Los Angeles Mission College



Study GuideChapter 8Causes of Brain DamageBrain tumorstumor—a neoplasm or abnormal growthmeningiomas—a type of brain tumor; account for 20% of brain tumorsencapsulated (easy to remove) vs. infiltrating (difficult to remove) tumorsbenign (non-threatening) vs. malignant (cancerous, invasive) tumorsmetastatic tumor—spreads from one organ to anotherCerebrovascular disordersstrokes—sudden onset; cause permanent damage and side-effects such asamnesia, aphasia, paralysis, and comacerebral hemorrhage—blood vessel ruptures; caused by aneurysms, some of which are congenital (present at birth)cerebral ischemia—a blockage due to thrombosis or embolism resulting froma blood clot, fat, oil, air or tumor; can be caused by arteriosclerosiscell death after ischemia occurs due to glutamate Closed-head injuriescontusion—involves hemorrhaging; can result in a hematomacontrecoup injury—injury to the opposite side of the headpunch-drunk syndrome—dementia due to repeated concussion Infections of the brainencephalitis—brain infection and inflammationbacterial infections—can lead to cerebral abscesses; can also lead to meningitis or syphilis, which if untreated, can lead to general paresisviral infections—examples include rabies, mumps, and herpes virusNeurotoxins—kill neuronsToxic psychosis—insanity produced by toxinsKorsakoff’s syndrome—toxic damage caused by alcoholism and vitamin deficiencyGenetic factorsDown’s syndrome; mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome 21Programmed cell deathRett’s SyndromeNeuropsychological DiseasesEpilepsydisorder characterized by seizuresconvulsions—motor seizures involving tremors (clonus) and rigidity (tonus)diagnosis relies on electroencephalogram (EEG)epileptic aura—bad smell, vague feeling before seizurepartial seizures—affect part of the brainsimple partial seizures (sensory)complex partial seizures (temporal lobe)generalized seizures—affect whole braingrand mal (“big trouble”)—violent tonic-clonic convulsions; can cause hypoxia (shortage of oxygen)petit mal (“small trouble”)Parkinson’s disease (PD)—motor disorder of middle to old agesymptoms: tremor, rigidity, dyskinesia (abnormal movements)PD caused by degeneration of the dopamine cells in the substantia nigratreated with L-dopa (common), deprenyl (common)Huntington’s disease—severe motor disorder of middle age and old agesymptoms: fidgetiness, jerky movements, dementia (loss of intellect and memory)caused by dominant gene encoding for the protein huntingtinMultiple sclerosisan autoimmune disease that attacks myelin in the CNSsymptoms—visual disturbances, muscle weakness, numbness, tremor and ataxia (loss of coordination)Alzheimer’s diseasethe most common cause of dementiamarked increase in prevalence with agesymptoms: impaired memory (remote first), confusion, disorientation, irritability, and intellectual declineneurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques—amyloid protein is a component of plaques; abnormal tau is a component of tanglesplaques and tangles are concentrated in hippocampus and association cortex ................
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