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Name _________________________________________________________ Date ______________ Period _______ Class __________Chapter 20: Half Done NotesDirections: So we are trying this out to see how it you guys like it and whether you find it an effective way to learn, analyze, and retain information from the reading. Essentially, these are Cornell notes, but the main section has already been completed for you. Your job is to fill in the side and summary sections. In the side section, you MUST include (1) Additional important information you feel these notes have missed, (2) important terms, concepts, or ideas that you want to explain for yourself in your own words, (3) connections to previous learning, (4) genuine questions you have about the text, and anything else you feel you want to jot down of that nature. If you want to include drawings, please include them on the left side in the empty space. For the summaries, just sum up the main points in a few sentences.States and empires in Mesoamerica and North AmericaThe Toltec and the MexicaToltecs emerge in the ninth and tenth centuries after the collapse of TeotihuacanEstablished large state, powerful army mid-tenth to the mid-twelfth centuryTula was the Toltec capital city and center of tradeMaintained close relations with societies of the Gulf coast and the MayaToltec decline after twelfth centuryCivil strife at Tula, beginning in 1125Nomadic invaders after 1175Arrival of the Mexica (or Aztecs) in central Mexico mid-thirteenth centuryWarriors and raidersBuilt capital city, Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), about 1345Developed productive chinampas style of agricultureFifteenth century, Aztecs launched military campaigns against neighboring societiesConquered and colonized Oaxaco in southwestern MexicoMade alliance with Texcoco and TlacopanBuilt an empire of twelve million people, most of MesoamericaControlled subject peoples with oppressive tribute obligationsEmpire had no bureaucracy or administration; local administrators enforced tributesAllies did not have standing armyTribute of 489 subject territories flowed into TenochtitlanMexica societyMost information comes from Spanish sources, recorded after the conquestMexica warriors were the elite at the top of a rigid social hierarchyMostly from the Mexica aristocracyEnjoyed great wealth, honor, and privilegesMexica women had no public role, but were honored as mothers of warriorsMexica women active in commerce and craftsPrimary purpose to bear children: women who died in childbirth celebratedPriests also among the Mexica eliteRead omens, presided over rituals, monitored ritual calendarAdvisers to Mexica rulers, occasionally became supreme rulersMost of the Mexica were either cultivators or slavesCultivators worked on chinampas (small plots of reclaimed land) or on aristocrats' landPaid tribute and provided labor service for public worksLarge number of slaves who worked as domestic servantsArtisans and merchants enjoyed prestigeArtisans valued for skill work, especially luxury itemsTrade could be profitable, but also riskyMexica religionMexica deities adopted from prior Mesoamerican culturesTezcatlipocaQuetzalcóatlRitual bloodletting common to all MesoamericansHuman sacrifice to HuitzilopochtliLarge temple at the center of Tenochtitlan, thousands of skullsPeoples and societies of the northPueblo and Navajo: large settled societies in American southwestAgriculture and irrigationBy about 700 C.E., began to build stone and adobe buildingsIroquois peoples: an agricultural society in the eastern woodlandsFive Iroquois nations emerged from Owasco society, 1400 C.E.Male/female rolesMound-building peoples in eastern North AmericaBuilt enormous earthen mounds for ceremonies and burialsLargest mound at Cahokia, IllinoisFifteen thousand to thirty-eight thousand people lived in Cahokia society during the twelfth centuryNo written records: burial sites reveal existence of social classes and tradeStates and empires in Andean South AmericaThe coming of the IncasKingdom of Chucuito dominated Andean South America after the twelfth centuryCultivation of potatoes; herding of llamas and alpacasTraded with lower valleys; chewed coca leavesChimu, powerful kingdom in the lowlands of Peru before the mid-fifteenth centuryIrrigation networks; cultivation of maize and sweet potatoesCapital city at Chanchan had massive brick buildingsThe Inca settled first around Lake Titicaca in the Andean highlandsRuler Pachacuti launched campaigns against neighbors, 1438Built a huge empire stretching four thousand kilometers from north to southInca ruled as a military and administrative eliteUse of quipu for record keepingCapital at Cuzco, which had as many as three hundred thousand people in the late fifteenth centuryExtensive road system linked north and southOfficial runners carried messages; spread of Quecha languageInca society and religionTrade limitedLocal barter in agricultural goodsFewer specialized craftsInca society was also a hereditary aristocracyChief ruler viewed as descended from the sun, owned everything on earthAfter death, mummified rulers became intermediaries with godsAristocrats enjoyed fine food, embroidered clothes, and wore ear spoolsPriests led celibate and ascetic lives, very influential figuresPeasants worked the land and gave over a portion of their produce to the stateBesides supporting ruling classes, revenue also used for famine reliefPeasants also provided heavy labor for public worksInca priests served the godsVenerated sun god called IntiCreator god, ViracochaRitual sacrifices practiced, but not of humansInca religion had a strong moral dimension: rewards and punishmentsThe societies of OceaniaThe nomadic foragers of AustraliaNomadic, foraging societies; did not take up agricultureExchanged surplus food and small items during their seasonal migrationsPeoples on north coast had limited trade with mariners of New GuineaAboriginal culture and religious traditionsIntense concern with immediate environmentsStories and myths related to geographical featuresThe development of Pacific Island societyTrade between island groups such as Tonga, Samoa, and FijiDistant islands more isolated, especially eastern PacificPolynesian mariners took long voyagesSettled Easter Island about 300 C.E.Reached west coast of South AmericaBrought back sweet potato, new staple crop in PolynesiaSettled Hawaiian Islands early centuries C.E.; also twelfth- and thirteenth-century voyagesPopulation growth on all larger Pacific islandsResult of diversified farming and fishingHawaii may have had five hundred thousand people in the late eighteenth centuryOn Easter Island, conflict and environmental degradation from overpopulationMore complex social and political structuresSandeluer dynasty at Pohnpei in Carolina Islands, 1200-1600Workers became more specialized; distinct classes emergedSocial classes: high chiefs, lesser chiefs, priests, commonersPowerful chiefs created centralized states in Tonga and HawaiiAli'i nui: high chiefs of HawaiiChiefs allocated lands, organized men into military forcesIn Polynesian religion, priests were intermediaries between gods and humansGods of war and agriculture were commonThe marae Mahaiatea on Tahiti was a huge step pyramid for religious rituals ................
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