Modernism Chronology
A Selection of Significant Moments in Modernism
|Date |Literary / Artistic Event |Other Historical Event |
|1872 |“Impressionism” foreshadows avant-gardism | |
|1879 |Henrik Ibsen’s early feminist play A Doll’s House |Edison invents the light bulb |
|1883 |Nietzsche introduces notion of the “superman” in Thus Spake Zarathustra | |
|1884 | |London Underground opens |
|1885 | |Invention of internal combustion engine |
|1890 | |First skyscraper in USA |
|1893 |Edvard Munch’s early expressionist painting, The Cry | |
|1894 | |Discovery of X-rays |
|1895 |Joseph Conrad, Almayer’s Folly |Trial of Oscar Wilde |
| | |Marconi invents telegraphy |
|1896 |Anton Chekhov departs from traditional dramatic action in The Seagull | |
|1897 | |Discovery of the electron |
|1898 |Thomas Hardy, Wessex Poems |The Curies discover radium and plutonium |
| |HG Wells, War of the Worlds | |
| |Oscar Wilde, Ballad of Reading Gaol | |
|1899 |Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, famous for its hazy impressionistic |Beginning of the Boer War (1899–1902) |
| |technique and critique of colonialism |Peace Conference at The Hague |
|1900 |Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim |Birth of Quantum physics |
| |Freud introduces psychoanalysis with The Interpretation of Dreams | |
|1901 |Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks, seen as a novel on the threshold of modernist |Death of Queen Victoria |
| |literature |First transmission of radio wave signals across the |
| |August Strindberg’s play about marital dysfunction, Dance of Death |Atlantic |
| |Picasso’s pre-Cubist “Blue Period” | |
|1902 |André Gide, The Immoralist | |
| |John Atkinson Hobson, Imperialism | |
| |Lenin, What is to be Done? | |
| |William James, Varieties of Religious Experience | |
|1903 |Henry James, The Ambassadors |Wright brothers’ first successful flight |
| |George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman |Emmeline Pankhurst founds Women’s Social and Political |
| | |Union |
| | |Opening of Ford Motor Company |
|1904 |Chekhov, The Cherry Orchard |Beginning of Russo-Japanese War |
| |Conrad, Nostromo | |
|1905 |Richard Strauss, Salome |1905 Russian Revolution |
| |Oscar Wilde, De Profundis |Einstein proposes his Special Theory of Relativity |
| |Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth |Founding of Irish nationalist party, Sinn Féin |
| |Beginning of Fauvism in Paris with its “expressionist” element |First electric bus in London |
|1907 |Picasso produces Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, an archetypal modernist work and | |
| |prototype of Cubism which violently overturns established conventions | |
|1908 |Gertrude Stein, Three Lives | |
| |Jacob Epstein, Figures | |
| |Béla Bartók, First String Quartet | |
| |George Sorel, Reflections on Violence | |
|1909 |Gustav Mahler, Symphony No 9 |Freud lectures on psychoanalysis in the US |
| |Henry Matisse, The Dance | |
| |Filippo Marinetti’s first manifesto of Italian Futurism in Paris, creating an| |
| |artistic philosophy rejecting the past and celebrating speed, machinery, | |
| |violence, youth and industry | |
| |Serge Diaghilev founds Ballets Russes | |
|1910 |First Post-impressionist exhibition in London rocks the art establishment |Japanese annexation of Korea |
| |Igor Stravinsky, The Firebird |Death of Edward VII, accession of George V |
| |Italian Futurist Marinetti gives popular lecture series in London | |
| |TS Eliot publishes poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, describing | |
| |modernist cultural disenchantment | |
|1911 |Kandinsky and others found Expressionist art group in Munich | |
|1912 |Marcel Duchamp produces his “last painting”, Nude Descending a Staircase |Sinking of the Titanic |
| |Arnold Schonberg, Pierre Lunaire |Beginning of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) |
| |Russian Futurists issue manifesto, A Slap in the Face of Public Taste |Ford Model T production begins |
|1913 |DH Lawrence, Sons and Lovers |Suffragette demonstrations in London |
| |Thomas Mann, Death in Venice | |
| |Marcel Proust, Swann’s Way | |
| |Vorticist movement named by Ezra Pound | |
| |Kandinsky outlines the principles of abstraction in art in On the Spiritual | |
| |in Art | |
| |Igor Stravinsky’s composition The Rite of Spring for the Ballets Russes | |
| |causes Paris riot | |
|1914 |James Joyce’s experimental short stories, Dubliners |Opening of the Panama Canal |
| |Wyndham Lewis publishes first edition of modernist literary magazine Blast |Outbreak of WWI |
|1915 |Virginia Woolf, The Voyage Out | |
| |DH Lawrence, The Rainbow | |
| |Ford Madox Ford, The Good Soldier | |
| |Somerset Maugham, Of Human Bondage | |
| |Ezra Pound, Cathay | |
|1916 |James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | |
| |Anti-war, anarchic Dadaism founded in Zurich | |
|1917 |TS Eliot, Prufrock and Other Observations |Revolution in Russia |
| |Paul Valéry, La Jeune Parquet | |
| |Prokofiev, “Classical” Symphony | |
| |Carl Jung, The Unconscious | |
|1918 |Lytton Strachey’s book of biographies, Eminent Victorians “take[s] down …the |Votes for women over thirty in Britain |
| |pretensions of the Victorian age to moral superiority” | |
|1919 |Pablo Picasso, Pierrot and Harlequin |Treaty of Versailles; end of WWI |
| |United Artists film studio founded in Hollywood | |
|1920 |DH Lawrence, Women in Love |Founding of the League of Nations |
| | |American women achieve the vote |
|1921 |Pablo Picasso, Three Musicians, two paintings exemplifying the synthetic |New Economic Policy in the USSR |
| |Cubist style |Irish Free State proclaimed |
| |Man Ray produces Dadaist “Rayographs” | |
| |Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author | |
|1922 |James Joyce, Ulysses |Founding of BBC |
| |TS Eliot, The Waste Land |Fascists march on Rome |
| |Virginia Woolf, Jacob’s Room | |
| |Wittgenstein publishes key work of modernist logic, Tractatus | |
| |Logico-Philosophicus | |
|1924 |André Breton’s first Surrealist Manifesto | |
| |Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain | |
| |Sean O’Casey, Juno and the Paycock | |
|1925 |Sergei Eisenstein deploys modernist film techniques in Battleship Potemkin |Hitler publishes Mein Kampf |
| |Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway | |
| |Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby | |
| |Gertrude Stein, The Making of Americans | |
| |Franz Kafka, The Trial | |
|1926 |Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises |General Strike throughout Britain |
| |Fritz Lang’s film Metropolis | |
| |Henry Moore’s sculpture, Draped Reclining Figure | |
|1927 |Launch of Close Up, the first English film review “to approach films from the|Lindbergh flies across Atlantic |
| |angles of art, experiment and possibility” | |
| |Al Jolson, first talkie | |
|1928 |Formation of CIAM (Congrés Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne), a forum |Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin |
| |for Modernist architectural theory | |
| |Virginia Woolf, Orlando | |
| |DH Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover | |
| |Wyndham Lewis, The Childermas, Lewis’s most radical novel | |
|1929 |William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury |New York stock market collapses |
| |Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own | |
| |Second Surrealist Manifesto | |
| |Opening of the Museum of Modern Art, New York | |
|1930 |F.R. Leavis, Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture | |
| |Sigmund Freud, Civilisation and its Discontents | |
|1931 |Fritz Lang’s modernist film classic, M | |
|1933 | |Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany |
| | |First German Concentration Camps |
|1934 | |Commissar Zhdanov in the USSR decrees “the end of |
| | |modernism” |
|1935 |Salvador Dalí, Giraffe on Fire | |
| |Dmitri Shostakovich, Symphony No 1 | |
|1936 |Stevie Smith, Novel on Yellow Paper |Beginning of Spanish Civil War |
|1937 |Nazi’s “degenerate art” exhibition ridicules modernism |Nazi prohibition of modernist art and sanctions against |
| | |its practitioners |
|1939 |James Joyce, Finnegan’s Wake |Beginning of WWII |
[pic] This work by Carol Peaker is licensed by the University of Oxford under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Licence.
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