released the Education Equity Index and the two abovementioned indicators. However, the MOET's report shows that Viet Nam basically guarantees equality in general education in terms of gender since this index is always close to 1.
Figure 33. Education Equity index in terms of gender
[pic]
Source: Ministry of Education and Training (2019)
The survey on the socio-economic situation of 53 ethnic minorities conducted by the GSO in 2019 shown that only 20% of ethnic minority workers had received training compared to the national rate of 23,1%, and was much lower than the target that the roadmap sets out for 2020 (40%). Notably, proportion of trained ethnic minority female workers was only 5.9%, reflecting an obvious gender inequality among ethnic minorities.
According to the MOLISA's report, about 40% of people with disabilities were in the working age and still able to work, but only 30% of them were employed. Approximately 30% of people with disabilities who were workable were provided vocational training, equivalent to the target set out in the roadmap to 2020.
Therefore, Viet Nam has basically guaranteed equal access to education, but more efforts need to be made to ensure equal access to vocational training for the vulnerable, especially female ethnic minority workers and people with disabilities.
Goal 4.6: By 2030, By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, can read and write (Global target 4.6)
Indicator 4.6.1: Proportion of literates among people aged 15 years or older
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for indicator 4.6.1 as follows: 98% by 2020; 98.8% by 2025; and 99.6% by 2030.
Figure 34. Proportion of literates among people aged 15 and older
[pic]
Source: GSO; Year 2019 *: From the 2019 Population and Housing Census
By 2019, 97.6% of people aged 15 and older nationwide could read and write, an increase of nearly 4 percentage points compared to that in 2010. The gap in literacy rates between men and women was contracted substantially. If the difference was recorded at 4.3 percentage points in 2010, it dropped by 3.4 percentage points in 2019. If such an improvement is maintained, it is expected that this gap will narrow further by 2030.
The difference in the urban-rural literacy rate narrowed slightly. If in 2010, the urban-rural literacy rate gap was 4.7 percentage points, by 2019 it was 4 percentage points, corresponding to the urban literacy rate of 98,3% compared to 94.3% in rural areas. However, proportion of ethnic minority people who can read and write universal language was much lower than the national average, only 72% versus 94.9%. In particular, some ethnic minorities had more than half of illiterate population, such as H'Mong, Mang, and Lu, etc. The male literacy rate for ethnic minorities was 86.3% while this rate for women was only 73.4%. Northern Midlands and Mountains had the highest proportion of illiterate people aged 15 and older (10.1%), followed by the Central Highlands (8.7%).
Viet Nam is likely to meet the targets the roadmap sets out for 2020 and the following years. Nevertheless, attention should be paid to improving the situation among ethnic minorities and in areas with a high proportion of illiterate people.
Goal 4.7: By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development (Global target 4.7)
Indicator 4.7.1: Proportion of teachers achieving teaching standards
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.7.1 as follows: 100% by 2020, 100% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
Most teachers at general education levels are currently required to ensure that they meet certain training standards. Therefore, Viet Nam will complete the roadmap for the indicator 4.7.1.
Indicator 4.7.2: Percentage of schools which provide basic education programs about sex education, violence prevention, abuse prevention, and HIV-related knowledge
The Decision No. 681 sets the roadmap for the indicator 4.7.2 as follows: 80% by 2020, 90% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
Figure 35. Percentage of schools which provide basic education programs about sex education, violence prevention, abuse prevention, and HIV-related knowledge
[pic]
Source: Ministry of Education and Training
The educational programs at all levels have initially incorporated necessary knowledge of sustainable development and climate change in relevant subjects, such as Literature, History, Geography, and Citizen Education. The integration is currently being implemented through the selection of a number of sustainable development-related issues, such as: gender equality, building of a happy and advanced family, children's rights, drug and HIV/AIDS prevention, protection of natural resources and environment, response to climate change, and corruption prevention, etc. to incorporate into the curricula or extra curricula at all levels. According to the MOET’s report, the percentage of general schools which provided basic education programs about sex education, violence prevention, abuse prevention, and HIV-related knowledge was 95% in 2019 and will reach 99% by 2020, higher than the target set out in the roadmap for 2020 (80%).
Thus, Viet Nam will surely fulfill the target set out in the roadmap to 2030.
Target 4.8: (Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all Global target 4.a)
Indicator 4.8.1: Proportion of schools with access to: (disaggregated by education level)
(a) Electricity;
(b) Internet for pedagogical purposes;
(c) Computers for pedagogical purposes;
(d) Adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities.
(e) Basic drinking water;
(f) Single-sex basic sanitation facilities;
(g) Basic hand washing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions)
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 4.8.1 as follows:
|Indicator |2020 |2025 |2030 |
| |Preschool |Primary school |
| |Preschool |Primary school|Lower Secondary |Secondary |Preschool |Primary |Lower Secondary |Secondary school|
| | | |school |school | |school |school | |
|(a)Electricity |90.3 |92.9 |92.6 |87.4 |98 |92 |92 |95 |
|(b) Internet for |ten |82.7 |88.1 |85.5 |15 |82 |92 |92 |
|pedagogical | | | | | | | | |
|purposes | | | | | | | | |
|(c)computers for |ten |79.1 |87.9 |88 |15 |82 |92 |92 |
|pedagogical | | | | | | | | |
|purposes | | | | | | | | |
|(d) Adapted |5 |27.9 |20.7 |13.8 |7 |60 |60 |60 |
|infrastructure and| | | | | | | | |
|materials for | | | | | | | | |
|students with | | | | | | | | |
|disabilities | | | | | | | | |
|(e) Basic drinking|90.1 |88.8 |85.5 |84 |92 |92 |92 |92 |
|water | | | | | | | | |
|(f) Single-sex |74 |85 |90 |90 |78 |90 |92 |92 |
|basic sanitation | | | | | | | | |
|facilities | | | | | | | | |
|(g) Basic hand |74 |90 |90 |90 |78 |92 |92 |92 |
|washing facilities| | | | | | | | |
Source: MOET
The upgrading and building of new educational institutions have been implemented synchronously across the country and at all educational levels for many years thanks to the implementation of the National Target Program on School Solidification. The current regulations require that permanent schools must meet criteria, such as electricity, clean water, computers, internet, sanitation facilities, and equipment suitable for people with disabilities, etc. However, educational institutions currently classified as permanent schools may not have met the above criteria, especially those which were built many years ago. In 2019, the MOET has reassessed the situation and it is implementing investment plan, providing additional necessary equipment for schools in the coming time to meet the criteria set out in the indicator 4.8.1.
Compared to the proposed roadmap, Viet Nam has not completed some of the criteria in the indicator 4.8.1, but it can complete the targets set out for the years 2025 and 2030.
|SUMMARY: Viet Nam will surely achieve the VSDG 4 on “Ensure inclusive and |[pic] |
|equitable quality education for all” by 2030, which will ensure that 6 out of| |
|8 targets will be achieved. These targets are mainly related to general | |
|education. It will be difficult for Viet Nam to achieve the target 4.5 on | |
|quality of skilled labor suitable to the labor market as set out in the | |
|roadmap. Viet Nam may not even reach the target 4.3 related to vocational | |
|training and education. These issues need to be addressed in the coming | |
|years. In particular, vocational training and education for the vulnerable | |
|groups, such as ethnic minorities and people with disabilities, requires more| |
|attention. It should be mentioned that the VSDG 4 has the most fully | |
|collected data and information related to the indicators. | |
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality; empower and create enabling opportunities for women and girls
Target 5.1. Minimize and eventually end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls in all sectors and everywhere (Global target 5.1)
Indicator 5.1.1: Sex ratio at birth
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.1.1.
Figure 36. Sex ratio at birth (number of boys per 100 girls)
[pic]
Source: GSO; Results of the Population and Housing Census 2019
Sex ratio at birth increased during 2010-2013, then tended to decrease during 2014-2017, but soared sharply in 2018 before returning to the general trend, reaching 111.5 boys per 100 girls by 2019. For the whole 2010-2019 period, sex ratio at birth tended to increase and the gender imbalance were not improved. Sex imbalance at birth has occurred in both urban and rural areas. This will negatively affect Viet Nam’s population structure in the future, leading to excess of men in the society. Without timely interventions, it is forecasted that by 2050, Viet Nam will lack from 2.3 to 4.3 million women.
The imbalance in sex ratio at birth stems from the custom of having a son to continue the lineage and ancestor worship, leading to the selection of sex before birth in the current context of fertility decline. Gender imbalance can cause serious consequences for the country’s socio-economic development and affect women lives, families and communities. Gender imbalance may also lead to increased trafficking of women and girls and domestic violence against women and girls, gender inequality and social unrest (related to other targets, such as 5.2, 5.3, etc.).
Goal 5.2: Substantially reduce all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public or private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation (Global target 5.2)
Indicator 5.2.1: Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to violence by their husbands or partners in the previous 12 months
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.2.1.
Currently, the National Survey on Domestic Violence against Women in Viet Nam conducted by the GSO in 2010 and 2019 is the only source of data on violence against women. The types of violence against women include physical, sexual, and spiritual violence and some other types of violence, such as behavior control or economic violence. As shown in Table 5, the proportion of ever-partnered women who experienced violence by their husbands or partners (in the last 12 months) in one of the types of violence: physical, sexual, or spiritual violence seems to decline over the past 10 years, but still remains high. Proportion of women who have experienced one of the three types of violence in their lifetime and at present dropped from 58% and 27% in 2010 to nearly 53% and 22% in 2019, respectively. It can be inferred that more than half of the Vietnamese women aged 15 years and older have experienced violence in their lifetime. In particular, spiritual violence accounted for the highest proportion, although it decreased from 54% in 2010 to 47% in 2019. Sexual violence tended to increase from 10% to 13% in the same period.
Table 6: Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 15 and older subjected to violence (*) by their husbands or partners (%)
|Indicator 5.2.1. |2010 |2019 |
| |At present |Lifetime |At present |Lifetime |
| |(Last 12 months) |(Any time in life) |(Last 12 months) |(Any time in life) |
|Physical |6 |32 |4.6 |26.1 |
|Sexual |4 |ten |5.7 |13.3 |
|Spiritual |25 |54 |19.3 |47 |
|Physical, Sexual, Spiritual |27 |58 |21.8 |52.9 |
Note: (*) - only for the most common types of violence, i.e. physical, sexual and spiritual violence
Source: Survey on Domestic Violence against Women in Viet Nam in 2010 and 2019[19]
The aforementioned survey in 2019 shown some remarkable features, such as: the proportion of women with disabilities subjected to violence by their husbands/partners was higher than this rate among women without disabilities; or up to a quarter of women experienced both physical and spiritual violence; Proportion of women subjected to both sexual and spiritual violence accounted for 10%, while proportion of women subjected to both sexual and physical violence was 7.3%.
Thus, although proportion of women who ever or currently experienced violence fell during 2010-2019, the figure is still high. Viet Nam needs to implement more effective policies on gender equality and more effective measures should be taken to combat violence against women.
Indicator 5.2.2: Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.2.2.
Table 7. Proportion of women aged 15 years and older subjected to violence by persons other than an intimate partner (%)
|Indicator | |Type of violence |2010 |2019 |
|Proportion of women subjected to violence by | |physical |9.9 |11.4 |
|persons other than an intimate partner since the | | | | |
|age of 15 | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |sexual | | |
| | | |2.3 |9.0 |
| | | | | |
|Proportion of women subjected to violence by | |physical |.. |1.4 |
|persons other than an intimate partner in the | | | | |
|previous 12 months | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |sexual |.. |1.2 |
| | | | | |
Sources: Survey on Domestic Violence against Women in Viet Nam conducted
in 2010 and 2019. GSO
According to the Survey on Domestic Violence against Women in Viet Nam conducted in 2010 and 2019, one out of ten women aged 15 years and older experienced physical violence by persons other than an intimate partner. Particularly with regard to the indicator 5.2.2, the 2019 survey shown that only 1.2% of female respondents said that they were subjected to sexual violence by others (non-husband/partners) in the previous 12 months while the 2010 survey did not collect data for this indicator.
Indicator 5.2.3: Percentage of women and girls suffering violence whose cases are reported and receive counseling services
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap based on the two following indicators:
a) Proportion of reported or detected cases of girls subjected to physical and sexual violence which are supported and intervened in a timely manner: 100% by 2020, 100% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
b) Proportion of detected cases of women subjected to violence which are supported and intervened in a timely manner: 70% by 2020, 80% by 2025, and 90% by 2030.
The Circular No. 03 assigned the MOLISA to update information on the indicator 5.2.3. However, given the absence of periodical data collection and dissemination for this indicator, it is impossible to evaluate the trend and forecast the ability to implement this indicator in line with the roadmap. Obviously, Viet Nam should continue to collect and accurately calculate the indicator 5.2.3 in the coming years.
Target 5.3: Reduce and gradually eliminate harmful practices such as child, early and forced marriage (Global target 5.3)
Indicator 5.3.1: Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18[20].
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 5.3.1 as follows: maintain an annual decrease of 2-3% .
Figure 37. Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18
[pic]
Sources: Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (2011, 2014) and Population and Housing Census 2019, GSO
The results of the Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the Population and Housing Census 2019 shown that the proportions of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 in Viet Nam tended to decline slightly compared to those in 2011, 0.4% and 9.1% respectively in 2019, an annual average drop of 2.5%, despite of an increase in 2014. The rate of early marriage in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas, with 8.9 percentage points for the group married before age 18 and 0.4 percentage points for the group married before age 15. In 2019, the Northern Midlands and Mountains and the Central Highlands had the highest proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18. The proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 was 0.9% and before age 18 was 21.5% in the Northern Midlands and Mountains, while these corresponding rates in the Central Highlands were 0.9% and 8.1%. These were also the two regions where a large proportion of ethnic minority people lived, with the custom of early marriage and limited intellectual and legal knowledge. The proportion of women aged 20-24 who were first married before age 18 of the ethnic minority groups, such as H’Mong, Gia Rai, and Kho Mu, was very high, standing at 48%, 37.3% and 37.4%, respectively. Therefore, policies to reduce and gradually eliminate harmful practices such as child and early marriage should focus more on these regions and the places where ethnic minority groups are living.
Hence, Viet Nam will be able to realize the 2-3% decrease target according to the roadmap for the indicator 5.3.1 by 2030 if the previous years' downward trend continues in the coming years.
Indicator 5.3.2: Number of child marriages
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 5.3.2 as follows: maintain an annual decrease of 2-3%.
Figure 38. Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were first married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18 by rural-urban areas (in 2019)
[pic]
Source: GSO
The indicator 5.3.2 is indeed related to the indicator 5.3.1. Accordingly, child marriage is a marriage where one or both of the parties are under marriage age. The results of MICS in 2011, 2014 and the Population and Housing Census 2019 gave a similar picture as shown by the indicator 5.3.1. Subsequently, the proportion of women aged 15-49 years who were early married or in a union (before age 15) tended to grow in the period 2011-2014, then sharply decreased in 2019. Notably, the proportion of women who were early married in the ethnic minority group was quite high. According to the results of the survey on socio-economic situation of of 53 ethnic minorities, the rate of child marriage among ethnic minorities was 26.6%, 18 times as high as that of the Kinh group. Particularly, the rate of child marriage of some ethnic minority groups was more than 30% such as: Mong of 59.7%, Xinh Mun of 56.3%, and La Ha of 52.7%.
Viet Nam will be able to fulfill the reduction target of 2-3% set out in the roadmap for realizing the indicator 5.3.2 to 2030 if the past period’s downtrend continues. However, in the coming years, the implementation of the Law on Marriage and Family against child marriage should focus on rural areas and other areas where a large number of ethnic minority people are living.
Target 5.4: Ensure equality in domestic work and family care; recognize unpaid care and domestic work; strengthen public services, infrastructure and social protection policies, family support and child care services (Global target 5.4)
Indicator 5.4.1: Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work
The Decision No. 681 uses another indicator "Difference in time spent on unpaid domestic and care work between women and men" to set the roadmap: 1.5 times by 2020, 1.4 times by 2025, and 1.3 times by 2030.
Few reports on unpaid domestic and care work in Viet Nam are available. Currently, there was only a study report on unpaid care work developed by the MOLISA in cooperation with Action Aid Viet Nam in 2016. Accordingly, the Vietnamese women of all age groups, ethnic groups and regions did more unpaid care work than men, and spent more time on unpaid work which was included in GDP. This study shown that women spent up to 275 minutes per day (4.5 hours) in unpaid care work, up to 105 minutes longer than men. This meant that every year, each woman contributed nearly 7 months to unpaid care work, most of which was unrecognized.
In addition, the amount of unpaid care work might vary by ethnic group. Specifically, the Kinh people spent the least amount of time on family care (248 minutes for women and 134 minutes for men per day), while the H'Mong people spent the highest amount of time (420 minutes for women and 293 minutes for men per day). Subsequently, the study has shown the need to develop more broadly public services, infrastructure and social protection policies, family support and childcare services in order to ensure that women spend less time on unpaid domestic and care work, and take more time to relax and care for themselves.
At present, it is impossible to predict whether or not Viet Nam can complete the proposed roadmap for the indicator 5.4.1 due to the unavailability of periodical data.
Target 5.5: Ensure women’s full, effective participation in and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life (Global target 5.5)
Indicator 5.5.1: Rate of National Assembly’s female deputies
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 5.5.1 as follows: >30% by 2025, and >35% by 2030.
Figure 39. Rate of National Assembly’s female deputies by term (%)
[pic]
Source: The National Committee for the Advancement of Women in Viet Nam
Viet Nam is one of the few countries in the Asia-Pacific region where the proportion of women in the National Assembly is over 25%. The number of female deputies at important position in the National Assembly’s offices has increased in recent sessions, especially the first time Viet Nam has had a National Assembly Chairwoman. The rate of Vietnamese women participating in the National Assembly in the 2016-2021 term has reached 26.5%, a rise of 2.4% over the previous term, higher than the global average of 23.4% and Asia’s average of 18.6%. However, this rate has not yet met the target of over 35% of the National Strategy on Gender Equality for the period 2011-2020.
Hence, to achieve the target set out in the roadmap, i.e. the rate of female deputies in National Assembly, of 30% by 2025 and more than 35% by 2030, Viet Nam should continue to more effectively implement the National Strategy on Gender Equality and other related policies.
Indicator 5.5.2: Rate of female government leaders
The Decision No. 681 uses a different indicator: “Rate of ministries, related agencies, Government’s agencies and Peoples’ Committee of all levels which have key female leaders” and defines a roadmap as follows:
| |2020 |2025 |2030 |
|- Ministry level |80% |>90% |>95% |
|- Provincial level |>34.92% |>50% |80% |
|- District level |>26.51% |>50% |80% |
|- Commune level |>17.91% |>50% |80% |
Figure 40. Rate of female government leaders (%)
[pic]
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs
According to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) report, the rate of female government leaders indicated conflicting trends in recent years. While the rate of female leaders at ministry level tended to increase from nearly 19% in 2016 to 23.5% in 2018, the rate of female leaders at the commune and district levels dropped, and the rate of female leaders at the provincial level almost unchanged. In the 2016-2020 term, 13 out of 30 ministries, related agencies, and Government’s agencies have had female leaders, accounting for 43.3%, much lower than the target set out in the roadmap for 2020.
Indicator 5.5.3: Rate of females participating in local-level party committees
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for indicator 5.5.3.
Indicator 5.5.4: Rate of People’s Council female deputies
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for indicator 5.5.4 as follows: >30% by 2025, and >35% by 2030.
Figure 41. Rate of People’s Council female deputies at all levels
[pic]
Source: The National Committee for the Advancement of Women in Viet Nam. Rate of People’s Council female deputies by term and level
The rate of People’s Council female deputies at all levels has increased continuously over the past three terms. The rate of People’s Council female deputies is 26.6% at the provincial level, 27.5% at district level, and 26.6% at commune level in the 2016-2021 term.
With the current tendency and the well implemented policy on gender equality and greater empowerment of women, Viet Nam will be able to meet the target set out in the roadmap for the indicator 5.5.4 by 2030.
Indicator 5.5.5: Proportion of female directors/owners of businesses or cooperatives
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.5.5.
Figure 42. Proportion of female directors/owners of businesses
[pic]
Source: Calculation based on the GSO’s Enterprise Survey during 2011-2017
In recent years, the Vietnamese women have had increasingly equal opportunities to participate in economic activities, especially to assume leadership positions in businesses and cooperatives. According to the results of the Economic Census carried out by the GSO, the proportion of female directors/owners of businesses and cooperatives in Viet Nam was 26.4% in 2016, a rise of 2.3 percentage points compared to that in 2011. This rate varied greatly between regions, and between the Kinh people and other ethnic groups. Specifically, in 2016, the proportion of female directors/owners of businesses and cooperatives was highest in the South East (accounting for 29.3%), lowest in the Northern Midlands and Mountains (making up 19.9%). Meanwhile, this rate was higher in the Kinh group than the ethnic minorities, with the corresponding rates of 26.9% and 15.8%. Particularly, the proportion of female directors/owners of businesses in 2016 accounted for nearly 23%, slightly lower than the general proportion (including female directors/owners of businesses and cooperatives). Currently, Viet Nam has been considered to have the second highest proportion of female directors of businesses in the Asia-Pacific region, with the proportion of women holding senior management position of enterprises of about 36%.
Indicator 5.5.6: Proportion of female farm owners
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.5.6.
Figure 43. Proportion of female farm owners
[pic]
Source: GSO
According to the results of the Economic Census[21] released by the GSO, the proportion of female farm owners nationwide was nearly 8.6% in 2016, lower than the figure of almost 9.3% in 2011. Urban areas had higher rate than rural areas, 14.2% versus 8.1% in 2016. Similar to the proportion of female directors/owners of businesses and cooperatives mentioned above, the proportion of female farm owners who are Kinh was 8.6%, higher than that of ethnic minority people (7.4%). Notably, the Northern Midlands and Mountains possessed the highest proportion of female farm owners (accounting for nearly 25.8%), followed by the South East (14.9%), while the Red River Delta had the lowest proportion, only 4.7%.
Target 5.6: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences (Global target 5.6)
Indicator 5.6.1: Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.6.1.
Currently, the GSO is responsible for collecting data and disseminating this indicator, but no data have been disseminated because the assessment of reproductive health care via Indicator 5.6.1 is reflected through a number of other indicators, such as the percentage of delivery received antenatal care from 3 times and more than, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel, and the proportion of women who give birth in health facilities, etc. This information is presented in the VSDG 3 and the target 5.1 mentioned above, which shows that Viet Nam has made an encouraging achievement in better ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as mentioned in target 5.6.
Target 5.7: Guarantee to give all women, especially poor women in rural areas and ethnic minority women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws (Global target 5.a)
Indicator 5.7.1: Proportion of households using agricultural production land having land use right certificates for agricultural production land
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.7.1.
Regarding this indicator, data will be collected from the Rural, Agricultural and Fishery Census conducted by the GSO (there will be an indicator “Households using agricultural production land having land use right certificates for agricultural production land” by gender) and it will be conducted every 10 years. Currently, the roadmap for data collection proposed by the GSO is from 2025, thus at present the statistical data for this indicator are unavailable.
Target 5.8: Enhance the use of enabling technologies, in particular information and communication technologies (ICT), to promote the empowerment of women. Create enabling conditions for women to access and utilize ICTs (Global target 5.b).
Indicator 5.8.1: Mobile phone penetration rate
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 5.8.1.
Figure 44. Number of mobile subscribers in Viet Nam (million subscribers)
[pic]
Sources: GSO, 2019: Ministry of Information and Communications
According to the Ministry of Information and Communications (MOIC), as of 2019, there were about 136 million mobile phone subscribers, with about 43.2 million users, equivalent to 44.7% of the population. However, there is currently no statistical data collected for calculation of the proportion of women using mobile phones, so it is impossible to assess the trend towards the gender disaggregation of users for the analysis of the indicator 5.8.1.
|IN SUMMARY: Viet Nam will face a great number of challenges to achieve the |[pic] |
|VSDG 5 on gender equality. Out of 8 specific targets under this goal, Viet | |
|Nam can only reach the target 5.3 as set out in the roadmap. The | |
|realization of the remaining targets is hard because data have not been | |
|collected, so it is impossible to assess progress or there has been no | |
|roadmap for implementation. Moreover, Viet Nam needs to pay more attention | |
|to implement legal policies on child abuse and violence against women and | |
|girls as they are becoming current social issues (target 5.2). | |
Goal 6: Ensure the availability and and sustainable management of water resources, sanitation system for all
Target 6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable water for all (Global target 6.1)
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of urban population provided with drinking water through the centralized water supply system
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 6.1.1.
Table 8: Proportion of urban population provided with drinking water through the improved water supply system (%)
| |2016 |2017 |2018 |2019 |
|Country |83.5 |84.5 |86.7 |89.2 |
|Red River Delta |82.7 |90 |92.4 |94.9 |
|Northern Midlands and Mountains |77.7 |78 |85.2 |89.9 |
|North Central and Central Coast |77.1 |76 |83.1 |86.2 |
|Central Highlands |62.3 |62.4 |64 |66.6 |
|South East |91.9 |92 |93 |94.8 |
|Mekong River Delta |84.8 |85 |89.8 |91.4 |
Source: GSO
Proportion of urban population provided with drinking water through the centralized water supply system increased rapidly and reached 89% in 2019 compared to 83.5% in 2016. This rate was 100% in the two big cities, i.e. Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, in 2019. Although the total design capacity of urban water plants in the whole country steadily increased over the years and reached about 9 million m3 per day, this water supply system has not yet met all the urban water needs. This is attributed to the fact that the urbanization process has been increasing significantly with many newly formed industrial parks and urban areas and the urban population has also increased constantly.
Indicator 6.1.2: Percentage of households using improved water sources[22]
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 6.1.2 as follows: 90-95% by 2020, and 95-100% by 2030.
Figure 45. Percentage of households using improved water sources (%)
[pic]
Source: VHLSS, GSO
Table 9. Percentage of households using improved water sources by region (%)
| |2010 |2012 |2014 |2016 |2018 |
|Red River Delta |98.6 |99.2 |99.2 |99.4 |99.3 |
|Northern Midlands and Mountains |80.2 |67.0 |81.3 |81.3 | 86.8 |
|North Central and Central Coast |91.0 |93.3 |93.8 |93.1 |95.0 |
|Central Highlands |82.8 |92.0 |85.5 |87.5 |94.9 |
|South East |98.1 |99.8 |99.0 |98.9 |99.5 |
|Mekong River Delta |81.6 |85.5 |89.1 |91.5 |94.9 |
Source: VHLSS, GSO
The period 2010-2018 witnessed significant improvement in the use of hygienic water sources. The proportion of households with access to improved water sources rose from 90% in 2010 to 93% in 2016 and reached nearly 96% in 2018. This rate increased in both urban and rural areas and across regions. Nevertheless, the proportion of households with access to improved water sources in rural areas was still lower than that in urban areas (93.7% versus 99.5%). The Northern Midlands and Mountains had the lowest proportion (86.8%) while the Red River Delta gained the highest rate of 99.3%.
Thus, Viet Nam has achieved the target for 2030 ahead of time, with the percentage of households using improved water sources from 95-100%. However, more attention needs to be paid to households' access to improved water sources in mountainous and remote areas and areas affected by saline water intrusion, and to the implementation of policy on the water use efficiency in the coming time in the context of climate change.
Target 6.2: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women, girls, people with disabilities and those in vulnerable situations; 100% of households using improved sanitation facilities (Global Target 6.2)
Indicator 6.2.1: Percentage of households using improved sanitation facilities[23]
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 6.2.1.
Figure 46. Percentage of households using improved sanitation facilities (%)
[pic]
Source: VHLSS, GSO
Table 10: Percentage of households using improved sanitation facilities by region (%)
| |2010 |2012 |2014 |2016 |2018 |
|Red River Delta |89.6 |91.4 |96.4 |97.8 |99.4 |
|Northern Midlands and Mountains |60.8 |60.0 |61.8 |67.6 |84.2 |
|North Central and Central Coast |81.9 |83.0 |82.2 |84.0 |90.0 |
|Central Highlands |62.1 |65.2 |61.9 |63.3 |82.7 |
|South East |92.0 |92.5 |95.6 |97.1 |98.6 |
|Mekong River Delta |47.6 |53.3 |60.4 |67.3 |77.6 |
Source: VHLSS, GSO
The use of hygienic latrines in Viet Nam has improved markedly, especially in the past two years. The percentage of households using improved sanitation facilities increased from 75.7% in 2010 to 83.3% in 2016 and 90.3% in 2018. This proportion increased steadily in both urban, rural areas and 6 regions. Yet, there was still a large gap in the proportion of households using improved sanitation facilities in rural areas compared to urban areas (86.4% versus 97.9%). The regions with the lowest proportion of households using improved sanitation facilities were the Central Highlands (82.73%), the Mekong River Delta (77%) and the Northern Midlands and Mountains (84.2%).
Target 6.3: By 2030, improve water quality and successfully control pollution sources; end the use of hazardous chemicals in agriculture, industry and aquaculture that pollute water sources and degrades biodiversity; 100% of hazardous wastewater is treated; halve untreated urban waste water; increase the safe reuse of water (Global target 6.3)
Indicator 6.3.1: Proportion of urban wastewater collected and treated up to standards and technical regulations
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 6.3.1 as follows: By 2020: 15-20%; by 2030: >50% for cities of class 2 or higher and 20% for cities of class 5 or higher.
The Ministry of Construction’s report indicated that by 2019, 46 centralized wastewater treatment plants were put into operation in cities of class 3 or higher. However, the proportion of wastewater collected and treated was about 12-13% on average, and there were about 50 wastewater treatment plants in the design and construction phase. Although the number of urban wastewater treatment facilities has increased over the years, it is still very small compared to the actual requirements. In large cities, the rate of treated wastewater was higher than in small and medium cities, but still at a low level, and has not yet met the current urbanization rate. Only about 20.6% of total domestic wastewater was treated in Ha Noi, while in Ho Chi Minh City this rate was only 13%.
While the speed of urbanization and industrialization has accelerated, and the demand for wastewater treatment in urban areas has risen, it will be difficult for Viet Nam to implement the roadmap for indicator 6.3.1 by 2030. Viet Nam will need to mobilize more private sector participation in construction, operation and exploitation of wastewater treatment plants and wastewater collection systems, in separation of domestic and production wastewater from the rainwater drainage system in urban areas, and in raising of community awareness in protecting water resources.
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of industrial parks and export processing zones with centralized wastewater treatment systems satisfying the environmental requirements
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 6.3.2 as follows: 82% by 2020, 90% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
Figure 47. Proportion of industrial parks and export processing zones with centralized wastewater treatment systems satisfying the environmental requirements (%)
[pic]
Sources: MPI and MONRE
According to the MPI data, the proportion of industrial parks and export processing zones with centralized wastewater treatment systems was 88.6% in 2019, higher than the figure of 84.7% in 2015. However, according to the report of the MONRE, in 2019, 242 out of 274 industrial parks in operation nationwide possessed centralized wastewater treatment systems, accounting for 88.3% (this rate was 80% in 2018 and 77% in 2017). Of which, 191 industrial parks installed automatic and continuous wastewater monitoring equipment, making up 78.9%, the remaining 51 industrial parks were in the roadmap to install automatic wastewater monitoring equipment, accounting for 21.1%. The centralized wastewater treatment systems of industrial parks treated about 71% of the generated wastewater (this figure was 42% in 2018).
Viet Nam plans to develop 1,143 industrial clusters by 2020, of which 587 industrial clusters have been put into operation, 199 industrial clusters have been in operation with approved environmental impact assessment reports, reaching the rate of 36%. Of which, 55 industrial clusters have had centralized wastewater treatment systems, only accounting for 9.7%.
Thus, regardless of the data source, Viet Nam has completed the roadmap set out for 2020 for the indicator 6.3.2 and is able to realize the roadmap for the years 2025 and 2030 for concentrated industrial parks. However, the major challenge now is industrial wastewater treatment in industrial clusters and craft villages, where the rate of wastewater collection and treatment is very low, requiring breakthrough solutions and policies on wastewater quality control for these subjects.
Target 6.4: By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity. Ensure that water exploitation does not exceed the exploitation thresholds for rivers and exploitable reserves of water layers (Global target 6.4).
Indicator 6.4.1: Proportion of large reservoirs being monitored and controlled to ensure the maintenance of the river basins’ minimum flow
The Decision No. 681 sets out the roadmap for the indicator 6.4.1 as follows: 70% by 2020, 80% by 2025, and 90% by 2030.
In 2016, all year-round operation process (flood season and dry season) for 11 river basins was issued, creating a legal basis for more rational and efficient management and use of water resources of hydro-power and irrigation reservoirs, linking the operation mode of the works to the requirements of flood prevention and control and water regulation in the downstream of reservoirs. Currently, the master plan on water resources for the period 2020-2035 in the provinces is being developed and finalized.
According to the MONRE, the rate of large reservoirs which are controlled and monitored to assure the maintenance of minimum flow of river basis was only 60% in 2019. Thus, it is very challenging to reach this rate of 70% by 2020 and 90% by 2030 as planned. In the context of more frequent effects of climate change and water scarcity in places such as the Central and Central Highlands, the completion of the target 6.4 requires Viet Nam to make more efforts.
Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate (Global target 6.5)
Indicator 6.5.1: Proportion of large-scale and important river basins with automatic and online monitoring and controlling systems
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 6.5.1 as follows: 20% by 2020, 70% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
Viet Nam has shifted the approach from the single-sector to integrated management of river basins-based water resources. Since 2014, the master plan on water resources has been approved for the basins of Bang Giang - Ky Cung Rivers, Red River - Thai Binh River, Sesan – Srepok Rivers; the master plan on water resources on the basin of Dong Nai River is being developed; the master plan on water resources on Bang Giang - Ky Cung River basins has been completed; and the water resource planning for the Red River - Thai Binh and Sesan - Srepok basins is being carried out. Viet Nam has also effectively implemented cooperation activities with member states under the Mekong River Commission.
However, water resources in river basins in Viet Nam are declining due to the high demand for water in agricultural production, industry, aquaculture, hydro-power, craft villages and limited water resource management. Climate change also strongly impacts on surface water resources in Viet Nam. Besides, water source pollution and deterioration in river basins have occurred in many sections, mainly in the middle stream and downstream (especially in the sections flowing through urban areas, industrial zones, and craft villages). Many places suffer from serious pollution such as basins of Nhue – Day rivers, Cau river, and the Dong Nai river system.
Currently, there is no published statistical information on Indicator 6.5.1. According to the MONRE, it is expected that by 2020, 100% of large and important river basins will have automatic and online monitoring and controlling systems, and thus Viet Nam can complete ahead of schedule the roadmap set out for the target 6.5.
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of large, important reservoirs in river basins operating according to the inter-reservoir coordination regulations
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 6.5.2 as follows: 70% by 2020, 80% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
According to the MONRE, the proportion of large, important reservoirs on river basins operating under the inter-reservoir coordination regulations gained 60% in 2019, much lower than the target set out for 2020 (70%). In order to achieve the target that by 2030, 100% of large and important reservoirs in river basins operate according to the inter-reservoir coordination regulations as set out in the roadmap, Viet Nam needs to continue to effectively implement the investigation, making master plan and working out plans to protect and exploit surface water sources in the coming years, including large reservoir systems nationwide.
Target 6.6: By 2030, protect and restore water-related ecosystems (Global target 6.6)
Indicator 6.6.1: Proportion of nature conservation areas
The Decision No. 681 uses a different indicator “Number of Ramsar areas established and recognized” to identify the roadmap: 10 areas by 2020, 13 areas by 2025, and 15 areas by 2030.
Figure 48. Number and proportion of nature conservation areas; Number of Ramsar areas established and recognized
[pic]
Source: MONRE
After 28 years of joining the Ramsar Convention and more than 10 years of implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity, Viet Nam has currently had 178 nature conservation areas, including 33 national parks, 59 nature reserve zones, 23 national species-habitat conservation zones, 9 biosphere reserves, and 54 landscape protection zones. The MONRE data shown that if in 2016, Viet Nam had 166 nature conservation areas with an area of 2,106,051 hectares, accounting for 6.36% of the territory, this figure in 2019 was 178 areas, occupying ... of Viet Nam territory.
In 2016, 8 Ramsar areas were established and recognized in Viet Nam, including Xuan Thuy (Nam Dinh province), Bau Sau in the Cat Tien National Park (Dong Nai province), Ba Be National Park (Bac Kan province), Tram Chim National Park (Dong Thap province), Mui Ca Mau National Park (Ca Mau province), Con Dao National Park (Ba Ria-Vung Tau province), Lang Sen Wetland Reserve (Long An province), and U Minh Thuong (Kien Giang province), while by 2020, there are 11 Ramsar areas, increasing 3 more, i.e. Van Long nature reserve (Ninh Binh province), Tam Giang wetland nature reserve (Thua Thien-Hue province), and Thai Thuy (Thai Binh province). Therefore, Viet Nam has exceeded the target set out in the roadmap for 2020.
If this continues, Viet Nam is likely to fulfill its targets set out by 2025 and 2030.
|IN SUMMARY: Viet Nam will have to face many challenges to reach the VSDG|[pic] |
|6 on “Clean water and sanitation for all”. Out of six targets within | |
|this Goal, Viet Nam can only achieve three targets: 6.1, 6.2 and 6.6 | |
|(accounting for 50%). The remaining targets are likely to be difficult | |
|to meet, especially the target 6.3 on “water quality and water pollution| |
|control” and the target 6.4 on “water use efficiency”. On the other | |
|hand, the lack of data and information for monitoring indicators is also| |
|a challenge that needs to be solved in the coming time to have a basis | |
|for assessing the progress of implementing the targets in the VSDG 6. | |
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for all
Target 7.1: By 2020, fundamentally 100% households have access to electricity; by 2025, fully 100% households have access to electricity; by 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services (Global target 7.1)
Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of households with access to electricity
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 7.1.1 as follows: 100% by 2020, 2025 and 2030.
Figure 49. Proportion of households with access to electricity (%)
[pic]
Source: VHLSS, GSO
Viet Nam currently has a relatively high proportion of households having access to electricity thanks to energy sector reforms and development of the national power grids, application of IT in the operation of the management system, with priority given to investment in electrical grids in disadvantaged areas and islands. More than 99% of Vietnamese households can access electricity.
Thus, Viet Nam has achieved the target two years earlier than the roadmap sets out for 2020, and will surely reach the targets set out in the roadmap for the indicator 7.1.1 for the years 2025 and 2030 ahead of schedule.
Indicator 7.1.2: Proportion of households using clean fuel
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 7.1.2.
The Circular No. 03 assigns the GSO to be responsible for data collection for the indicator 7.1.2, setting out roadmap for data collection and release starting from 2025; therefore, there are currently no data to analyze this indicator.
Target 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the total national consumption of primary energies, specifically 31% by 2020 and 32.3% by 2030 (Global target 7.2)
Indicator 7.2.1: Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 7.2.1 as follows: 31% by 2020, 31.5% by 2025, and 32.3% by 2030.
Figure 50. Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption[24] (%)
[pic]
Source: GSO
Statistics indicates that renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption in Viet Nam has accelerated in recent years and gained 26.15% in 2017 while this figure in 2012 was only 14%. However, it should be noted that this renewable energy is mainly derived from hydropower, while non-hydro renewables only account for a limited percentage of the total final energy consumption.
Meanwhile, Viet Nam is a country with great potential for the development of non-hydro renewable energy sources, such as wind power and solar power. As shown in the table below, at present, the level of energy exploitation from hydropower has reached the maximum while the exploitation of other renewable energy sources is still at a very low level or in the research stage.
Table 11: Potential for developing renewable energy in Viet Nam (GW)
| |Hydropower |Wind power |Solar power |Others |
| |Total |Large and medium |Small |
|- Solar |850MW |4.000MW |12,000MW |
|- Wind |800MW |2,000MW |6,000MW |
|- Biomass |1% |1,2% |2,1% |
|- Hydropower |21,000MW |24,600MW |27,800MW |
The indicator 7.4.1 is currently unavailable, and the Circular No. 03 also sets a plan to collect adequate data for this indicator by 2025. Therefore, there is no basis to analyze the implementation of the roadmap set out for the indicator 7.4.1.
|IN SUMMARY: It is difficult for Viet Nam to achieve VSDG 7 on “Clean |[pic] |
|energy at a reasonable price”, given its accomplishment of only 2 out | |
|of 4 targets according to the roadmap (accounting for 50%). Current | |
|issues related to the VSDG 7 include: i) low energy efficiency, ii) | |
|shortage of data and information related to indicators for monitoring | |
|and evaluating the implementation of the targets (e.g. target 7.4). | |
Goal 8: Ensure sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all
Target 8.1: Sustain per capita GDP growth rate of 4 - 4.5%/year and annual GDP growth rate of 5 - 6% on average (Global target 8.1)
Indicator 8.1.1: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 8.1.1.
Figure 52. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
[pic]
Source: GSO
The size of Viet Nam's economy has always maintained a high growth rate and gained 258.7 billion USD in 2019. The size of the economy increased by 1.3 times compared to 2015 and 1.85 times compared to 10 years ago.
Indicator 8.1.2: GDP growth rate
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 8.1.2 as follows: sustain the annual growth rate of 5-6%.
Figure 53. GDP growth rate
[pic]
Source: GSO
GDP growth in recent years has taken back its momentum after the decline during the period 2010-2012. Especially, Viet Nam’s growth in the last four years (2016-2019) was relatively high, at an average rate of 6.8%, higher than the growth target of only 5-6% set out in the roadmap. This growth rate meets the target of 6-7% set out in the SEDS 2011-2020.
If this GDP pace of expansion is maintained in the coming years, Viet Nam will meet the roadmap set out for the indicator 8.1.2.
Indicator 8.1.3: GDP per capita (in VND or USD)
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 8.1.3 as follows: sustain the annual growth rate of 4-4.5%.
Figure 54. GDP per capita
[pic]
Source: GSO and World Bank
Along with GDP growth, per capita GDP growth rate also tends to increase. The average GDP per capita growth rate in the period 2010-2014 increased by only 4.93% per year, lower than that of 5.14% in the period 2006-2010, while the three years 2016-2019 witnessed an average increase of 5.6%, higher than the growth rate of 4-4.5% set out in the roadmap for the period 2016-2030. As a result, the per capita income reached $2,717 in 2019, a rise of $619 compared to 2015.
If such GDP per capita growth rate is sustained in the coming time, Viet Nam will achieve or even exceed the target set out in the roadmap for the indicator 8.1.3. However, Viet Nam still needs to pay attention to the income gap by geographical location and disadvantaged group as mentioned in the targets 1.1 and 1.2 to ensure an inclusive economy and social equality (stated in VSDG 10 on social equality).
Target 8.2: Increase productivity through accelerating economic restructuring, transforming the economic growth model, upgrading and innovating technology, focusing on high value-added and labour-intensive sectors (Global target 8.2)
Indicator 8.2.1: Labor productivity
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 8.2.1 as follows: sustain the annual growth rate of 5%.
Figure 55. Labour productivity
[pic]
Source: GSO
Labour productivity (measured by the average GDP per person employed) tended to increase sharply in the period 2012-2015 and then was maintained at around 6%. In 2019, the labour productivity of the whole economy at current prices reached 110.4 million VND per person (equivalent to $4,738). On average, labour productivity recorded a 4.3% increase in the period 2011-2015, and a growth of 5.8% in the period 2016-2019. This is the initial result of implementing the Government’s policies from 2011 on economic restructuring, transformation of the growth model, improving the business environment, and facilitating the operations of enterprises and the economy.
However, based on 2011 purchasing power parity, Viet Nam’s labour productivity in the period 2011-2019 grew by an average of 4.9% per year; albeit higher than the average of many countries in the region, it only approached the target of 5% in the proposed roadmap for the indicator 8.2.1. The biggest challenge is that Viet Nam's labor productivity remains at a relatively low level in absolute value, and the gap in labor productivity between Viet Nam and other countries in the region is still very wide. Specifically, the labor productivity of Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia in 2018 was 13.7 times, 5.3 times, 2.7 times and 2.2 times as high as that of Viet Nam, respectively.
Viet Nam needs to make great efforts to improve the labor productivity of the entire economy to be able to fulfill the target set out in the roadmap.
Indicator 8.2.2: Growth rate of Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
The Decision No. 681 defines no roadmap for the indicator 8.2.2.
Figure 56. Growth rate of Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
[pic]
Source: Calculation based on the GSO’s data
Growth rate of TFP improved significantly in the past 5 years. This indicator gained an average of 2.93% in the period 2016-2019 while it reached only 1.98% per year in the period 2011-2015.
Despite of the absence of a roadmap for the indicator 8.2.2, Viet Nam needs to maintain or even improve TFP’s growth rate in the coming years to sharply narrow the gap with more developed countries in the region.
Indicator 8.2.3: Contribution of capital, labor force, and total factor productivity to the overall growth rate
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 8.2.3.
Table 12: Contribution of capital, labor force, and total factor productivity to the overall growth rate (%)
| |2011 |2012 |2013 |
|Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults (15 years and |20 |>20 |>20 |
|older) | | | |
|Number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults (15 years |40 |>40 |>40 |
|and older) | | | |
Figure 65. Number of commercial bank branches and automated teller machines per 100,000 adults 15 years and older
[pic]
Source: Calculated based on data from the State Bank and the GSO
By 2019, there were 10,900 commercial bank branches and about 19,000 ATMs across 63 provinces in Viet Nam. Calculation for the indicator 8.10.1 shows the figures for 2019 as follows: i) The number of commercial bank branches/transaction offices reached 15.1 per 100,000 persons aged 15 years and older, lower than 2016’s figure of 18 per 100,000 persons; ii) The number of ATMs reached 26.2 ATMs per 100,000 people aged 15 years and older, up from 24 ATMs in 2016. Remarkably, thanks to digitization of banking services over the past few years, despite the decline in the number of branches per 100,000 persons, the system of financial institutions and commercial bank branches still satisfies businesses’ and people's access to financial services in an easy and convenient way. Nowadays, every smart phone can become a bank branch and an ATM.
In the trend of industrial revolution 4.0 and global digitization, the use of the indicator 8.10.1 to evaluate the performance of the SDG’s target 8.10 may no longer be appropriate. Along with high rate of mobile phone ownership, Viet Nam is fully capable of reaching the indicator 8.10.1 by 2020 and in following years.
Indicator 8.10.2. Proportion of people aged 15 years and older with an account at a bank or foreign bank branches
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for another indicator "Proportion of people aged 15 years and older with an account at a bank or bank branches" as follows: 70% by 2020, >80% by 205, >90% by 2030.
Figure 66. Number of domestic and international bank cards in circulation (million cards)
[pic]
Source: State Bank of Viet Nam
According to the regulations, domestic and international cardholders are those who open accounts at banks. Data provided by the State Bank of Viet Nam shown that as of early 2020, there were 87.8 and 15.4 million domestic and international cards in circulation nationwide respectively, equivalent to 118%[28] and 20.8% of the population aged 15 years and older. Viet Nam has reached the targets set out in the roadmap for years 2020 and 2025.
If the current development trend maintains, Viet Nam will surely complete the target set out in the roadmap for the indicator 8.10.2 by 2030.
|SUMMARY: Viet Nam will reach the VSDG 8 on “Sustainable economic growth and |[pic] |
|employment”, of which 5 out of 10 (50%) of the targets under Goal 8 will be | |
|surely reached. However, Viet Nam may not be able to achieve the target 8.8. on| |
|"Ensure safe working environments for all workers”. Therefore, in the coming | |
|years, it is necessary to pay more attention to the implementation of the Law | |
|on Occupational Safety as well as to promulgate policies to ensure safe working| |
|conditions, especially for migrant workers and those working in the informal | |
|sector because they are outside the scope of occupational safety management of | |
|the current regulations. In addition, data reflecting the indicators under the | |
|targets 8.4 and 8.7 have not been fully collected, making it difficult to | |
|assess their performance. | |
Goal 9: Build highly resilient infrastructure; promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization; foster innovation
Target 9.1: Develop a synchronous, quality, reliable, resilient and sustainable system of transportation infrastructure, including inter-regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support socio-economic development and improve human well-being, with a focus on equitable and affordable access for all (Global target 9.1)
Indicator 9.1.1: Volume of passenger transport and traffic[29]
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 9.1.1 as follows: To maintain an annual growth rate of 8-10% for both volume of passenger transport and volume of passenger traffic.
Figure 67. Volume of passenger transport by mode of transport (million passengers)
[pic]
Source: GSO
Data released by the GSO shown that in 2019, the transportation system carried nearly 5,000 million passengers, more than 2 times as high as this figure in 2010, equivalent to an annual average increase of 9.2% in the period of 2010-2019, contributing to the connection between regions and localities, and increased mobility of citizens and businesses. Of which, road system accounted for 94.4% of the total volume of passenger traffic. Growth of volume of passenger transport was not similar by mode of transport. The trend also shown a sudden increase in passenger transport by air and road, an average growth of 18.8% and 9.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, a continuous decline in railway was witnessed since 2013.
A similar trend was recorded for the volume of passenger traffic. In the period 2010-2019, the growth rate of volume of passenger traffic nationwide reached annual average of 10.4%. Of which, air passenger transportation recorded the highest annual growth rate of 16%, road transportation reached 9.4% while railway recorded a downturn in growth.
Table 13: Volume of passenger traffic during 2010-2019 by mode of transport
(million passengers-km)
| |Total |Railway |Road |Waterway |Airway |
|2010 |97931.8 |4377.9 |69197.4 |3194.5 |21162.0 |
|2011 |108709.0 |4571.0 |78013.3 |2855.7 |23269.0 |
|2012 |116043.7 |4600.6 |84982.0 |2835.1 |23626.0 |
|2013 |124528.2 |4416.6 |90319.8 |2914.1 |26877.7 |
|2014 |139060.4 |4481.9 |96,885.3 |2985.7 |34707.5 |
|2015 |154664.7 |4149.6 |105382.2 |3064.5 |42068.4 |
|2016 |169076.9 |3421.6 |114198.8 |3219.9 |48236.6 |
|2017 |186834.4 |3625.1 |125390.3 |3504.6 |54314.4 |
|2018 |206672.7 |3542.1 |130774.7 |4499.9 |67856.0 |
|2019 |230779.9 |3170.5 |145612.6 |4812.9 |77183.9 |
Source: GSO
In general, the transport infrastructure system receives the Government's investment priority and always accounts for the highest proportion of budget expenditure for the economic infrastructure system. Therefore, the capacity of the transport infrastructure system has grown rapidly. According to the Global Competitiveness Report (2018) of WEF, Viet Nam's infrastructure system ranks 75 out of 135 countries. The score is higher than the previous year and higher than the average level of the similar middle-income economies.
Thus, if Viet Nam continues to maintain the current growth rate, it will complete the target set out in the roadmap for the indicator 9.1.1: an increase of 8-10% for both volume of passenger transport and traffic.
Indicator 9.1.2 Volume of freight transport and traffic[30]
Decision 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 9.1.2 as follows: In 2020: Maintain an annual increase of 8-10%; 2020-2030: Maintain an annual increase of 6-8%.
Table 14: Volume of freight transport during 2010-2019 by mode of transport
|Year |Total |Railway |Road |Waterway |Seaway |Airway |
|Volume of freight transport (Thousand tons) – Indicator 9.1.2 |
|2010 |800886.0 |7861.5 |587014.2 |144227.0 |61593.2 |190.1 |
|2011 |885681.5 |7285.1 |654127.1 |160164.5 |63904.5 |200.3 |
|2012 |961128.4 |6952.1 |717905.7 |174385.4 |61694.2 |191.0 |
|2013 |1010413.9 |6,525.9 |763,790.0 |181,212.7 |58,701.6 |183.7 |
|2014 |1078580.9 |7,178.9 |821,700.0 |190,600.0 |58,900.0 |202.0 |
|2015 |1146895.7 |6,707.0 |877,628.4 |201,530.7 |60,800.0 |229.6 |
|2016 |1255458.2 |5,209.0 |969,721.0 |215,768.2 |64,474.4 |285.6 |
|2017 |1383212.9 |5,611.1 |1,074,450.9 |232,813.8 |70,019.2 |317.9 |
|2018 |1539271.7 |5717.7 |1207682.8 |251904.6 |73562.2 |404.4 |
|2019 |1689989.6 |5100.0 |1340527.9 |266011.2 |77902.4 |448.1 |
|Growth rate (Previous year =100)-% - roadmap |
|2010 |111.9 |95.3 |114.3 |104.7 |110.4 |136.2 |
|2011 |110.6 |92.7 |111.4 |111.1 |103.8 |105.4 |
|2012 |108.5 |95.4 |109.8 |108.9 |96.5 |95.4 |
|2013 |105.1 |93.9 |106.4 |103.9 |95.1 |96.2 |
|2014 |106.7 |110.0 |107.6 |105.2 |100.3 |109.9 |
|2015 |106.3 |93.4 |106.8 |105.7 |103.2 |113.7 |
|2016 |109.5 |77.7 |110.5 |107.1 |106.0 |124.4 |
|2017 |110.2 |107.7 |110.8 |107.9 |108.6 |111.3 |
|2018 |111.3 |101.9 |112.4 |108.2 |105.1 |127.2 |
|2019 |109.8 |89.2 |111.0 |105.6 |105.9 |110.8 |
Source: GSO
The total volume of freight transport rose and reached 1.5 billion tons in 2018, an average annual growth of 8.8% in the period 2010-2019, gaining the planned target of an average increase of 8-10%. Of which, road transport accounted for 78% of the total volume of freight transport in 2019. Similar to passenger transport, freight transport by railway declined gradually and only made up 3.7% of total freight transport in 2019 while this figure was nearly 10% in 2010. In recent years, air freight transport recorded a high growth rate, an average of 13.2% higher than the that of other modes of transport, showing that the aviation plays a more important position in both passenger and freight transport.
Likewise, the volume of freight traffic also recorded an annual average growth rate of 4.2% during 2010-2019, lower than the planned target (an average increase of 6-8%). Of which, the aviation witnessed the highest growth rate, reaching 15.3% while the railway only recorded an annual average growth rate of 1.0%. Remarkably, maritime transport accounted for the highest share (53.8%) of the total volume of freight traffic, followed by road (25.6%) while railway could only handle 1.5% of the total volume traffic.
Table 15: Volume of freight traffic during 2010-2019 by mode of transport
| |Total |Railway |Road |Waterway |Seaway |Airway |
| |Volume of freight traffic (Thousand tons.km) – Indicator 9.1.2 |
|2010 |217,767.1 |3,960.9 |36,179.0 |31,679.0 |145,521.4 |426.8 |
|2011 |216,129.5 |4,162.0 |40,130.1 |34,371.7 |137,039.0 |426.7 |
|2012 |215,735.8 |4,023.4 |43,468.5 |36,622.5 |131,146.3 |475.1 |
|2013 |218,228.1 |3,804.1 |45,668.4 |38,454.3 |129,831.5 |469.8 |
|2014 |223,151.1 |4,311.5 |48,189.8 |40,099.9 |130,015.5 |534.4 |
|2015 |230,050.4 |4,035.5 |51,514.9 |42,064.8 |131,835.7 |599.5 |
|2016 |241,376.9 |3,198.2 |57,377.3 |44,925.2 |135,171.2 |705.0 |
|2017 |255,932.9 |3,616.7 |63,459.3 |47,800.4 |140,307.7 |748.8 |
|2018 |275,214.4 |4,025.4 |70,566.7 |51,528.8 |148,024.6 |1,068.9 |
|2019 |298584.6 | | | | | |
| |Growth rate (Previous year =100)-% - roadmap |
|2010 |109.4 |102.5 |114.5 |101.4 |110.2 |134.8 |
|2011 |99.2 |105.1 |110.9 |108.5 |94.2 |100.0 |
|2012 |99.8 |96.7 |108.3 |106.5 |95.7 |111.3 |
|2013 |101.2 |94.6 |105.1 |105.0 |99.0 |98.9 |
|2014 |102.3 |113.3 |105.5 |104.3 |100.1 |113.8 |
|2015 |103.1 |93.6 |106.9 |104.9 |101.4 |112.2 |
|2016 |104.9 |79.3 |111.4 |106.8 |102.5 |117.6 |
|2017 |106.0 |113.1 |110.6 |106.4 |103.8 |106.2 |
|2018 |107.5 |111.3 |111.2 |107.8 |105.5 |142.7 |
|2019 |108.5 | | | | | |
Source: GSO
Therefore, Viet Nam is likely to reach the target set out in the roadmap for the indicator 9.1.2 in terms of volume of freight transport, but it is difficult to meet the target for volume of freight traffic.
Target 9.2: By 2030, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization; upgrade industrial infrastructures and supportive industries towards sustainability, improve resources efficiency and promote the application of clean, environment-friendly technologies and production processes; substantially increase the share of employment and GDP of the industrial sector (Global target 9.2)
Indicator 9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 9.2.1 as follows: reach 30% by 2030.
Figure 68. Manufacturing as a proportion of GDP
[pic]
Source: GSO
The share of manufacturing to GDP tended to rise gradually over the past 5 years and reached nearly 16.5% in 2019 while this figure was only 13.34% in 2013. However, this share moved up too slowly, even leading to stagnation in the period 2010-2014, showing that the industrialization was too slow, not yet reaching the target set out in the SEDS 2011-2020 "by 2020, Viet Nam becomes a modernity-oriented industrial nation". This was attributed to: i) Recent economic restructuring has been slow; ii) labor productivity recorded slight increase; iii) Few products and industries of high technology value and competitiveness in regional and international markets have been developed. These will be significant challenges for Viet Nam in the next period.
If Viet Nam keeps the current growth rate, it can only reach the share of manufacturing to GDP at about 20% by 2030, much lower than the target of 30% set out in the roadmap for the indicator 9.2.1.
Indicator 9.2.2: Value added per capita of manufacturing by purchasing power parity (PPP)
The Decision No. 681 uses another indicator to identify the roadmap "Growth rate of added value of manufacturing and processing industries”: maintain an increase of > 10% per year for the period 2015-2030.
Figure 69. Value added per capita of manufacturing by purchasing power parity
(Billion VND)
[pic]
Source: GSO
According to the GSO, manufacturing value added per capita by PPP[31] grew gradually, nearly 2.8 times higher in the period 2010-2019, from 0.57 billion VND in 2010 to 1.59 billion VND in 2019. This shows that the manufacturing performance has been gradually more efficient and the industrialization has been strengthened over the past few years.
Figure 70. Manufacturing growth rate versus GDP growth rate (%)
[pic]
Source: GSO
The growth rate of manufacturing was always higher than that of GDP, especially in recent years. In the period 2010-2019, the average growth rate of manufacturing of 10.7% shows that manufacturing becomes the drive of economic growth in general and reaches the target set out in the roadmap, at least by 2020.
If Viet Nam continues to maintain the current growth rate, it will complete the target set out in the roadmap by 2030, which is an annual average increase of over 10% in manufacturing.
Indicator 9.2.3: Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment
The Decision No. 681 defines no roadmap for the indicator 9.2.3:
Figure 71. Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment
[pic]
Source: GSO
The proportion of manufacturing employment rose from 13.5% in 2010 to 20% in 2019; however, it was still slow compared to the needs and goals set out in the SEDS 2011-2020.
Target 9.3: Improve the access by enterprises, particularly SMEs, to affordable banking services, including credit services; increase their integration into the markets and value chains (Global target 9.3)
Indicator 9.3.1: Proportion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating and borrowing capital from formal credit institutions
The Decision No. 681 uses absolute numbers to define the roadmap: “Number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating and borrowing capital from formal credit institutions”: 200,000 by 2020; 250,000 by 2025, and 300,000 by 2030.
By the end of 2019, there were nearly 758.6 thousand active enterprises, equivalent to of 15.4 enterprises per 1,000 population in working age or 7.4 active enterprises per 1,000 population. Of which, SMEs accounted for over 97%, contributing 45% to GDP and 31% to total budget revenue. However, only about 30% of SMEs could access to credit. The ratio of SMEs' outstanding loans made up 26% of total outstanding loans for the entire economy in 2019 and maintained an average of 22-26% of total outstanding loans during 2012-2019. Currently, SMEs mainly access capital through bank credit. Capital mobilization through credit funds or SME support programs is still unpopular with extremely limited actual disbursement capital. In addition, credit guarantee is also applied to support SMEs to access to bank capital; however, actual capital for SMEs guaranteed from this source is also limited compared to the needs of enterprises.
In terms of absolute value, the number of SMEs currently accessing to credit at credit institutions was 196.7 thousand in 2019.
Viet Nam will basically achieve the target set out in the roadmap for the indicator 9.3.1 by 2020. However, the credit system needs to be further developed and improved, and at the same time other credit channels outside of banks should be expanded to achieve the targets set out for the years 2025 and 2030.
Target 9.4: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capacity of industrial sectors, encourage innovation and invention; by 2030, substantially increase the number of R&D workers; and increase R&D spending (Global target 9.5).
Indicator 9.4.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 9.4.1 as follows: 0.8% - 1% by 2020; >1.2% by 2025, and >1.5% by 2030.
Figure 72. Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP by source
[pic]
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology and GSO
State budget spending on research and development (R&D) continuously increased over the years, and fluctuated around 0.37-0.52% of GDP in the period 2013-2017. The source of capital for science and technology (S&T) changed significantly. Spending on S&T from the state budget gradually declined from nearly 58% in 2013 to 27% by 2017. Enterprise capital spending soared dramatically, from nearly 40% to 64% in the same period. This positive change is attributed to enterprises’ attention to S&T and investment to improve their S&T capacity and innovation. As a result, Viet Nam's Global Innovation Index (GII) ranking in 2019 stepped up 3 levels compared to 2018 and ranked 42nd out of 129 countries/economies. This ranking improved by 17 levels compared to 2016, levering Viet Nam first rank among the 26 low-middle income countries[32].
Nevertheless, spending on R&D nationwide has not reached the level set out for 2020 (0.8-1% of GDP). The complete and accurate collection and release of updated data on the indicator 9.4.1 should be conducted more frequently in the coming time. This is because some other sources show that the total expenditure on R&D of the whole country is higher, from 0.7-0.77% of GDP, of which spending from the state budget is 0.4-0.5% of GDP.
Indicator 9.4.2: Number of researchers and technology development workers
The Decision No 681 uses another indicator "Number of R&D workers per 1,000,000 population” to identify the roadmap as follows: “800 by 2020, >1,000 by 2025, and >1,200 by 2030.
Figure 73. Number of R&D workers (persons)
[pic]
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology
In the period 2013-2017, R&D workers rose from nearly 13 thousand to 13.6 thousand persons, in which, the number of R&D workers in the state sector accounted for 84.1%, the non-state sector and enterprises made up 13.8%, while the FDI makde up 2.1%. The Ministry of Science and Technology's (MOST) calculation shown that full-time R&D workers per 1 million population nearly reached 700 persons[33]. Thus, it is difficult for Viet Nam to complete its roadmap target by 2020 with 800 full-time R&D workers per 1 million population and Viet Nam will face challenges for the next milestones until 2030.
Target 9.5: By 2030, ensure that ICT infrastructures are developed in all territorial regions of the country, particularly in isolated, remote, border, mountainous and island regions. Ensure that 100% of households have access to the ICT systems (Global target 9.c)
Indicator 9.5.1: Proportion of population with mobile coverage
The Decision No. 681 sets a roadmap for the indicator 9.5.1 as follows: 95% by 2020, 100% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
Thanks to great attention paid to information technology (IT) infrastructure, it has improved significantly in recent years. Currently, the telecommunications infrastructure possesses more than 800,000 km of fiber optic cable connected to the villages/ communes/wards across all 63 provinces. Mobile phone network has covered 99.7% of the population, of which 3G and 4G coverage serve over 98% of population and form a global highway connection.
Viet Nam is considered a country with a high density of telecommunications service compared to other countries in the world. By 2019, the number of internet users reached 65.9% (equivalent to 64 million users, more than double that of 30.8 million users in 2013), higher than the world average of 33%.[34]. Among 64 million internet users in Viet Nam, the number of users accessing to the internet via mobile devices was 61.73 million (accounting for 96% of internet users). Among 143.3 million registered mobile subscribers, 45% already signed up for 3G & 4G.
In the future, Viet Nam will continue to invest in and upgrade telecommunications infrastructure, expand 4G networks, deploy 5G and wide-ranging fiber-optic networks to provide high-capacity and high-quality connections to meet the needs of IT and industrial revolution 4.0 of the country.
Thus, it can be affirmed that Viet Nam has completed the goals set out in the roadmap for 2020 ahead of time, and will surely complete the targets set out for the years 2025 and 2030.
|SUMMARY: As a whole, Viet Nam is likely to fulfill the VSDG 9 on "Build highly | |
|resilient infrastructure; promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization; | |
|foster innovation" with the achievement of 3 out of 5 VSDG targets. However, |[pic] |
|Viet Nam will face a great number of challenges and is likely not to reach the | |
|other targets, i.e. target 9.2 on “promote inclusive and sustainable | |
|industrialization, improve resources efficiency and promote the application of | |
|clean, environment-friendly technologies and production processes”, target 9.4 | |
|on" upgrade the technological capacity of industrial sector, encourage | |
|innovation and invention, and increase R&D spending". Both of these two targets| |
|are considered very important in the coming period if Viet Nam desires to | |
|narrow the gap with other countries in the region. They will affect the overall| |
|results of the VSDG 9 implementation. | |
Goal 10: Reduce social inequality
Target 10.1: By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average (Global target 10.1)
Indicator 10.1.1: Growth rates of household income per capita
The Decision No. 681 uses the indicator "The income growth rate of the bottom 40% of the population compared to average income growth rate of household" to identify the roadmap. Specifically: 90% by 2020, 95% by 2025, and 100% by 2030.
Figure 74. Growth rates of household income per capita (%)
[pic]
Source: Calculated from the VHLSS 2006-2018, GSO
The monthly household income per capita improved significantly, from nearly 1.4 million VND in 2010 to nearly 3.9 million VND in 2018, nearly 3 times higher in terms of current prices. Remarkably, the previous income growth rate of the bottom 40% of the population was lower than the national average, but by 2018 it was almost equal, showing that the gap was somewhat narrowed. However, in terms of absolute numbers, the difference is larger and tends to increase. For example, if the income gap between bottom 20% of the population and the top 20% of the population was 9.2 times in 2010 but by 2018 the gap was nearly 10.1 times.
Viet Nam has basically completed ahead schedule the roadmap set out for 2030, which is “income growth rate of the bottom 40% of the population is higher than the national average 100%”. However, it should be noted that it does not mean the income gap between the richest and the poorest population will remain the same, given the fact that a 1% increase in income of the richest is totally different with 1% increase in income of the poorest.
Indicator 10.1.2: Growth rates of household expenditure per capita
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 10.1.2.
Figure 75. Growth rates of household expenditure per capita at current prices (%)
[pic]
Source: GSO
Annual growth rates of household expenditure per capita over each period tended to drop from 23.7% in the period of 2008-2010, to 6.9% in the period of 2014-2016 and rose again to 8.6% for the period 2016-2018. The growth rates of household expenditure in rural areas was always higher than that in urban areas (except for the period 2014-2016), standing at 9.2% while this figure was 6.9% in the period 2016- 2018.
The proportion of expenditure on living in household expenditure still accounted for the majority of Vietnamese family expenditure, up to 94% in 2010 and 93.5% in 2018, of which more than half was spent on food (making up 52% in 2010 and 51% in 2018). Remarkably, growth rates of household expenditure for living per capita of the bottom 40% of the population in the period 2010-2018 was higher than the national average in each survey, 1.3 times higher than the national average in the period 2016-2018, indicating that the accumulation capacity of the lower-income group of households was still very limited.
Target 10.2: By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status (Global Target 10.2)
Indicator 10.2.1: Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income
The Decision No. 681 defines no roadmap for the indicator 10.2.1.
Currently, the GSO is assigned to calculate and release data on this indicator. However, since the GSO has not released data, it is impossible to analyze the trend of the indicator 10.2.1. However, the data for this indicator can be calculated from the indicator "Proportion of population having income per capita below 50 percent of national median income per capita". Data sources can be obtained from the raw data of the VHLSS, which is conducted every 2 years by the GSO.
Target 10.3: Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities in benefits for all (Global target 10.3)
The indicators and the roadmap for this target are unavailable. However, the content related to target 10.3 has been shown in other relevant VSDG mentioned above, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8, etc. The indicators related to this goal are: i) Percentage of population participating in health insurance (Goal 3); ii) indicators regarding access to general education and vocational training (Goal 4), etc. Therefore, the progress of implementing target 10.3 can be found in the respective sections.
In general, it can be affirmed that Viet Nam has basically guaranteed equal opportunity for all, especially the current policies on social security, education and training and welfare are aiming at reducing inequality in accessing to resources and benefits. Viet Nam needs to maintain its achievements, and at the same time, the Government should pay more attention to the vulnerable groups in the policy development and promulgation in the coming years.
Target 10.4: Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality (Global target 10.4)
Indicator 10.4.1: Labour share of GDP
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for indicator 10.4.1.
Labour share of GDP is the percentage of payment to employees in the GDP. The GSO is assigned to collect and release this indicator. However, the GSO has not released periodic data on this indicator[35].
Target 10.5: Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international institutions in order to ensure the interests of developing countries and facilitate narrowing the development gap among countries (Global target 10.6)
Indicator 10.5.1: Number of international organizations in which Viet Nam has membership
The Decision No. 681 defines no roadmap for the indicator 10.5.1.
Along with the strengthened position and power of the country, Viet Nam has had an increasingly higher role and position in multilateral institutions/forums, clearly reflected in the fact that Viet Nam has been elected to many important UN agencies, such as a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council for the 2014-2016 term, the Economic and Social Council for the 2016-2018 term, the Heritage Committee and the Executive Council of the UNESCO for the 2015-2019 term, and most recently was elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for the 2020-2021 term. As a member of international organizations in the framework of the United Nations, Viet Nam has actively participated in and presided over activities related to international cooperation institutions under these organizations, at the same time actively participated in regional cooperation partners such as APEC, ASEAN, International Mekong River Commission, and Mekong Sub-region Cooperation.
Indicator 10.5.2: Number of international organizations in which Viet Nam holds leadership positions from the subcommittee level
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 10.5.2.
Currently, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has not yet had data and published information on the indicator 10.5.2, leading to no data for analysis. However, basically the position of Viet Nam is on the rise in the international arena.
Target 10.6: Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies (Global target 10.7)
Indicator 10.6.1: Recruitment cost borne by employee as a proportion of income earned in country of destination
The Decision No. 681 sets no roadmap for the indicator 10.6.1.
This indicator reflects the ratio of the total cost that migrant employees have to pay for a job abroad based on their income earned in country of destination. There is currently no statistical survey or research related to this indicator, and the Circular No. 03 plans to collect data on the indicator 10.6.1 from 2025. Therefore, information is unavailable for this indicator.
|SUMMARY: Despite achievements in ensuring social equality in recent years, Viet|[pic] |
|Nam will face challenges in implementing the VSDG 10 "Reduce social | |
|inequality”. Viet Nam is only able to reach 2 out of 6 VSDG targets under VSDG | |
|6, including target 10.1 on "increase income of the bottom 40% of the | |
|population" and target 10.3. on "reduce inequality in benefits". For other | |
|targets, Viet Nam will face challenges to reach the targets, although it sets | |
|no roadmap for some targets. More attention should be paid to the following | |
|issues in the coming time: i) empower and ensure equal political, economic and | |
|social participation (target 10.2); ii) collect data reflecting the progress of| |
|the implementation of the targets without statistics. | |
Goal 11: Promote sustainable, resilient urban and rural development
Target 11.1: By 2030, ensure access for all citizens to adequate, safe and affordable basic services and housing; eliminate slums, build, upgrade, and improve sub-standard housing areas (Global target 11.1).
Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of population living in poorly built housing
The Decision No. 681 uses another indicator "Proportion of the population living in slums" to identify the roadmap: by 2020: < 2%, by 2025: 1%, and by 2030: ................
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