Starptautisk zinātniskā konference - BIMarabia
about the journal
International Journal of BIM & Engineering science PUBLISHED BY THE BIMarabia s.r.o in Prague. It is intended for publishing scientific news in Building Information Modelling and all engineering science, sustainability, green building, IT, economic and all its relation with BIM.
Scope of the journal
Building Information Modelling, Engineering science, Sustainability, Green Building, IT, Economic
the editerial board
Editor-in-Chief
• Professor Noha Saleeb Middlesex University London, United Kingdom
Assistant editor
Dr.Eng. Sonia Ahmed A
Omar Selim
Editorial board
• Dr:Bilal succar
• Dr: nashwan dawood
• Dr:Mohamad Kassem
• Assistant Professor ynoraini
• Assoc Prof Dr Natalija Lepkova Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Lithuania
• Professor Aivars Aboltins, Latvia University
• Professor Angelo Luigi Camillo Ciribini
• Assistant Professor Somayeh Asadi, USA
• Prof. Bassam Hassan, Syria
• Prof. Mohamed Shaban, Syria
• Professor Lamine Mahdjoubi University of the West of England
• Prof. karim Al-dosh benha university
• Assistant professor Frédéric Wagner France-Paris
• Emad E. Elbeltagi, PhD, PEng Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University
• Dr.eng Hamza Moshrif PhD candidate at RMIT University
• Dr: Samer Elsayari Mars city foundation ambassador at Mars City Design™ Lebanon
• Eng. kamal_shawky
• Eng. Najwa Hassan
• Eng. Ahmad Lutfi
• Eng. Motasem Albanna
• Eng. Amar El-Tom Al Karim
• Eng. Maram H Zedan
• Eng. Amer Hijazi
• Eng. Michael gerges- lecturer in civil engineering- university of central lancashire, preston, UK
• Angelo Luigi Camillo Ciribini-Professor
• karim Al-dosh
• Dr. salah omar omran
content
Performance Improvement of Building Information Modelling In Syrian Companies
Sonia Ahmed, Petr Dlask, Omar Selim, Ashraf Elhendawi…………………………………………….4
BIM application on infrastructure projects
Ayman Kandeel, email: ……………………………………………………………………………….27
BIM makes buildings Greener – LEED BIM integration.
Sara Marashly, Prince Sultan University ………………………….……………………………….…33
Roles and Responsibilities of a BIM Working Teams
Mohamed Mohsen Kamel …………….………………………………………………………………46
A study to identify the obstacles and requirements of applying Building Information Modeling In the construction and reconstruction industry in Syria
Prof. Dr. Mohamed H. Shaban………………………………………………………………………54
Performance Improvement of Building information Modelling in Syrian Companies
Sonia Ahmed*1, 2, Petr Dlask1, Omar Selim2, Ashraf Elhendawi 2, 3
1CTU Czech Republic, 2BIMarabia London, 3 Edinburgh Napier University, UK
sonia@, dlask@fsv.cvut.cz, omar.selm@, ashrafnasr86a1@
Abstract:
The Architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry projects in Syria struggled with myriad problems. However, Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology worldwide proves its capability to solve these issues, Syrian AEC companies are rarely using BIM. Therefore, the aim of this study is to improve the BIM performance in the Syrian AEC companies which already in the BIM first level, and provides strategies to the companies which do not use BIM to adopted BIM in their projects. An extensive literature review conducted to investigate the latest strategies and frameworks to implement and improve BIM performance. In addition to, an online questionnaire is analyzed by SPSS and Excel. Furthermore, the General Company for Engineering Studies and Consultations (GCEC) is selected as a case study. This study assesses and improves the company’s BIM performance by using BIM maturity matrix (BIM3) through three stages: 1) identified BIM and its performance, 2) Performance measurement, 3) Performance improvement. This study provides a new and a novel companies BIM performance improvement framework which consisted of three fields: policy, process, and technology. The results of this study assist to identify, obtain, and improve BIM interactions between individuals and companies to enhance the collaboration between all project participants. The future researches might validate the proposed framework.
Keywords: AEC; BIM Maturity; Performance Improvement; Policy; Process; Syria; Technology
Introduction:
AEC industry plays a vital role in Syria’s socio-economic growth [22]. However, the AEC industry in Syria facing myriad issues such as the delay on the schedule, over budget, low quality, lack performance, poor productivity, and less efficiency [1,9]. Recent decades, Developed countries used BIM to mitigate, overcoming this problem, and benefit from the advantages of BIM implementation [7].
Currently, Performance management and measurement are unused as a performance improvement tool in Syrian AEC projects, However, Performance measurement is the first and the essential step to enhance the AEC projects performance [14]. In addition to that, BIM maturity level in Syrian AEC projects is still in level 0, which means that there isn’t significant BIM implementation in Syrian AEC projects. Furthermore, there is lack of researches relevant to BIM in the AEC industry in Syria and the awareness about BIM is very low.
Therefore, this study aims to BIM performance improvement in AEC industry companies in Syria. To achieve this aim, a methodology consisted of three stages are followed. The first stage is an extensive literature review followed by an online survey which investigates the AEC industry projects participates perspectives on the key factors influencing BIM implementation which represent strategies for AEC industry companies to adopt BIM. Whereas, the third stage is the observation of the GCEC’s behaviors, capabilities and its engineers and decision makers perspectives about BIM performance improvement as a case study.
This study provides a framework to improve the BIM performance within the Syrian companies scale. The proposed framework provides clear strategies and a better understanding of BIM and its fields (Technology, Process, and Policy) to facilitate the gradual transition of the Syrian AEC industry companies towards the BIM.
Literature review:
Overview:
There is no precise BIM definition every expert or researcher defined BIM as his perspectives’. Succar, B., 2010a, identified BIM as “a set of technologies, processes, and policies enabling multiple stakeholders to collaboratively design, construct and operate a facility in virtual space” [20]. However, Autodesk, 2018. argued that “BIM is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to more efficiently plan, design, construct and manage buildings and infrastructure” [4].
On the other hand, Succar, B. 2010a defined the BIM Performance as the ability to deliver BIM-enabled outcomes [20]:
• Unique outcomes: clash detection, code checking, and constructability of complex geometries.
• Improved outcomes: coordinated drawings, improved prefabrication, more accurate costs.
• Increase productivity: better design, better quality, and better service. And reduce waste: less rework, less physical waste, less conflict, waste of time.
• It is the ability to improve certainty: cost certainty, time certainty.
• Enable fast-tracking: construction sequencing, collaborative workflows.
• Reduce environmental impact: thermal analysis, carbon footprint.
AEC industry witness myriad evolution in its developing journey starting with the hand sketch and the computer aid design (CAD) into the digital age. The BIM levels terminology refers to the level of maturity within implementing BIM in the country or in AEC Company which has the range from 0 to 3 [15]. McPartland, R. (2018) Claimed that the four BIM maturity levels as follows [15]:
• Level 0 BIM: referred to no collaboration, 2D CAD drafting, and use paper or electronic prints. The majority of the AEC industry is in this level [16].
• Level 1 BIM: 3D CAD or Modelling 3D. Common Data Environment (CDE) such as electronic document management system (EDMS) should be implemented, to allow the exchange of the information between all the project players.
To achieve Level 1 BIM, you should achieve the following: 1) Roles and responsibilities should be agreed upon, 2) Naming conventions should be adopted, 3) Maintain the project-specific codes and project spatial coordination.
• Level 2 BIM: featured by collaborative environments, and demand an information interchange process and harmonious between various systems and project stockholders.
• Level 3 BIM: UK Government provides a Level 3 Strategic Plan which identified key features for this level as follows: 1) international ‘Open Data’ standards, 2) A new contractual framework, 3) a unified cultural environment seeks to learn and share, 4) Training the public sector clients, 5) Driving local and global growth and jobs in BIM.
Mark Bew and Mervyn Richards, in 2008, developed BIM Maturity Diagram as shown in figure 1. The diagram acknowledges the impact of both data and process management on BIM and defines various levels of maturity for BIM [19].
[pic]
Figure 1: BIM Maturity Levels by Bew –Richards (BIMIWG, 2011)
However, the current BIM knowledge level of Syrian construction companies and engineering is very low, it expected that the full adoption of BIM in Syria will be within the next five years [Ahmed, S., and et al. 2018].
Ahmed, S., et al. 2018 claimed that BIM is most appropriate to the design stage, and it can be used in the construction stage [2]. However, several researchers claimed that BIM is suitable for all the project stages [7, 17]. Ahmed, S., et al. 2018 claimed that BIM can solve 50-75 % of the current AEC industry projects problems [2]. Omar, H.S., 2015 added that BIM enhances the industry performance and efficiency [17].
Omar, H.S., 2015 claimed that the key barriers that impeded BIM implementation are: 1) lack of Management adhering to applying BIM, 2) the resistance to change, and hang on to the old methods of working [17]. However, Ahmed, S., et al. 2018 categorized the barriers and challenges that hinder the application of BIM into economic, technical, organizational, legal, human challenges, and the risks associated with using a new technology [2].
Ahmed, S., et al. 2018 claimed that the main factors influencing the BIM adaption in Syria are [2]: 1) including BIM in university curricula provide a new BIM expert generation of Syrian engineering, 2) Syria government support is the main engine for the BIM adoptions, 3) the designers play a vital role to adopt and convince others project parties about the benefits of BIM throughout the projects life cycle, 4) Prepare a time plan to training the BIM unqualified staff, 5) provide standard to deal with the principles and techniques of BIM. However, Omar, H.S., 2015 summarized these factors as [17]: 1) raising the awareness of BIM to motivate all the AEC players to mandate BIM, 2) the government can play a vital role to introduce appropriate execution plans to implement BIM stipulating a timeframe to mandate BIM as a compulsory requirement in the AEC industry, 3) including BIM in the AEC undergraduate and postgraduates’ syllabuses to present to the AEC industry a new BIM experts generation, 4) Surrounding environment& competitive pressure, 5) Flexibility to change.
Moreover, the absence of guidance for organizations looks forward to adopting BIM hinder the organizations to implement BIM. Successful implementation of BIM requires identifying the current status of the organizations in several aspects, such as the qualifications, capabilities, and willingness of staff to move to this new system [3]. In addition to the desire of the administration to adopt and its readiness to set a special budget to improve the reality of the organization to soft transfer to better levels that help in adopting BIM technology and benefit from it.
Succar 2010a claimed the BIM field as [20]: Technology, Process, and Policy. BIM Policy is the field of interaction generating the best practices for the purpose of saving benefits and minimizing conflict between BIM stakeholders. The BIM Process is the field of interaction generating and maintaining building information models. The BIM Technology is the field of interaction to generate and maintain building information models. See “Figure 2”.
[pic]
Figure 2: The interlocking fields of BIM activity( Succar, B., 2010)
Koucha, A.M. et al (2018), illustrates in Figure 3 how BIM is centered in the inner layer creating a common source and the outer layer as policy. However, the four internal fields are interconnected and can affect each other [12].
[pic]
Figure 3: The key factors and BIM fields (Koucha, A.M. et al 2018)
BIM Evaluation & assessment
Maya, R.A., (2016), recommended that the Syrian companies have to use project management techniques and IT, increase training activities and use advanced tools to enhance the construction projects performance [14].
I-CMM BIM assessment framework:
As the earliest and most used assessment framework in the US, the National Institute of Building Science proposed the BIM Interactive Capability Maturity Model (I-CMM) based on 11 criteria (data richness and information accuracy etc.) with 10 capability maturity levels for each. It intends for ‘users to evaluate their business practices along with a continuum or spectrum of desired technical level functionality’ as well as ‘for use in measuring the degree to which a building information model implements a mature BIM Standard’. Regarding its single aspect of assessment in information management, it is not for any benchmarking purpose or for ‘BIM implementations comparison’ [11].
BIM proficiency Matrix (BPM):
In order to evaluate the individual’s BIM skill proficiency, for both designers and contractors Kam et al., 2013) developed a BIM proficiency Matrix (BPM) with eight categories and each category has been divided into four maturity levels. A score is also presented with associated certifications. From the present author’s view, there is not enough information available for research purposes or validation processes to test its validity. Kam believes this assessment method lacks social aspect consideration [11].
BIM3 – Succar BIM assessment framework:
Succar, B., 2010a developed a BIM Maturity Matrix (BIm3) as ‘a knowledge tool which incorporates many BIM Framework components for the purpose of performance measurement and improvement’. Measurement provides the basis for a company to assess how well it is progressing towards its planned aims, help to identify areas of strengths and weaknesses and decides on future recommendations. The BIM³ has two axes - BIM Capability Sets and the BIM Maturity Index [20]. BIM Capability refers to the minimum abilities of an organization or team to deliver measurable outcomes. BIM Maturity refers to the gradual and continual improvement in quality, repeatability, and predictability within available BIM Capability BIm3 contains five components (Succar, B., 2010b) as BIM capability Stages representing transformational milestones along the implementation continuum.
1. BIM maturity levels representing the quality, predictability, and variability within BIM Stages.
2. BIM competencies representing incremental progressions towards and improvements within BIM Stages.
3. Organizational scales representing the diversity of markets, disciplines and company sizes
4. Granularity levels enabling highly-targeted yet flexible performance analyses ranging from informal self-assessment to high-detail, formal organizational audits.
BIM Characterisation Framework (Gao, (2011)):
Gao, (2011) proposed a characterization framework for BIM, with the intention to understand how BIM should be conducted and who should be involved. This framework has divided BIM-based project information into 3 categories, 14 factors and 74 measures [8].
Organisational BIM assessment framework (Kreider, (2011)):
A BIM maturity framework from client/facility owner’s perspective was developed by Kreider (2011) for organizational BIM (OBIM) usage. This assessment framework contains six main areas: strategy, uses, process, information, infrastructure and personnel’s BIM competency [13].
Strategies and frameworks for BIM implementation:
Several researchers developed many Strategies and frameworks for BIM implementation such as the following:
BIM framework for practical implementation (Jung, Y. and Joo, M., 2011):
Jung, Y. and Joo, M., (2011), developed a framework with six major variables classified into three dimensions in a hierarchical structure. The three dimensions include ‘BIM technology’, ‘BIM perspective’, and ‘construction business functions’ as illustrated in Figure 4 [10].
[pic]
Figure 4: BIM framework for practical implementation (Jung, Y. and Joo, M., 2011)
Koucha, A.M. et al 2018 suggested framework to implement BIM which consisted of three-step namely: understanding, planning, and piloting. As shown in figure (5) [12].
[pic]
Figure 5: BIM implementation framework (Koucha, A.M. et al 2018)
There are a few types of research related to BIM in the AEC industry in Syria. Therefore, there is a knowledge gap about a framework or a strategy to implement BIM. This research tries to fill this gap to provide a framework to BIM performance improvement in AEC industry Syrian companies.
Research Methodology:
The methodology includes three stages: reviewing the literature, conducting a questionnaire, and observation of a case study, see “Figure.6”. The first stage of investigation the literature. The second stage is collecting and analyzing the data from a questionnaire.
Figure 6: Research Methodology
The questionnaire consisted of 34 questions, 89 corrected received responses from respondents. It represents a segment of the Syrian engineers in several governorates which reflects Syrian position in the current circumstances. The result emphasized that 50% of the respondents aware of BIM and 23.8 % have worked on at least two projects related to Modelling. This means the tendency towards the philosophy of building information modeling for the new generation of Syrian engineering, indicating the potential evolutionary power of this philosophy over the next few years.
The respondents hold a varying degree from Bachelor to Diploma, Master and Ph.D. in Engineering in most of its specializations. The most of them are civil engineering (60%), followed by architectural (25.8%), mechanical, electrical and others. The majority of respondents were designers, project managers, consultants and other working groups in several different companies: studies, Execution, Syrian Universities, and Engineers Syndicates located in several governorates. In addition to some private engineering offices, buildings belonging to the Ministry of Health, Culture, Tourism, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Housing and others.
The majority (80 %) of the respondents exceeded 15 years of experience and 20% of them are still in the range of 2 to 5 years. the most of the respondents (30%) work in the field of residential construction and 26% work in the education sector, represented by the Syrian universities spread throughout the Syrian territory.
The conducting survey covers BIM adoption between Syrian engineers and both public and private building sector; the result represented that 57% of responders consider their selves as BIM users (Figure 7), but in fact, they know a little about BIM. In spite of this, 44% think that Syria can be adopted BIM during the next five years. With emphasizing to the government role in the compulsory mandate of BIM. Revit is the most famous BIM tool among Syrian engineers; about 61% of the respondents believe that BIM can be useful in the design stage while 21% indicated that they can implement BIM in both design and construction stage of the project. Unfortunately, due to the lack of the budget allocated for the training and rehabilitation of employees, or fear of the high cost of adopting this technology and the use of programs. 31% of staff rely on self-training, and only 24% of them receive formal training in addition to their effort.
[pic]
Figure 7: Percentage of BIM users
The third stage: consisted of a case study: General Company for Engineering Studies and Consultations (GCEC) has chosen as a case study to measure its reality and readiness to begin a gradual plan towards adopting BIM. The reason for choosing is: GCEC is the largest and most important company in Syria in the designing field. The GCEC is committed to quality, excellence and continuous development in its performance and a high level of creativity and innovation, and the application of commercial quality standards through a team of integrated technical engineers and administrators with a brilliant experience. The company's staff consists of 2190 employees working in locations spread throughout Syria. The director of GCEC- Branch of Coastal Zone is interested in keeping pace with the scientific developments, and the introduction of modern technology. The company team used the BIM tool Revit from 2006 which gave them an idea about the new technology, and the high benefits that a company can gain by adopting BIM. This study dealt with the Coastal Zone Branch as a first step towards pushing other institutions to go for competition.
There are three measurement scales according to BIM performance measurement overview established by [1]: Individual, Organizations, and Markets. This study used the Organizational Capability & Maturity scale by developing a strategy by using BIM Maturity Matrix "BIM3". By using it, the researcher provided some recommendations in three BIM fields: Technology, Process, and Policies. The BIM3 is intended for low-detail organizational self-assessment. For best results, must follow the below-recommended steps:
• Identify the best person to lead the assessment effort – someone with significant experience in BIM tools, workflows and protocols and sufficient insight into the organization’ systems.
• Manner this assessment as a group activity, a workshop with 3-9 individuals representing punishments and seniority levels.
• Set aside one hour to complete the self-assessment exercise and its follow-up discussions.
The matrix has translated into the Arabic language and presented to a group of experienced engineers in the company (GCEC); a meeting held between them and the researchers, to explain the matrix and its working structure. The engineers were asked to apply the precise method of processing and answering accurately for each cell after reading all the cells of each group, and to put a signal to clarify the cases achieved in the company after reading the entire line of each capability. The numbers placed under each cell are intended to determine exactly where the problem is and to discuss solutions, not to give an indicative number and computational ratio.
As a result of the above three stages, the study enhances the Performance improvement and providing recommendations according to the performance measurement mention above.
Results:
Questionnaire:
The respondents (49%) claimed that BIM has the ability to solve 50-75% of the current building problems. In addition to that, 37% of the respondents believe that BIM should be compulsory under the guidance of the government, which is considered to be the main engine for the adoption of the BIM. Furthermore, as illustrated in figure 8 the most source for BIM experience gained from the university stage. Whereas more than 22% believe that the designer is the main engine to adopt and convince others about the benefits of BIM as part of construction projects in Syria. This is also found in global research where there is a possibility to solve more building problems, avoid redesign and reduce change orders, which are the main factors that lead to the failure of projects to reach their goals within the cost and time set since the beginning of work [7,17].
Figure 8: the most commonly used sources of experience in the field of BIM
The majority of respondents 50% argued that setting a special standard to deal with the principles and techniques of BIM is important, While 29% find it is very important as shown in figure 9.
[pic]
Figure 9: important of existing standards for the use of building information Modelling (BIM)
The respondents mentioned the most important risks that may face the projects that will be implemented using the BIM as follows (figure 10):
– Risks of lack of clarity (unclear specifications, customer requirements, required quality of
achievements).
– Misappropriation of information and consequential errors in construction works.
– The 3D models and their 2D exports have not been updated due to lack of cooperation
between the parties to the project.
[pic]
Figure 10: Main risks facing projects implemented using BIM
The respondents mentioned the most important factors influencing the localization of BIM as illustrates in Figure (11) as follows:
• Raising the awareness of the importance of cooperation culture between different parties
• Government policy to make the use of BIM technology mandatory through the development of special laws
• Establish an educational base for BIM technology by making it part of the curricula of universities
• Providing government support for the implementation of BIM technology in private companies and institutions
• Allocate financial funding to support the costs of BIM technology
• Engaging with international specialists with expertise in BIM technology
• Development of contracts and legal materials governing the use of BIM technology.
[pic]
Figure 11: the most important factors help in the localization of BIM in Syrian construction projects.
Case study:
BIM Performance Measurement in the GCEC Company
The BIM maturity areas divided into three main maturity areas as mentioned above.
Technology
• Software: (applications, deliveries, and data): Company has achieved column b (specific) in addition to attaining one aspect of cell c; the final value is 11 out of 40. In this case, with cells with lower values, these cells have a priority in working to improve them. All cells must have this optimization. Therefore, to move the software in the company to the column (the subsequent cell) (orbit) entirely and also towards the integration and optimization as much as possible, for example:
– Setting strategic goals for the company and based on which programs are selected and
managed
– Enable interoperability of various applications by proposing formats such as IFC, which helps to use, store, share and maintain data as part of the overall strategy of the company.
• Devices: (equipment, delivery, location/roaming): The assessment has the result 0. Therefore the hardware is not suitable for the process of BIM, so:
– Buying appropriate equipment for Building Information Modelling, and purchase
workstation equipment that can be cheap or used but with good specifications (gradual
change).
– Convince the management that the replacement and promotion of equipment is an
investment.
– Standardization of hardware specifications within at least one team.
• Network: (Solutions, Delivery, and Security/Access Control): its assessment value was 0; which means that the network mode is not useful, you must look for the reasons.
– It must secure the network and its solutions to ensure that information is shared between teams within a single organization and between organizations working together.
– Solutions can replace with innovations that are regularly tested and evaluated, such as: Ensuring proper bandwidths that allow storage and exchange of data and knowledge
– The allocation of project portals that allow for the exchange of significant data and make it interchangeable between the stakeholders in the project, leading to the participation of different parties and this reflected in improving the process and development of communication channels.
Process
• Resources (infrastructure, physical and precognition): The assessment has the value of 5, the Company’s employees consider that the work environment and workplace tools directly affect employee motivation and productivity. So:
– Control this environment and secure the appropriate work tools and work on the management and integration, which achieves the company's performance strategies.
– Monitor the work environment regularly to suit the requirements of its employees and contribute to their ability to more work and productivity.
– There is also poverty in the way of exchange and sharing of knowledge. Also recommended using specific standards and shared data environment (like CDM) and commitment which will stimulate employees and increase productivity.
• Activities and Workflow (Knowledge, experiences and related dynamism): The value is 10 out of 40 as illustrated above. There is good knowledge of an essential section of the company's members about BIM and its benefits and the need to apply it. So that:
– A BIM team should be formed, the roles of all participants should be defined, and the technology should be introduced into a small pilot project and then they become essential in the company work.
– Create a spirit of cooperation and provide the necessary communication tools within the working group and within the organization in general.
– Gradually replace the traditional teams with newly trained teams. Or training the existing teams gradually so that the transition doesn't cause any defect or delay in the work of the company.
• Products and services: (specification, differentiation, research, and development): Based on the answers of the company engineers, it took value 10.
– The company recognizes that it uses a unique statement to define the specifications and characteristics of the components of the 3D model, but there is no individual standard (such as an integrated BIM model which serves as a reference model for mensuration) can be consulted indicating the specifications to be achieved if the model is submitted.
– To reach a product with high specifications; must specify the specifications for the progress of the model and control the product in the desired stages of development.
– Adopt a national or international code.
• Leadership and management: (organizational, strategic, managerial, communication, invention, and innovation): The rating is 0,
– The first important step is to persuade the management to move to the BIM and provide all the supporting factors.
– Cooperate with the supplier and develop a method to deal with him.
Policies
• Preparation: Research, educational/training, and delivery programs. It came in a specific box and took the assessment 10 out of 40
– Training should be adopted on an ongoing basis and not when necessary
– Set specific strategic objectives, so that the training fructifies.
– MEP needs special attention. If the architectural and structural specialist had followed the REVIT and MEP engineer followed the AutoCAD program, the company would not be working on the second level of the BIM.
– Developing a time plan.
– Involve all parties, even those who do not work with BIM, like Quality management, and Planning.
– Innovation strategy.
• Organization: Blogs, regulations, legislation, classifications, guidelines, and standards, The rating is 0
– This study recommends the adoption of reliable codes such as British code.
– Evaluation for each project, is the code used for this situation?
– Need the guidance for the best methods of learning and training.
– Regarding the course, is it better to be: some long hours taught at home or class in the company.
– The development of unique records containing reports: take advantages of the recording mistakes.
– Contractual: Responsibilities, Remunerations and Risk Allocations: Also took rating 0.
– Must be done before sitting with the client and agreeing with him on the work plan.
– Method of dealing with contracts such as CIC BIM may propose to use in work within the BIM projects.
– As a result of assessing the selected company, it seems that it is approaching the level 1 of the BIM, where the engineers use some of the BIM tools as Revit architectural, and structural. In addition to the belief of the company's employees in cooperative work, which is a basic principle of the BIM. It was agreed to form the company's 6-person BIM team initially, who undertook to train others to reach an integrated team. Growing day by day.
– The selected BIM team decided to select a medium-sized project with a long and deferred time schedule to operate as a pilot project and to record this experience, benefits, and constraints in order to gradually move the company towards the BIM.
– This move will be the first in the Syrian public sector companies, and maybe an incentive to compete with other companies.
BIM performance improvement
Performance measurement is not the aim of this paper, and usually, it must not be the main aim. The purpose is the improvement and management of the performance. This study provides some recommendations for every BIM areas and internal areas as shown in “Figure 12”. These results are in the line with the literature [10, 12].
[pic]
Figure 12: BIM Performance Improvement, Mindmap of Recommendations
Conclusions:
However, Clients usually worried about quality improvement with reduced time, and cost, contractors, and architects are interested in performance improvements to increase their profits and enhance their competitive advantages. BIM proves its capability to enhance the cooperation between all project parties. Unfortunately, BIM is not fully applied in Syrian projects in general and within the selected company as a case study.
The majority of the public administration staff in Syria don’t know quite about the BIM. This research aims to BIM performance improvement in AEC industry companies in Syria. The analysis of the company performance was based on an online survey explain the BIM adopting between Syrian engineers, also the BIM Maturity Matrix, evaluation criteria are determined by specific needs of the various participants of the building process. This leads to the successful project completion and subsequent management of the lifecycle of the building. This study provides a framework to enhance the BIM performance in the AEC industry in Syria and propose strategies for raising BIM awareness. This research provides recommendations: 1) Readiness and willingness to change are necessary to further develop the application of BIM in Syria and the world, 2) An initial team of BIM set up to be trained with the provision of subsequent staff to support the first team and start to evaluate the performance and the reality of the company and work to move gradually towards BIM as a qualitative and individual step and with remarkable cooperation for public companies in Syria.
Recommendations have been made for all aspects of the so-called BIM fields of technology, processes, and policies of the organization with an aim to improve its position and pushing it towards the second level of BIM. The future studies can validate the proposed framework.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Technical University in Prague, grant No. SGS17/121/OHK1/2T/11
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12] Koucha, A.M., Illikainena, K., and Perälä, S., 2018. Key Factors of an Initial BIM Implementation Framework for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. ISARC.
13] Kreider, R. G. 2011. Organisaitonal BIM Assessment. Penn State Computer Integrated Construction.
14] Maya, R.A., 2016. Performance management for Syrian construction projects. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 5(3), pp.65-78.
15] McPartland, R. (2018). BIM Levels explained. [online] NBS. Available at: [Accessed 6 Jul. 2018].
16] NBS (2017). National BIM Report 2017. [online] National Building Specification. Available at: [Accessed 6 Jul. 2018].
17] Omar, H.S., 2015. Solutions for the UAE architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry to mandate building information modeling (BIM) (Doctoral dissertation, The British University in Dubai (BUiD)).
18] Penttilä, H., 2006. Describing the changes in architectural information technology to understand design complexity and free-form architectural expression. Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 11(29), pp.395-408.
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20] Succar, B. (2010b). The five components of BIM performance measurement. Paper presented at the CIB World Congress.
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23] Ventures (2018). Construction Projects in Syria. [Online] Ventures ONSITE. Available at: [Accessed 13 Jul. 2018].
BIM application on infrastructure projects
Ayman Kandeel, email:
Abstract:
Keywords:
Introduction:
The application of BIM theory in the currently projects is an urgent necessity for each institution that aspires to reach lower costs, reduce implementation time and directing projects with wonderfully displayed before the start of implementation.
Stages of implementation of the road projects:
1. Planning stage.
2. Primary designing stage.
3. Detailed designing stage.
4. Presentation and direction stage.
For the planning stage:
We work with a set of proposals for designing, in which we study each proposal separately according to the designing determination and obstacles facing the project. In the end, the best proposal will be reached comparing with other proposal.
For the primary designing stage:
We convert the proposal which we agreed on to designing proposal where we insert designing criteria such as designing speed, distance vision, analyzing quantities and prices of the proposal.
For detailed design stage:
Conversion the proposal from INFRAWORKS program work environment to CIVIL 3D program work environment, which completing the design process, quantities, cross sections down to bring out (directed) sheets then export the entire project into NAVISWORK program to locate the conflicts between project elements as bridges, roads, water lines or exchange.
For direction stage:
The direction is by using detailed plates, quantities tables, roads coordinates for implementation, and the project can be directed professionally and present it as a video of INFRAWORKS program or send it to 3D MAX and make a video with movement characteristic to give a realism spirit to the model to make its displaying easy for the client.
You can follow-up on the Special Session link with theoretical application BIM in roads and infrastructure projects on the link:
What is the existing infrastructure for projects?
Existing infrastructure projects can consist of simple utilities which face designers during the expansion of an existing building or expand to a huge utilities networks which face designers when designing a complete infrastructure network for a city. Most of these designs may be based on beliefs and guesses due to the lack of complete information and documentation of those services which can serve designers in the BIM model. Therefore, the management of infrastructure projects based on the existence of current utilities networks is difficult to deal with, especially in the absence of information. The idea of solving the problem from the perspective of BIM is to document all the existing services and give them the actual characteristics (dimensions - materials - Levels - etc.), which allows designers to deal with the existing utilities infrastructure an intelligent elements and a part of the model.
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Can designers apply BIM to existing infrastructure projects?
Project owners seeking the lowest risk possible when implementing the project, which requires the necessity of predicting and correcting the status of the site so as not to be a surprise during construction. One of the BIM objectives is reducing the costs of design change and imitate changes in the pre-construction phase as shown in the below figure.
So BIM if correctly implemented in modeling the existing infrastructure can help predicting:
1. Where are risks?
2. Changes in design before construction phase.
3. Quantity survey and cost control according to the existing infrastructure.
4. Achieving beneficial integration results especially in the construction phase.
5. Achieve the correct path of the new infrastructure utilities design to serve them and does not conflict with the existing one.
How to represent existing infrastructure elements for projects?
This can be achieved through traditional methods by collecting data and as built drawings, and prepare drawings to be used in BIM, This method depends on the accuracy of the information and the implementation according to those plans, which may be required to modify the existing designs to achieve better standards of accuracy.
It may require to use one of the modern technology methods to obtain a comprehensive survey of the current situation, but disadvantages are high costs and special technology is required such as laser scanning.
The point is to compile a three-dimensional matrix of all the points that collide with the laser beam and forms a network of the points to form the current situation and it is very effective in complex details.
BIM application results in the existing infrastructure:
I. Design stage:
a. Ease to export all data and details of the model.
b. Extracting data from the approved model reduces the probability of errors.
c. All data are available for all disciplines at the same time.
d. Ease of review procedures to achieve efficiency throughout the design cycle.
II. Construction stage:
a. Ease to quaintly survey and prepare invoices.
b. Integration with design during construction.
c. Flexibility of work and provide alternative solutions during construction.
Infrastructure projects and Autodesk Infraworks 360™ program
To start using BIM on infrastructure projects, you need to start by creating a model of the current conditions which can help accelerate the entire project. In contrast with conventional drawing, which often lack sufficient detail to contribute to later stages of projects in the BIM process, the existing infrastructure model should be three-dimensional with all the descriptive information of the elements such as (depth, height, diameter, material) and all required data.
The process of creating a model for the existing structure in Autodesk 360 Autodesk ™ is a simple and quick. Once you have chosen the place to study and start the preliminary study of the design proposals, the program can give you a topographic surface of the area under study by using an accurate aerial images from Bing maps as well as all existing roads, railways, buildings and water surfaces through model builder feature in 360 versions, Program named due to its strength in modeling the reality, the schematic design and decision support for roads, bridges and drainage.
The program enables you to add all the other designs, water and drainage systems, residential buildings and facilities that are being designed and to create a real environment of the project by adding smart elements that give the spirit of realism of the model and this strong technology considers an important element towards moving to a better future in the smart cities.
Refgerences
BIM makes buildings Greener – LEED BIM integration.
Sara Marashly, Prince Sultan University
smarashly@94@
Abstract:
Today, there is a growing Interest in both BIM and LEED, independently of each other. Building information modelling and sustainability are two main issues that have really influenced the world through producing high performance projects. So how if we found mutual points between them?! Can BIM make buildings greener?! And can BIM affect sustainability? The main purpose of this paper is to answer those questions, propose the integration of Building Information Modelling “BIM” and green buildings under Leadership in Energy and Environmental Energy “LEED” rating system by studying the connection of each LEED category with BIM technology, and give a case study as an example of BIM interoperability.
Keywords: LEED, BIM, green buildings, sustainability, high performance, integration, interoperability.
1. Introduction:
A recent study states the impact of commercial construction in United States and estimates that existing buildings are responsible for 72% of electricity consumption, 39% of energy use, 38% of CO2 emissions, 40% of raw material use, 30% of waste, and 14% of potable water consumption [1]. Therefore, the need for sustainable designs and green buildings that minimize the negative environmental impacts, reduce energy use, and conserve water is becoming crucial everywhere in the world.
Many different countries have responded to this increase demand for green building by creating rating systems that can be used to rate the environmental performance of buildings. These systems include, but not limited to, LEED in United State, BREEAM in United Kingdom, Green Star in Australia, LEED Canada or Green Globes in Canada, and DGNB in Germany. Considering their hot dry climate, the Gulf region had also adopted environmental practices by creating their own systems; such as Pearl Rating System in United Arab Emirates and GSAS in Qatar.
Despite the existing of these rating systems, engineers and contractors find somehow difficulty in getting all the information needed for getting points under the rating systems. Traditional ways of calculating and designing in CAD may sometimes takes a lot of time to get what you need and lack of information. Since BIM allows for getting all the information of the building in one model, it can be a solution to make the rating process go smoothly and easily.
2. Review
1. Building information modelling “BIM”:
BIM is building design technology that provides all information needed for construction in digital data with the physical and functional characteristics of the building. BIM adoption rate in the US AEC industry has surged from 28% in 2007, 49% in 2009 to 71% in 2012 [2]. And in 2016, BIM had been mandated by the UK Government for all centrally public-sectors [3]. BIM doesn’t only document the data but also simulate and support the building throughout its lifecycle. All its information is interconnected which means any change in an object in the model can automatically affect everything that relate to that object whether in a direct or indirect way. This interconnection and interoperability of information is formed by Industry Foundation Classes “IFC”. IFC is a standard building information exchange file format, created by buildingSMART, which allows the inter-exchange information between software without any data loss [4]. By having this file format, data can be easily used, transformed, and shared with all the project team at the same moment. In fact, insufficient interoperability among information technology tools costs the US capital facilities industry $15.8 billion annually, because of redundant data entry, redundant IT systems and IT staff, inefficient business processes, and delays that result from these inefficiencies. This means that software non-interoperability costs on average 3.1% of total project budge [5].
Table 1: Some of BIM software commonly used. (Source: Eastman et al. 2008; Smith and Tardif, 2009)
Furthermore, BIM is used to monitor the building throughout its lifecycle in a way that maximizes the control over it which, as a result, helps to detect any error occurs in the building. The National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS, 2007) states that “BIM stands for new concepts and practices that are so greatly improved by innovative information technologies and business structures that they will dramatically reduce the multiple forms of waste and inefficiency in the building industry.” Kriegel and Nies [6] also indicated that BIM can help in the following aspects of green buildings:
• Building orientation: the orientation of the building can help in getting the best amount of lighting and ventilation naturally which can automatically reduce the building energy costs.
• Building massing: The use of BIM software can optimize the building envelope by comparing multiple massing configuration in terms of energy consumption. [7]
• Daylighting analysis: Daylight effect in the proposed building can help in reducing artificial lighting and excessive energy.
• Water harvesting: The use of BIM software to calculate water use can help in reducing water needs in a building.
• Energy modelling: BIM tools such as Ecotect and IES can help in contributing to low energy costs by reducing the building energy needs and analysing renewable energy options.
• Sustainable materials: BIM software can help in doing calculations to reduce material waste and use recycled materials instead.
• Site and logistics management: by understanding all the previous points, BIM can be so much effective in reducing waste and carbon footprints.
Besides, Hardin [8] established three main areas of sustainable design with a direct relationship to BIM. These areas are:
● Material selection and use
● Site selection and management
● Systems analysis.
Furthermore, BIM is not only about 3D modelling, but also includes dimensions of 4D, 5D, 6D, and 7D. 4D means 3D drawing with dimension of time. 5D means 3D drawing with dimension of cost. 6D means 3D drawing with dimension of sustainability approach, and lastly 7D means 3D drawing with dimension of maintenance life cycle.
2. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design “LEED”:
LEED is an international green building system that was developed by USGBC in 1998 to provide a detailed framework for implementing green building design [9]. It is a point system that score green building design and construction. Precisely, buildings are awarded points based on how much sustainable strategies are achieved effectively. The more points given, the higher the certification level will be “Certified 40 – 49 points, Silver 50 – 59 points, Gold 60 – 79 points, to Platinum 80 – 110 points”.
LEED main categories are:
● Integrative process
● Sustainable sites
● Location and transportation
● Water efficiency
● Energy and atmosphere
● Materials and resources
● Indoor environmental quality.
In order for a building to get certified, it must first satisfy the minimum program requirements “MPR”, all prerequisite of each credit, and achieving at least 40 points.
MPRs 3 requirements that are need to be achieved by any building looking for LEED certification which are the following:
● The building must be in a permanent location on existing land.
● The building must use reasonable LEED boundaries.
● The building must comply with project size requirements. For example; any project under LEED BD+C Rating Systems must include a minimum of 1,000 square feet (93 square meters) of gross floor area.
To make sure that MPRs are achieved, USGBC will require certain documentation from the project team to submit, so the team must work so hard to get information that fit the requirements. Everything in LEED documentation is clear through LEED online website but the problem sometimes is the difficulty that a project team face to get the information needed. For example; option 3 building and material reuse under credit building life cycle impact reduction states you can get 4 points if you were able to reuse 75% of completed project building material; Autodesk Revit can easily help to smoothen this process by creating schedules of material takeoffs for most of building materials which totally help in getting information needed under this credit.
Contractors usually use BIM to save money and time but many of them does not know how BIM can improve the building sustainability and help to simulate to achieve credits in LEED.
If we take each LEED category and try to understand it and know how to achieve it, we can find that BIM also is achieving it indirectly.
● Integrative process:
One of the most important concepts of LEED is the whole building design. This concept views the building as a model in which all its systems are showing how they operate interdependently. If this concept is applied, then the integrative process category can be achieved. The integrative process is a way of integrating all the people of the projects to work together while making design decisions. This same concept is applied in BIM. For example, each time an architect add a wall or move a door, the building model will be updated at the same time for other engineers which help the whole working team to work and see the modelling update instantly. This integrative process is used to improve the project quality, increase value to the owner, reduce rework, minimize the waste, and maximize the building efficiency.
● Sustainable sites and location transportation:
These two categories in LEED is concerned about the site selection. They are achieved by choosing the best site through a complete site analysis regarding the natural ventilation, daylighting, proximity to public transportation, etc.
Precisely, there are some calculation that is needed to get points under the credits of these categories. The calculation needs to calculate the site area, gross area, density radius, number of services within half a mile of the site, etc. This process usually is done manually by LEED engineers which will take time and labour to prepare this work. Regarding BIM, there are many programs such as Revit which can do the same job of site analysis; from project location under manage tab, as shown in fig.2. But still Revit can’t do all the calculation. Studies has shown that unlike BIM building performance analysis, BIM has very low capability of LEED application. Therefore, there is a study that focus mainly on creating plugins specifically for doing the calculation under sustainable sites and location transportation categories as shown in Fig. 2 [10]. This means there will be so much future improvement in BIM programs in a way that can do all what is needed for LEED certified buildings.
Figure 1: location weather and site dialog box in Revit
● Water efficiency:
LEED is so much concerned about reducing water use in buildings by using water conservation strategies and practices, such as using native plants, drip irrigation, irrigation controllers, rainwater recycling, high efficiency toilets, flush dual toilets, etc.…
BIM software Revit can be used to model the water use and give full information about the plumbing fixtures that are needed for calculation, as shown in Fig.3. [11]. Calculation is done following LEED method by estimating occupant usage and fixture flow rates.
Figure 3: Plumbing fixture Water closet family dialog box in Revit. (Source: Krishnamurti R., Biswas T., Wang T.,)
● Energy efficiency:
As concerned about water efficiency, LEED is also concerned about reducing the energy of the building which can reduce its electricity and as a result money is saved. This category can earn 33 points under LEED which is the most number of points among other categories. Usually, engineers do energy analysis for the proposed building during the end of its design phase. As a result, they couldn’t detect any energy saving alternative and remodelling the building could be too expensive.
BIM has so much to do with energy analysis. Many programs can help in doing the analysis. Revit with Green Building Studio can be used in creating daylight analysis, lighting analysis, energy model for the building to know how the energy of building will operate after it is used.
IES Virtual Environment is another tool that allows for designing comfortable high efficiency buildings that consume less energy. It helps to propose different design options and make immediate changes, for example, to the size of the window to reduce excessive sunlight and avoid excessive heating.
Ecotect is a building environmental analysis tool that study some features and do analysis like shading design and solar analysis, lighting analysis, acoustic analysis, thermal analysis, ventilation and air flow analysis, building regulations and resource management. Ecotect does not have a plug-in in BIM tools. The way it is connected with BIM tools is through IFC. [12]
Materials and resources:
Material recycling, waste reduction & using low emitting, environmentally friendly products are the main goals of this category in LEED.
In the McGraw-Hill Construction interview with BNBuilders, Dace Campbell says this:
“We think of ourselves as a sustainable business because of how we apply BIM. Our goal with BIM is to save time and money. In doing so, we cut back on waste. That could mean using less material or saving the fuel used to transport materials or reducing the impact of rework. By being efficient, our footprint is reduced.” [13]
Revit can help us to do material schedules and take off in which it gives accurate amount of materials and products used in project. So this accuracy can help contractors to bring exact amount of materials needed without having extra unused materials that would be considered as construction waste. This is directly help in the prerequisite Construction and Demolition Waste Management.
● Indoor environmental quality:
Indoor environment is so important since 90% of the human occupancy time is indoor. LEED aim under this category is to improve the indoor air quality, provide good acoustics, and consider the human comfort and health. BIM programs can help us to approach this category by forming some calculation needed to get points under LEED. Revit can be used in determining the heating and cooling load from reports and. It asks for the type of the building, its location, project phase, etc.
Construction Operation Building Information Exchange “COBIE” is one of the IFC formats that was developed to help apply a high level of control, understand all the building components, and improve thermal comfort [14]. Sensors are used to track humidity levels and temperature range. All data from sensors and energy meters will be imported into COBIE to ensure that they provide the required comfort level. If any data is out of the comfort range, COBIE will show it on the model and give alert to the user so that the user can fix the problem immediately.
Fig.4: COBIE task in managing IAQ (Source: Marzouk M., Abdelbasset I., AL-Gahtani K., 2015)
[pic]
Fig.5: COBIE sheet sample (Source: Marzouk M., Abdelbasset I., AL-Gahtani K., 2015)
3. Value Engineering:
Green building differ from any other traditional building by applying the concept of value engineering in its design and construction. Value engineering is the concept used by the team to improve the project performance and quality while optimizing the cost effectiveness [15].
Sustainability goals could increase total building cost by about 30%, which can make many owners to think twice before choosing to pursue sustainability objectives in construction (Morris, 2007). However, in spite of having high first cost, integrating sustainability principles in building construction can significantly reduce life cycle cost (Kibert, 2013) [16]. Taking care of the quality can help in reducing the total life cycle cost. For example, insulation may be reduced to save on building cost, not considering that increased insulation can save operational costs. [17]
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Fig.6: Life Cycle Cost Elements (Source: Dell’lsola, 2003)
Value engineering concept can be optimized using BIM. Creating a model in BIM can help you to design the building under many different situations. As a result, designs errors can be solved at an early stage which mainly help you avoid any extra construction costs and lessen the operation and maintenance costs throughout the life cycle of the projects. For example, using LED light fixtures and using efficient HVAC systems can be too expensive at the first thought but while considering the long term costs, they will be much better than using traditional lights and HVAC.
4. “Build Qatar Live” Competition as Case Study:
One ideal case study that represent how BIM can be used to help achieve LEED certified building is “build Qatar live” competition that took place in 27-29 Nov. 2012. “Build Qatar live” was a 48-hour competition in which participant teams used a variety of BIM software through IFC data format to design Museum of Architecture in Doha, considering the social and cultural aspects of the environment.
Considering the harsh weather conditions, the winner team understood that not all LEED credits can be integrated in BIM process so they tried to focus on main credits that can help them to get the most points for Gold certified building criteria. Specifically, they made a plan to maximize the thermal mass and solar shading. The team used stack ventilation towers, located on regular grids, which could reduce cooling requirements. Also the use of courtyards gardens was a plan to provide good natural daylight use with solar shading that reduce solar gains. [18] The team used different BIM software as shown in table 2.
Table 2: BIM tools and their relationship with LEED credits used by the winner team. (Source: Alwan Z., Greenwood D., Gledson B., 2015.)
Beside all these concepts and tools used, the team worked together in integrated design process which involves a holistic approach to high performance projects where all the team members work collaboratively to achieve sustainability and project goals. This process help to provide whole building design approach, support the systems efficiency, and reduce the clashes that could be found in later stages of design and construction.
5. Conclusion:
The complexity of green buildings rating process has increased the need for new technologies that can facilitate and make the data collection easier. BIM and sustainability are both subjects that are so imprtant to be interconnected and used in future; they goes together when it comes to form a high performance projects. This paper aim to indicate the main LEED categories goals, understand BIM, and review and help everyone to understand the relationship between LEED and BIM in a simple way.
References:
[1] Green Building Education Services. LEED Green Associate Exam Preparation Study Guide, pp.12
[2] Associated General Contractors of America. The Contractor’s Guide to BIM, 1st edition. LasVegas: AGC Research Foundation publisher, 2015. Available at:
[3] Alwan Z., Greenwood D., Gledson B., Rapid LEED evaluation performed with BIM based sustainability analysis on a virtual construction project, April 2015, pp. 136.
[4] Wen K., Siao W., IFC of BIM Automatic Retrieving and Linking for Building Envelope Energy Efficiency Measuring - Ministry of the Interior Green Building Electronic Evaluation System in Taiwan, 2017
[5] Maltese S., Tagliabue L., Cecconi F., Pasini D., Manfren M., Ciribini A., Sustainability assessment through green BIM for environmental, social and economic efficiency, 2017, pp.523
[6] Kriegel E., Nies B., Green BIM, Wiley Publishing, IN, Indianapolis, 2008.
[7] Jalaei, F., Integrate Building Information Modeling (Bim) And Sustainable Design at the Conceptual Stage of Building Projects, 2015, pp.27
[8] Hardin, B., BIM and construction management. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Publishing, 2009.
[9] Azhar, S, Carlton, W, Olsen, D, & Ahmad, I (2011). Building information modeling for sustainable design and LEED® rating analysis. Automation in Construction, 20(2), 217–224.
[10] Chen P., Nguyen T., Integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and LEED’s Location and Transportation Category.
[11] Krishnamurti R., Biswas T., Wang T., Modeling water use for sustainable urban design
[12] Jalaei, F., Integrate Building Information Modeling (Bim) And Sustainable Design at the Conceptual Stage of Building Projects, 2015, pp.45
[13] McGraw Hill (2009) Green BIM: How Building Information Modelling Is Contributing To Green Design And Construction, 2010.
[14] Marzouk M., Abdelbasset I., AL-Gahtani K., Tracking Indoor Air Quality of Buildings Using Bim, 2015
[15] Shin J., Choi J., BIM-based Value Engineering Application in Sustainable Construction, 2017
[16] Wao J., Refocusing Value Engineering for Sustainable Construction, 2016
[17] Green Building Education Services. LEED Green Associate Exam Preparation Study Guide, pp.24
[18] Alwan Z., Greenwood D., Gledson B., Rapid LEED evaluation performed with BIM based sustainability analysis on a virtual construction project, April 2015, pp. 143.
Roles and Responsibilities of a BIM Working Teams
Mohamed Mohsen Kamel[1]
Abstract
Building Information Modeling (BIM) adoption became a target for many architecture, engineering and construction firms, those firms are aiming to recruit the skilled persons that could handle BIM related tasks, in order to transform the traditional way of working to BIM process. One of the preliminary steps for organizational BIM transformation is to assign the BIM champions and to clearly define their roles and responsibility. Despite of the current high demand for BIM experts from AEC firms, the human resources and technical management of those firms are not aware with the BIM related daily tasks, pre-qualifications, or even the hierarchy and organization of BIM teams. This article provides a preliminary outline of areas of responsibilities for BIM specialists, BIM roles in projects, organizational charts of integrated BIM teams, and to clarify the professional requirements for performing BIM related functions in AEC firms.
Keywords: Building Information Modeling, BIM Implementation, Roles and Responsibilities, BIM Organizational Chart, BIM Skills, BIM Project, BIM Team, BIM Unit, Steering Committee, BIM Director, BIM Manager, BIM Coordinator, Model Coordinator, Model Manager, BIM Modeler.
Introduction
“When revolutions occur, traditional means of operation are no longer effective. Traditional cultures become unstable and new practices are explored to address the instability. Some social units will succeed and become successful, while others will not adapt and fade away.” Chuck Eastman.
Chuck Eastman had highlighted the importance of changing traditional methods of thinking in construction of new projects where implementing new technologies in classical ways hider the optimal utilization the capabilities of tools or knowledge that we have.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is considered as a revolution in the fields of Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry. Thus, traditional and well-rooted methodologies utilized in operating engineering projects are no longer suitable to compete this revolution. Therefore, it is essential to discover and set new roles and responsibilities for BIM working team.
Define Roles and Responsibilities
Defining the roles and responsibilities for BIM project team and identify each project activity and the list of tasks for each team member is considered as one of the preliminary steps for BIM implementation in a certain project that needs to be clarified from the beginning. Therefore, it’s essential to appoint people to new roles and responsibility for the BIM related tasks to achieve maximum optimization and the highest possible quality by building an integrated process for several teams with different functions. The essential elements that lead towards successful team performance:
o Unified targets that lead to the success of the project, the mission or a reason for working together.
o Effective collaboration and coordination across the whole team.
o Clear communication channels between different disciplines.
o Commitment to the benefits of group problem-solving and group decision-making.
o Capability of the decision makers to monitor and control the project objectives.
o Right persons are given the roles of senior responsibility.
o Sense of ownership, commitment, and interdependence of each team member.
o Levels of delegated authority for the project team are clearly set out and understood and enable effective and timely decision making.
o Accountability as a functioning separate units.
The roles and responsibilities in BIM are divided into three main levels, which are listed as:
a) BIM steering committee
b) Project steering committee
c) BIM support unit
BIM steering committee
A group of people located in high level of administration or ownership (owners, partners, managers, department heads … etc.) who have the right to make decisions over the firm. This committee clearly defines the strategic goals to upgrade the firm to a higher level of efficiency. Thus, the committee recruited BIM person also known as BIM specialists, BIM consultant BIM advisors, BIM champion …etc to clarify the recent innovation in the BIM field and how to be applied strategically without involvement in technical details. Decisions are made for implementation by cognizance the available resources, which identify the need to increase these resources to achieve the goals set. Therefore, some roles/titles that were not previously known is arise like the role of BIM Manager. For example, see Fig. 1.
[pic]
Fig. 1. BIM steering committee.
The top level for the BIM management roles is the BIM Managing Director is the person who study and plan the strategic implementation and management of BIM over the firm. He is a member of the BIM steering committee. Some of his roles and responsibilities including but not limited to:
o Formulates the overall context of BIM implementation over the firm.
o Communication with the top management to check that BIM implementation aligned with strategic goals.
o Established the needed plans to adopt BIM and follow up its implementation according to strategies.
o Dividing targets and establishing a suitable time plan to achieve these targets.
o Providing reports that clarify the maturity level of firm regarding BIM implementation by following the particular plan and timetable.
o Identifying required resources and materials form BIM implementation within the firm.
o Determine the appropriate assessment standard that should be followed for BIM implementation.
o Explain the latest update in practical policy related to BIM technology.
o Presenting the engineering community capabilities and the quality level of the products, which is provided to clients by using BIM.
Project steering committee
A group of individuals responsible for BIM implementation in the project. They follow the strategy that developed by the BIM steering committee. They assigned a person to be a BIM coordinator in the project who responsible for following up for BIM related tasks for all disciplines/departments. Some of BIM coordinator roles and responsibilities are:
o Defining goals of BIM implementation in the project.
o Identify BIM scopes and the implementation requirements in the project.
o Identifying the suitable assessment standard to be followed in the project.
o Developing the BIM Execution Plan (BIMEP).
o Identifying the communication methods and the required tools for BIM coordination meetings.
o Ensuring the project collaboration is done over common data environment methods.
o Ensuring that the project is executed effectively according to the plan.
o Monitoring quality of the project and checking audit continuously.
o Coordinate among all disciplines and detect conflicts among them.
o Showing the quality level of the project.
The next level is the model coordinator/model manager who is appointed to apply/monitor BIM in his discipline/department (architectural, structural, electrical, mechanical …etc). For example, see Fig. 2. Some of his roles and responsibilities as follow:
o Execution of assigned goals which are set in his sector.
o Revising the project quality according to specific standards identified in the BIMEP.
o Providing solutions and troubleshoot for technical problems in his department.
o Contribution in coordination and conflicts detections among departments.
[pic]
Fig. 2. Project steering committee.
The rest of the project members who build the model and follow the model coordinator instructions are called BIM modelers.
Sometimes, a BIM manager is assigned/hired at a specific project with agreement to implement BIM where the firm contract to use BIM for developing this specific project, however BIM implementation for other projects is not planned to be priority at this moment. Therefore, the BIM manager is considered to handle the same roles and responsibilities previously mentioned for a BIM coordinator.
BIM support unit
In most -medium or small scale- firms, some of the mentioned members are devoted to handle one or some of the BIM unit roles. While in other large scale firms, the roles and responsibilities of BIM unit are clearly separated and identified as three main roles, BIM research and development, BIM quality assurance, and BIM projects support. Specific persons are recruited in these branches without intrusion in BIM projects development or production. They do their jobs through scientific researches, studying practical application and laying standards to be used by BIM steering committee and Project Steering Committee as their reference, and doing the technical support to implement BIM in the projects. For example, see Fig. 3.
The BIM support unit could be as following:
o BIM researcher: the expert who works in universities, institutions, and organizations. He develops and coordinates researches about BIM.
o BIM analyst: the person taking charge of analysis and simulation of BIM models and report the results to project team.
o BIM application developer: the one responsible for development and customization programing to support integration between BIM tools and develop add-ins for automatic apply repetitive tasks for saving time and effort for BIM users.
o BIM support/BIM facilitator: the person who is in charge of training and helping new BIM users.
o BIM technician: the one who helps the working team to do frequent and repetitive tasks, without the necessity of interference of experts.
[pic]
Fig. 3. BIM support unit.
Conclusion
Focusing on the roles of BIM specialists, the positions that a BIM professional can take internally and externally to an organization have been identified with their respective responsibilities.
Fig. 4 explain the integrated organizational chart for a BIM project and the collaboration of teams with different functions. Each discipline consists of BIM modelers reporting to a model coordinator or model manager, and BIM support team member from BIM unit. The model coordinators for all discipline is reporting to a BIM coordinator who is responsible for monitoring and controlling the BIM implementation process for his project following the standards settled by the BIM manager and reporting to the project manager.
The BIM Manager or BIM Consultant is considered as a focal point for all BIM roles, he has an important role in the transition from traditional way of working to BIM, mainly being responsible for the implementation plan of BIM in organization, manages the BIM unit team members, and also manage and control the BIM implementation over projects.
[pic]
Fig. 4. Overall BIM project organizational chart.
Note: Teams organization, integration, roles and responsibilities mentioned in this article have been developed, customized and organized based on practical experience and workflows at large scale firms and megaprojects in middle east.
References
● Chuck Eastman (2011). “BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors” second edition.
● Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. (2013). “BIM Planning Guide for Facility Owners”. Version 2.0, June, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
● Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. (2011). “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1.” May, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
● NATSPEC National BIM Guide, V1.0, September 2011, Sydney, Australia.
● Office of Construction & Facilities Management. (2010). “The VA BIM Guide” Version1.0, April, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, USA.
● Maria Bernardete Barison, Eduardo Toledo Santos (2010), “An overview of BIM specialists”, Nottingham university Press, Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering.
● Joseph Joseph, (2011). “BIM Titles and Job Descriptions: How Do They Fit in Your Organizational Structure?”, December, Autodesk University Conference, Las Vegas, USA.
● Sharaf Abdulkader. (2013). “Common BIM Roles and their Responsibilities”, April, Qatar BIM User Day Conference, Doha, Qatar.
● Tahir Sharif (2015). “The Role of a BIM Steering Committee”, September, the BIM hub.
A study to identify the obstacles and requirements of applying Building Information Modeling In the construction and reconstruction industry in Syria
Prof. Dr. Mohamed H. Shaban[2]*, Al Baath University, shabanm85@
Abstract
The construction industry has witnessed a significant development in recent years. The size and complexity of the projects have increased to the extent that the traditional methods used in design and construction are no longer suitable and do not meet modern construction requirements and standards, including cost, time and quality requirements.
The main disadvantage of the traditional systems in the construction industry is the complete separation and the absence of integration between design and construction. This has resulted in unsatisfactory results, which have negatively impacted the construction industry as a whole, the most important of which is the lack of integration of the design team itself, the persistence of design errors and the lack of integration of design with construction. ..etc. While the main advantage of the Building Information Modeling-BIM is the complete and totally integration of the various phases of the project from the initial design to the operation and investment, as well as the integration of the design team through the use of a integration software system for both design and construction. The BIM is a transition from the traditional three-dimensional project system to a five-dimensional system that takes into account, in addition to the project's spatial dimensions, both cost and time. The use of a single database for all stages of the project allows us to see all possible changes in it electronically or virtually, which greatly reduces the cost and duration of the project.
But the question is, what are the obstacles to applying the BIM system in the Syrian construction industry? And to what degree can this system be applied in the modern Syrian construction industry directly? What are the prospects for its application in the reconstruction phase? But the most important question is: what are the requirements for its application in the Syrian construction industry? This study is dedicated to answering these questions, through a questionnaire designed to this end, SPSS and Excel were used to analyze the results.
The study found the most important structural changes that should be made in the structure of the legislations governing the Syrian construction industry before starting to apply to maximize the benefit and achieve the highest return. The study concluded that there is a great opportunity to implement the BIM system in the reconstruction phase, especially in the design stage as a first step.
Keywords: BIM; construction industry; design and execution integration; project management; reconstruction; Syria
Introduction to the BIM
The construction industry has experienced considerable development in recent years in terms of size and complexity, it has been necessary to develop construction management methodologies and systems to handle with this development, the traditional methods used in design and construction are no longer suitable. They do not meet the requirements of modern construction and its various standards, time and quality.
The traditional systems in the construction industry are characterized by a complete separation between design and construction phases and the lack of integration between them, this has resulted in bad outcomes that have negatively impacted the construction industry as a whole, the most important of which is the lack of integration and homogeneity of the design team itself, the negative effects of design errors, with construction / buildability, due to the time lag between them, etc., which in turn leads to the absence of integration of the stage of operation and investment with the design and execution stages due to lack of focus on the actual as-built drawings, while the basic feature of the system of Building Information Modeling -BIM is a complete and totally integration between the various phases of the project from initial design to it operation and investment, in addition to the integration of the design team itself through the use of a single software database system for both design and construction, and it, ie, building information modeling system, is a clear transition from the traditional system of the project, the three-dimensional 3D CAD system - ie, the design / drawing using the computer - for example the use of AutoCAD for architectural drawing and the use of various construction software for structural engineering, mechanical and electrical design (but separately) 5-D Five-dimensional Considerations, in addition to the previous 3D dimensions of the project, Cost (4D) and Time (5D).
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a "digital set of adopted software applications to facilitate coordination and project collaboration between all project / construction partners[3]." It is a multidimensional model (3D, 4D[time]and 5D [cost]) in which it is possible, by default, to link or attach an undetermined amount of information relating to the typical project elements / construct as a set of characteristics both visible and invisible [12]. Or "BIM is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a building or project, and is a shared knowledge resource for information about the formation of origin and a reliable decision-making base throughout its entire life cycle from the beginning / idea and later to the end of the planned life of the project.[4]" [12]
The BIM is used to describe an advanced technology for 3D CAD design for modeling and managing buildings and related information. The BIM models of traditional CAD models demonstrate that the software models in the BIM models are clear to the software as image / Or as a reflection of the actual building components, unlike the graphic models in the two-dimensional computer design files "(Sacks et al., 2005). The American Institute of Architects (AIA) defines the BIM as a "model-based technology model linked to the database of project information." In the Encyclopedia of Engineering, Wikipedia states that the BIM system includes engineering dimensions, spatial relations , the geographic information, the quantities and properties of the components of the building / project properties [4,7,9] The basic idea of the BIM system is the collaboration, see Figure 1, between project stakeholders throughout the project life cycle to insert, extract, update, or modify information in the BIM processes to support and highlight project roles (NBIMS Project Committee, 2006) [4].
[pic]
Figure 1 Relations /Collaboration between the parties to the project
The BIM system has been found to be the basis for solving problems and errors resulting from the fragmentation of a project / building system - splitting the process of designing and establishing the project into separate phases - or managing all the information we need in a specific project to be combined with a single repository accessible / Source of information) by all participants, and the ease of integrating all project documents (Cyon Research, 2003; Khemlani, 2003)[5]. Figure 1 shows how each project party or stakeholders can access directly the project's shared database, and modify the necessary documentation and incorporate it into the database to make it accessible to all. By looking at figure (1) we find that the BIM system is characterized by the following [4, 14, 20]:.
1. Less paperwork considering that information exchange is fully electronic
2. Provide the latest information for everyone.
3. Provide a complete record/ register of the project
4. Full review of all project information.
5. A single database of project information rather than "isolated islands/silos".
6. Great potential for reuse of information in the operation and maintenance phase.
Thus, the BIM system provides the opportunity to speed up processes that were usually executed sequentially, and allow us to perform some activities simultaneously or parallel – e.g. synchronization of design processes with execution and synchronizing execution with operation - reducing project time and increasing profits, but the question is, can this system be applied directly to the Syrian construction industry now? What are the obstacles to this application and its prospects in the reconstruction phase projects? At what stage can the application be implemented directly what the requirements are for full implementation and the changes that need to be made in order to move to this system? These questions are what this research will try to answer.
Importance of Study
The importance of study stems from the necessity of developing the design and construction execution methods in Syria to keep up with what is currently being applied in different countries of the world. Now, we are on the threshold of the reconstruction phase ”Rebuild Syria” to make a qualitative jump in this important sector, And the shortening of the time necessary to implement these programs with the highest standards required, especially as the construction industry in Syria already suffers from a clear weakness in the efficiency of its management under normal circumstances. Most projects are executed in budgets and longer than what is planned in the baseline with the quality of medium implementation (SCSR, (2013, the global experience of implementing the BIM system has proved to be a great success in improving the quality of design and execution together and increasing the effectiveness of communication and cooperation within the project team, the design, execution and operation in the large and complex projects.
Objectives of the Study
The BIM system is widely expanded worldwide in the modern construction industry, and some have begun to apply it on a limited scale in our Arab region. In Syria we hardly notice this, and there are few scientific studies on the requirements and obstacles of applying this technique in all its aspects. The local-Syrian construction industry, hence the aim of this study is to:
1. Identify the constraints and requirements of applying the Building Information Modeling system in the Syrian construction industry in order to know the changes that must be made in the industry in order to have the benefit greater due to this application.
2. Determine the best stage for the application of this technology as a first stage before the transition to the full application corresponding with what is applicable and applied in the global construction industry and keep pace with them, especially in the reconstruction phase to come, which will witness the construction a lot of different construction projects.
Reality of Syrian Construction Industry
The delay of the projects and the excess cost have become a common feature in this age due to the increasing complexity of the modern construction industry and its multiplicity. It is known that the contract documents tend to specify the date of completion and the estimated cost / budget, and / or cost, due to several factors, including design and construction, and other difficulties during execution. In recent years, several studies have been conducted to estimate the causes of delays associated with projects in the construction industry [1,10,15,16]. Table (1) summarizes the most frequent reasons for delays in construction projects in several countries, including Syria. Emphasis will be placed on the reasons for general construction management or poor project management efficiency, namely those related to design / planning and construction and the relationship between them. The two are essential: time and cost. The various studies and published research on project management and the reality of their execution indicate that the delay of the projects and the weakness of their management, and therefore the unjustified increase in their cost, is mainly due to weak design and lack of integration within the design team itself, and weak integration between design and execution team, The existence of an integrated system of design and implementation together as a result of the absence of the contractual legal framework, which weakens the effective coordination between them and thus the inability to achieve high efficiency in the project management within the constraints imposed on it.
Table 1 Summary of studies on the causes of delays in projects and poor management efficiency in Syria.
|Delays cause |The researchers |
|Many change orders |Shaban (1998), (2006) |
|Poor design | |
|poor supervision and documentation | |
|weakness communication and coordination between the parties to the project | |
|Slow decision making by supervision and other project parties | |
|Contract system based at lowest price | |
|Failure to apply modern project management methodologies | |
|The contract system is incomplete / There is no design contract and another for | |
|supervision | |
|There is no clear methodology for the supervisory function | |
|Change orders by the owner |Ahmad, Dlask, Shaban, Selim (2018) |
|Planning and scheduling problems |Mia, Hassan, Omran, Varnes (2008) |
|Cash flow delay by the owner | |
|Cost estimates and inaccurate time | |
|Weak site management | |
|Poor communication between project team members | |
|Weak contract management | |
|Poor technical performance | |
|Unclear scope of work | |
Source: Shaban (1998, 2006) & Ahmad et al
From table (1) and through the study of the reality of the Syrian construction industry, we find that they are characterized by the following:
1. Poor design and integration leading to significant changes in it by all parties during the execution phase.
2. The widespread use of the tender system on the basis of the lower price, in addition to the many change orders, has become a source of concern and failure for many construction projects. The conflicts are increasing and there are a lot of aggressive attitudes towards the parties of the project and increasing the cost in the project contracts. The traditional bidding system is design-bid-build paradigm and the bad application. The system may be better designed, but the best alternative is the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) In which all parties to the project share the risks of design and execution together, each according to their contribution to it, and share the increased productivity and good results of the project's success. The IPD system can work well if the project is designed using a precise and accurate BIM system [5,16].
3. The productivity of the construction industry has not improved during the past 40 years, compared with other productive sectors, which increased by 200% except for agriculture. [11]
4. The complexity of buildings and projects generally increases and takes longer to construct them, while the design duration is relatively short.
5. The parties to the project and its stakeholders are no longer limited to the core parties of the owner, designer / supervisor and contractor, but new parties such as the supplier, the insurer, the financier and subcontractors, who have been relevant to the project since this design phase of the main contractor, and there is also another group involved in the project as the end user, professional associations and other local and government departments - environment and others [1,10,17] who also affect the project.
6. The problem of delaying supplies to the project and coordination between the subcontractors for not being in the project management system except in later stages.
7. Waste in project resources including time resource due to the re-execution/rework of defective works or to correct design defects. But one thing is for sure: whether the construction market shrinks or flourishes, increasing productivity and coordination between different parties is required and a priority. The key to achieving this is the transition to the BIM system, which aims to have clear design information as a common knowledge resource for all practical participants’ construction as a whole, reducing the need to re-search and obtain information or to reformat and formulate this information to a specific party. Most of the above problems will eliminated or ended if the BIM system is fully applied, but this transition is very challenging and requires a major change in the work mentality and in the construction industry systems in all its aspects. This study will attempt to explore the challenges of implementing the BIM system in the Syrian construction industry and its applicability in different stages of the project and its prospects for the reconstruction phase.
Literature Review
The United States is the first country to implement the BIM system, the General Services Administration (GSA) has printed the BIM Manual Series, the National 3D-4D-BIM Program and its applications in more than 35 projects [4] , And the US Army Corps of Engineers has developed a plan for the full implementation of this system on all projects in 2012 at the latest. In July 2010, the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) developed the BIM Implementation Plan, which was the result of the so-called building SMART Alliance Project, in which it was suggested that the level of detail / development in the LOD should be described in addition to the standard data structure in order to effectively manage the project [3,5,21]. In Britain, in May 2011, the Prime Minister's Office printed the Government's Construction Strategy, in which he announced that he would coordinate government efforts among various stakeholders to enable them all to cooperate effectively through the BIM system. In Hong Kong since 2006, the BIM system has been implemented in more than 19 public housing projects in the design and implementation stages. The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HA) developed their own in-house BIM standards and user guide for both the architect and the rest of the design team engineers for the proper use of the BIM system during the design phase. Hong Kong established the BIM Institute of BIM and special conferences are held each year [3, 4]. There are many studies around the world that have been subjected to the application of the BIM system in the construction industry for example (Ryal-net, Kaduma, 2015), [7, 9,14,18,19].
There are few studies that have dealt with the obstacles to applying the BIM system in Syria. Some studies focused on the benefits of application, especially in the design stage. This is due to the absence of actual and complete application of the BIM system in the Syrian construction industry. The application of this system systematically, and in the absence of controls or manual as used in the countries that began to apply it, in the study (Haddad, 2014) found the usefulness of applying the BIM in the design phase in terms of cost and time to obtain design documents compared to With the traditional CAD system In this study, the researcher investigated the effect of change orders in the design documents and the levels or results of this change on the whole project using the BIM system. Developed a software method within the Rivet program to track the impact of change orders in the project. The study (Ahmed et la, 2018) dealt with the possibility of applying BIM within the Syrian construction projects and concluded a series of economic, technical, organizational and human challenges facing the application of BIM in construction projects Syria. There are some studies that dealt with other aspects of the application of BIM in the Syrian construction industry. However, these studies did not address the obstacles to applying BIM in the Syrian construction industry and the changes that must be made in advance. The opportunity is great now, especially as we are on the threshold of the beginning of the reconstruction phase to bring about a significant change in the Syrian construction industry through the application of modern technologies, including the BIM system, which is discussed in this research.
Data collection
A questionnaire was designed to collect information from the construction industry (in Syria) in the public and private sectors as well as academics in Damascus and Homs in 2017 between February and August. The survey was prepared by pilot study through preliminary interviews[6] with some professionals / project management professionals in various stages, and those concerned with reconstruction projects from planners, designers, contractors and supervisors ... to identify the main obstacles to the implementation of the application and the prospects for its implementation in the reconstruction phase. The questionnaire consists of three main parts:
1. Introduction to research and its purpose.
2. General information about respondents, such as position (job title, experience, type of entity - public sector or private) organization, experience in the BIM system.
3. A table containing the main obstacles / main factors of the challenges of application of BIM in the Syrian construction industry obtained from the previous studies and from the active interviews and those identified by the researcher based on his experience, and it enumerate (25) factors, which are distributed to three groups (Table 3) :
(A) Set of factors / obstacles related to planning, design and auditing (1 to 9);
(B) Set of factors related to the BIM system itself (10 to 17);
(C) Administrative, financial and legal factors (18 to 25);
Respondents were asked to determine the degree of importance for each worker / obstacle based on own experience in the field of design, implementation and project management in general and in the field of special use and applicability in local Syrian conditions, particularly in reconstruction projects etc., (Very High, High, Medium, Low, and Low). In addition, respondents were asked to add any factor not included in the table with its importance. A total of 90 questionnaires were distributed to various stakeholders in the construction projects in Syria by e-mail and direct hand delivery. Seventy-six forms were received or retrieved, and four forms were rejected for lack of validity, accordingly, the data were analyzed from 72 completed forms in this study.
Data Presentation and Analysis
Respondents’ Profile
The data were dumped, sorted and then analyzed using statistical methods using Excel& SPSS software. Table (2) provides information on the management or organization in which the respondent operates in terms of type, size and scope of work. The information in Table (2) shows that slightly more than half of the sample works in the government sector and is the primary concern of the construction industry, its overall development and the management of reconstruction program projects. The information also shows that 37.3% of the business organizations or departments in which the respondents work are engaged in the field of design and supervision, and 50.4% work in the field of implementation and project management in general, there is 5.6% for regional planning and real estate development and we have 6.7% for training and education because we will need to qualify technical and administrative workforce /staff for the application of BIM. This means that the sample is balanced in terms of structure to include all categories and entities that are directly related to the construction industry and the application of the BIM system.
Table 2General information about the respondent organization
|Type of organization |Ratio% |
|Public sector |52.6 |
|Private sector |47.4 |
|Organization size / number of employees |Ratio% |
|0-10 |41.7 |
|10-50 |27.8 |
|50-100 |13.9 |
|100- 200 |9.7 |
|more than 200 |6.9 |
|Type of organization |Ratio% |
|Buildings execution |20.8 |
|Infrastructure execution |15.7 |
|Supervision and designs |37.3 |
|Project management |13.9 |
|Regional planning and real estate development |5.6 |
|Education / Training |6.7 |
Table 3 General information about the respondent's work
|Responder’s specialization |Ratio % |
|Execution Engineer |23.6 |
|Design / supervision consultant |36.6 |
|Project Management (Heads of sections + Project |20.0 |
|Managers) | |
|Academic Education / Research / Training |12.5 |
|Professional departments (Engineers Syndicate ....)|7.3 |
|Years of experience (in construction) |Ratio % |
|0-5 |18.1 |
|6-10 |27.8 |
|11-20 |23.6 |
|more than 20 |30.6 |
| Experience in the application of BIM(years) |Ratio % |
| no experience |40.2 |
|1-2 |27.8 |
|3-5 |18.1 |
|5-7 |8.3 |
|more than 7 |5.6 |
Table (3) shows information about the respondent's work, in which 80.2% works directly in the construction industry, 19.8% is related to this industry in one form or another[7]. Universities and research centers play an important role in the implementation of BIM research, especially for the role of the various training institutions in qualifying the necessary human labor, especially in light of the migration of a lot of technical staff and skilled HR and well-qualified workers during the past years due to lack of security and lack of job opportunities[8].
Since the experience in the field of BIM is poor among the workers in the construction industry - as the sample shows, despite its weak or individual application in some projects by some consulting offices, it is not implemented as a large-scale system that needs to qualify labor and physical resources to move from the traditional system-CAD to the modern BIM system, when asked about the experience available in this field, we find that 40.2% of the respondents have little experience in this field, and the rest have different experiences and modest application of BIM, especially in the design stage. When asked (at the beginning of the questionnaire) the extent of their knowledge and their full understanding of the use and challenges of the BIM system (in Table 3, ie, before being interviewed by this questionnaire), the answer was divided as shown
In Figure 2. 55.4%, are unaware of the importance of the BIM system and do not have the knowledge and skill to apply it at the present time due to their direct participation in projects using this system. Hence, the importance of this research to inform the decision-makers in the Syrian construction industry and the reconstruction program of the current situation of the BIM system and its importance and challenges to its application and prospects for possible implementation in construction projects in the reconstruction phase.
Table (4) shows the factors of the obstacles and challenges of applying the BIM system in the Syrian construction industry with their importance, and the description of these factors is confirmed in the second column of the table in the three groups mentioned above.
The first line of columns (7,6,5,4,3) of this table shows the descriptive scale used in the questionnaire as explained above. This scale has been converted to a quantitative scale - to the degree of importance of each of the factors listed in the scale - according to the Likert scale where the number 1 means that the factor is negligent and falls to 5 and means that the factor is very important. The figures in columns (7,6,5,4,3) in Table (4) are the percentage of respondents' responses to the importance of each factor. In the eighth column, the Mean Rank value was determined to the degree of importance of the factor according to the Likert scale. In column 9, we listed the order of factors by degree of importance. The degree of importance has been classified into areas as follows:
The degree of importance (the intensity of the effect) is distributed over an area of 5-1 = 4, and we have the degree of importance divided into five levels. Thus, the importance of each field is (4/5 = 0.8) The significance of the field is from 1.00 to 1.80; low importance: the range from 1.80 to 2.60; average importance: the range from 2.60 to 3.40; high importance: domain From 3.40 to 4.20; very important / influential: the range from 4.20 to 5.00. From the ninth column of Table (4) we find that there are six very important factors / Critical factors, 12 are high important factors and 7 are moderately important factors. We did not find a weak or negligent factor and this is consistent with the effort to determine these factors from previous studies and direct interviews of the researcher with some concerned with construction projects ... etc.
Table 4 The main factors of the obstacles of using the BIM system in the Syrian construction industry by degree of importance(Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
[pic][pic]
Critical factors/ very important factors
Returning to the ninth column of Table (4), we find that the factors that are of great importance and which should be taken into consideration are mainly related to the application of the PEM system and the changes that are necessary to be made in the Syrian construction industry laws and regulations directly in the different phases of the project. Design, contract, implement and follow up the addition of factors related to training and the issue of intellectual property taking into account global developments in the field of construction contracts. The distribution of these "very important" factors is clearly shown in Figure 3, which shows the importance of these groups covering various aspects of the Syrian construction industry. Factor 5, "The need to modify the design code and its accessories in accordance with the BIM system" of Group A, concerning the systems of advance planning, design and auditing, emphasizes the need to modify the design code in accordance with the BIM techniques and application guide to promote the use of this technology. The consulting firms that apply this technology will not be able to compete with the offices that apply the traditional methods of design-CAD system due to the high cost of the BIM technology at this stage due to the weakness of local expertise in this field and the cost of using licensed software, knowing that this technology will provide financial savings from the total cost of the project, since it allows good coordination and coherence between the design, implementation and improvement of the viability of a private building and that the time available for business planning and design a few somewhat.
[pic]
Figure 3 the main factors for the obstacles to the application of BIM in the Syrian construction industry are very important, (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
Among the group of factors related to the B-system, Group B, we have four factors, namely: "the poor of the culture and importance of the application of BIM among the workers in the construction industry." This fact is that the spread of this culture is limited to university students and new graduates, the actual application or experience in the construction industry on a limited scale. This factor obtained the largest value of the frequency ratio / rate with an average value of 4.39. The "cost of training on the new system" came in third place and this reflects the urgent need to train cadres/crews on this new technology before starting to apply it on a large scale, especially in light of the migration of expert engineering cadres during the long Syrian’s crisis years, although there is limited training on this technology by the Engineers Syndicate and others. The fourth issue is "Intellectual property of creative designs and ideas": The issue of intellectual property or "engineering compatibility / context" is not yet in the engineering field in Syria. Engineering work, especially design, is creative. It is therefore necessary to develop intellectual property protection systems to include the design works of the projects as well, especially at the present time, as it is possible to easily steal and reproduce as the design today is electronic mostly, the In the fully implemented BIM system, the problem seems larger and clearer. In this case, some parts of the finished or semi-final design are electronically traded between the project parties, except for the access of the other stakeholders (from the owner, contractor, etc.) to the project database , In the past or the traditional drawing paper system, the engineer kept a transparent copy of the drawing documents "transparent drawing paper" and the owner or other cannot obtain additional copies without returning to the designer engineer, which preserves his professional or intellectual rights, but today and because of technical development, it is easy Reproduction and photocopying of engineering drawings though Other decent project. It should be noted that the issue of intellectual property for engineering designs is very much related to the professional insurance systems and the rules and regulations of practicing the profession as a whole. Therefore, this matter is very important and requires special legislation by the supervising bodies concerned with practicing the engineering profession such as the Engineers Syndicate to protect the rights of the Engineer in particular and the parties to the project in general, especially since everyone can access the single project database at all stages of the implementation of this system.
The next factor, "The difficulty of implementing the BIM system in the execution phase / lack of qualified contractors", which ranked fifth in terms of impact, reflects the inability to apply BIM now in the execution phase due to the lack of qualified contractors to deal with the BIM system on the one hand, The implementation of current Syrian contract does not allow the contractor to interfere and change the design or access to the project database during design or contracting. Therefore, this factor is related to workers 20 and 21 on the need to modify the contracting systems so that they are diverse and dynamic to meet the requirements of reconstruction projects. Group C: Administrative, Financial and Legal Factors: Working Group No. 20: "The need to amend the contracting systems in the project environment in line with the BIM / Syrian contracting law" is a major obstacle to the wide application of the BIM system. There seems to be an urgent need to modify the contracting laws to keep pace with the BIM system and its environment based on its global experience and application guide in accordance with the local conditions of the Syrian construction industry.
High-level factors
Within this classification, most of the obstacles to the application of the BIM system in the Syrian construction industry are (12) factors. We will discuss the most important factors, as they fall within the three groups. See Figure (4). Design and Audit We have four factors out of nine (55.55%) with numbers (1,3,6,8). This is normal because the BIM system focuses on the effort at this important stage of the project. The design phase in the CAD traditional system is very flawed as a result of the nature of this method, where the individual character of the design and lack of cooperation and coordination between the specialist (8) "The absence of a clear and uniform system for determining the owner's requirements in the project according to the BIM system (the extent of the owner's participation in the design phase)" is particularly important if the owner does not have special engineering expertise in large and complex projects, The design product is limited and defective - does not meet all the requirements of the owner or non-economic, and is free of defects and errors, which will lead to generate many change orders by all parties of the project, especially from the owner, during the execution phase and thus delay and increase in cost and the rise of disputes between the parties ... One of the most important factors here is the number (3) individual spirit/ behavior in the design process,. (6) The absence of a special contract for studies and design (traditional and according to the BIM system) reflects the weakness of the system of engineering contracts in Syria. There is no contract for designs and engineering consultations similar to developed countries. Therefore, there are no specifications or conditions for the design team. (1) The absence of a clear design team, also related to the former workers, Noting the absence of a specific design team in the traditional system while the BIM system is working on the basis of Collective spirit, cooperation and coordination between the team Clear and specific design from the outset (interactive collaboration). There is no doubt that this group of factors is important because it is related to the design and design that determines the cost of the project. The designer has the greatest impact on the design cost which is: (49-55) % of the project cost [15]
Figure 4Obstacles to apply BIM in the Syrian Construction Industry (high importance), (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
In the second group, the factors related to the PEM system have three factors out of (8) ie (37.5%), which indicates the importance of the factors of this group that accompany the application of the BIM system. Factor 13 introduces the difficulty of change: (4.08) in the introduction to these factors to reflect the reality of the difficulty of changing and moving from the relatively low-cost work system to the traditional / Requires training, experience and fear of the unknown This is apart from the high cost possibilities. Factor 14, "Compatibility between the various software platforms used" and factor 11, "The cost of software (licensed and required) and the necessary hard equipment" are interrelated because this is considered a significant obstacle due to the difference between the software used in this field and the lack of possibility The use of legally licensed software which is considered to be high cost compared to the income of the Syrian engineer or consulting office, especially at this stage.
Within the third group (c): the administrative, financial and legal factors we have five important factors out of eight (5/8 = 62.5%). The most important of these are factors (18,19,21,23,24) The involvement of the contractor in the early stages of the project - in accordance with the current contract system "," the contractor's access to and modification of project documentation during implementation (lack of cooperative spirit between contract parties) "and" the need for a new dynamic and diversified contractual environment " Contracting in the Syrian construction industry, which does not allow the contractor access to project documents and enumeration This is considered one of the main obstacles to the development of the Syrian construction industry. The amendment of the laws governing this sector is very difficult and takes place at very different intervals ... so that the development in the global construction industry, in particular the design and contracting methods Implementation, there is a great need for dynamic contracting systems that take into account the project conditions, size, complexity and importance. "Lack of transparency in work / administrative and financial corruption associated with project contracts" and "failure to apply clear methodologies for project management and follow-up" are also linked to each other and contracting systems and the adoption of clear methodologies for project management, the current contracting methods that do not differentiate between contracts Studies, designs, construction/execution contracts, supply or other, in addition to the absence of a clear mechanism for contracting and not to follow clear methodologies for project management are all factors contributing to the establishment of obstacles to the implementation of the BIM system which is consistent with the principles of transparency in work and economy in total cost. Modern project management methodologies, including the BIM system, are integrated design, implementation and investment systems that reduce waste and financial and administrative corruption
Factors of medium importance
Within this level of classification, there are a number of factors that must be addressed as well. In Group A, the majority of these factors are (2,4,7,9), which relate to the need to determine the qualifications of the design project manager and the current design audit mechanism. The design system is clearly more effective in the BIM system as a result of teamwork and full coordination between the different design team. Errors are also discovered immediately before implementation. The effect of possible changes on the design is also known (Saud reference) All possible changes for all specialties in the project. Another important factor is the absence of a uniform system of cost among designers, especially since the BIM system allows for a single cost system to be implemented effectively. Within Group B and Group C we have three factors that hinder and delay the application of BIM in the Syrian construction industry, even though to a lesser extent, it should be noted that these factors are not limited to the BIM system, it prevent the obtaining of high performance indicators for the construction industry within the traditional system, but in the BIM system their effect will be greater, Figure (5).
[pic]
Figure 5 factors Impeding the Application of BIM in the Syrian Construction Industry (Medium importance), (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
Discussion of results:
In addition to discussing the results of the above questionnaire, a series of independent questions were asked. Respondents asked: "At what stage of the project life cycle is it possible to apply the BIM system to the Syrian construction industry?" (61) of the respondents said that they can be applied at the design stage. This is confirmed by various previous studies in this area (Haddad et al.), As shown in Figure 6 below, While 21% felt that this was possible at the design and implementation stages.
Figure 6 Preferred BIM application now, (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
When asked: Do you think there is an appropriate opportunity to implement the BIM system in the reconstruction phase projects? The results are distributed as follows: 72% of the sample believes that the opportunity is suitable for the implementation of the BIM in the reconstruction phase, as the opportunity is ready to modify the environment of the laws governing the construction sector.
The volume of projects justifies the move to new design, contracting and implementation techniques to increase the quality of projects and reduce waste. Implementation of the work. The results of the mistakes made and the lack of understanding of the level of impact of changes in the project, 10% see that it cannot and 13% said it could be applied in part, see Figure 7.
Figure 7 Appropriate application of BIM in the reconstruction phase, (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
The answer to the question: Do you have knowledge and skill using the BIM system? The results were distributed as follows: 61% of the sample does not have the knowledge and skill, and this actually corresponds to the obstacles or results obtained above, especially in terms of non-spread of the culture of BIM between the project parties and those concerned and the lack of adequate training for engineers and the migration of qualified personnel,39 % Of the sample have the knowledge and skill of applying the BIM individually in the design phase only, see Figure 1 (as shown above).
Figure 8Prospects for the use of BIM now and in the future in the SCI, (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
In answer to the question: Are you using or planning to use the future? The results were as follows: only 3% of the sample uses the BIM in its work in the design phase, 45% think it will be used in the future, and 42% of the respondents are not currently planning to apply
And 10% use it partially (architectural only, in some cases architectural and structural), see figure 8. Respondents were asked "their expectations of the extent to which BIM contributed to reducing design document inconsistencies, ie, reducing design errors leading to change orders, which in turn lead to disputes among project parties and thus increase its cost and duration." The responses were distributed as follows: 25% And 53% felt that the BIM system could significantly reduce design defects and defects, 16% were not sure, and 6% had no knowledge or knowledge of the benefits of BIM implementation and its importance in reducing disputes between project parties. Figure 9.
Figure 9 BIM's contribution to reducing design document inconsistencies, (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
Requirements for the implementation of the BIM system in Syria:
As a result of this research, and through the results of the questionnaire, and by studying the reality of the construction industry in Syria and compared with the applications of the BIM system in developed countries, we find that the successful application of the BIM system in Syria requires a fundamental change in the systems of the construction industry at all stages In order to maximize interest, it is necessary to reconsider the entire system of the construction industry in all its aspects. Specifically, the change should be in the following areas/aspects [4, 12]:
A. Legal and legislative requirements:
1. Developing a contract for the design phase or engineering consultancy (design + supervision).
2. Modifying the Intellectual Property System for design ownership.
3. Improve the Syrian contract law so that the contractor can be involved in the design stage.
4. Enact laws that are binding or applicable at all stages of the project.
5. Develop systems that require the application of a specific project management methodology.
(B) A set of administrative and cultural factors
1. The need to spread the culture and benefits of BIM among those involved in projects or the construction industry.
2. The spirit of collective action should be encouraged within the design and the project team.
3. The need for large-scale training of cadres for this technique
4. Introduce this system in the curriculum of engineering colleges.
5. The need for a time frame plan for future application.
6. The necessity of putting the parties to the project to the reality of the benefits of the application.
Technical and financial factors
1. Solve the problem of the mismatch of the codes used for the concrete design in the system with the local code (Syrian)
2. Provide BIM software compatible with software developed locally in the field of design
3. The need to invest in the engineering software industry and its applications in accordance with the BIM systems.
4. Promote the widespread use of this technology to reduce the cost of acquiring its own software
Conclusion
BIM and IPD are a significant qualitative development in the management of the construction industry, the companies or departments that will adopt this system in its engineering work are only eligible to compete later in the market of the advanced construction industry by increasing productivity or profitability, reduce individual / personal risk, reduce waste, reduce rework effort (to correct errors) and improve overall effectiveness. Experts emphasize that the BIM system will be the main way to design, construct and manage buildings / projects, which is the way to reduce waste of resources, but this requires a cultural change in the construction industry as a whole to make sure that this will contribute to the growth and development of the industry. In the current circumstances of the construction industry in Syria, it is very difficult to implement the entire system, but it can be implemented in stages, such as the design stage, especially in the reconstruction phase, which requires great engineering effort and cooperation among all stakeholders, including civil society as an end user of the Project. It is necessary that the Association of Engineers, Contractors and ministries involved in the construction industry organize specialized workshops and training courses on this system and its implementation mechanism, in order to develop a framework plan for its implementation within a specified period of time. The reconstruction phase requires a huge engineering work of studies, consulting, supervision and implementation. How much greater benefit would it be if the system could be applied at least in the design phase?
References
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2. Arayici, Y., Egbu, C. and Coates P. (2012) : Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation and Remote Construction Projects : Issues, Challenges and Critiques. Journal of Information Technology in Construction. Vol. 17 pp. 80-90. ISSN 1874-4753
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Websites:
1. ,
2. Www.
3. news/ Guide to BIM, Copyright 2010 Barrington Architecture & Design Ltd.
4. , Building Information Modeling BIM_ Brochure pdf
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7.
TITLE OF THE JOURNAL: IJBIMES
Puplisher: BIMarabia s.r.o
Adresse: Kubelíkova 1224/42
Žižkov, 130 00 Praha, ČR
ISSN:
Year: 2018
Start : 2015
Once a year
Pages: 78
Website: ijbimes/
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[1]* Mohamed Mohsen Kamel is a Senior Architectural Engineer, BIM Manager, Certified䤠獮牴捵潴湡敃瑲晩敩牐景獥楳湯污映潲畁潴敤歳硥数楲湥散湩氠慥楤杮琠捥湨捩污琠慥獭映牯瀠潲敪瑣敤楳湧搠癥汥灯敭瑮映潲捳敨慭楴楴汬挠湯瑳畲瑣潩潤畣敭瑮瑡潩瑳条獥楷桴猠牴湯硥数楲湥散椠䥂⁍瑳慲整祧搠癥汥灯敭瑮愠摮洠汵楴楤捳灩楬慮祲䈠䵉椠灭敬敭瑮瑡潩䠠獩眠牯硥数楲湥散朠楡敮桴潲杵潷歲湩湩洠汵楴慮楴湯污攠杮湩敥楲杮映物 Instructor and Certified Professional from Autodesk, experienced in leading technical teams for projects design development from schematic till construction documentation stages, with strong experience in BIM strategy development and multidisciplinary BIM implementation. His work experience gained through working in multinational engineering firms and cover a wide variety of project types and scales in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Egypt.
He participates as Academic Lecturer and BIM Speaker for several seminars and lectures for spreading BIM awareness in Egypt and the Middle East.
E-mail address: m_mohsen_k@
Tel.: +2 0100 2942851
[2]* Professor in the Department of Engineering and Construction Management - Faculty of Civil Engineering – Al Baath University
[3] BIM Guidelines, New York City Department for Design +Construction- July, 2012, pdf.
[4] news/ Guide to BIM, Copyright 2010 Barrington Architecture & Design Ltd.
[5]
[6] Ten initial active/structural interviews were conducted with professionals / professionals involved in reconstruction projects and the above research questions were asked.
[7] There will be a noticeable role for the professional bodies such as the Syrian Engineers Syndicate to provide their vision and contribution to the development of the systems of studies, supervision, contracting and training, especially as the professional body responsible for preparing and modifying the design code.
[8] For example, the Syrian Engineers Association estimates that more than 15% of the engineering staff is outside Syria. See the Syrian Engineers' Association, October 2015. These figures apply to the rest of the occupations related to the construction industry from human labor and administrative and economic cadres. .
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Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Investigation the Literature Review
Data Collection
Questionnaire
Case study
Framework
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2the degree of knowledge of the respondents with the BIM system, (Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2017).
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