Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016

Current Population Reports

Jessica L. Semega, Kayla R. Fontenot, and Melissa A. Kollar Issued September 2017

P60-259

Acknowledgments

Jessica L. Semega and Melissa A. Kollar prepared the income sections of this report under the direction of Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Chief of the Income Statistics Branch. Kayla R. Fontenot prepared the poverty section under the direction of Ashley N. Edwards, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch. Trudi J. Renwick, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics in the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.

Susan S. Gajewski and Nancy Hunter, Demographic Surveys Division, and Lisa P. Cheok, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population Survey 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file.

Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Shawna Evers, Ryan C. Fung, Lan N. Huynh, and Chandararith R. Phe programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division.

Nghiep Huynh and Sean Dalby, under the supervision of Ketrena Farnham and David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample review.

Tim J. Marshall, Assistant Survey Director of the Current Population Survey, provided overall direction for the survey implementation. Lisa P. Cheok and Aaron Cantu, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, and Charlie Carter, Agatha Jung, and Johanna Rupp of the Information Technology Directorate prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant contributions to the preparation of this report. Alemayehu Bishaw, Brian Glassman, Gloria G. Guzman, John Hisnanick, Bernadette D. Proctor, Sharon M. Stern, Lewis H. Warren, and Bruce H. Webster, Jr. reviewed the contents.

Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.

Corey T. Beasley, Christine Geter, Amanda J. Perry, and Anthony Richards of the Public Information Office provided publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. George E. Williams of the Census Bureau's Administrative and Customer Services Division provided printing management.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016

Issued September 2017

P60-259

U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur Ross, Secretary

Ellen Herbst, Acting Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration Karen Dunn Kelley,

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Ron Jarmin,

Performing the Nonexclusive Functions and Duties of the Director

Suggested Citation

Semega, Jessica L., Kayla R. Fontenot, and Melissa A. Kollar, U.S. Census Bureau,

Current Population Reports, P60-259,

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC, 2017.

Economics and Statistics Administration

Karen Dunn Kelley, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Ron Jarmin, Performing the Nonexclusive Functions and Duties of the Director

Enrique Lamas, Performing the Nonexclusive Functions and Duties of the Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer

Eloise Parker, Acting Associate Director for Demographic Programs

David G. Waddington, Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division

Contents

TEXT

Income and Poverty in the United States: 20161 Introduction1 Source of Estimates1 Statistical Accuracy2 State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty2 Survey of Income and Program Participation3 Supplemental Poverty Measure4

Income in the United States5 Highlights5 Household Income7 Type of Household7 Race and Hispanic Origin7 Age of Householder7 Nativity7 Region8 Residence8 Income Inequality 8 Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality9 Earnings and Work Experience10

Poverty in the United States12 Highlights12 Race and Hispanic Origin12 Age14 Sex15 Nativity15 Region15 Residence15 Work Experience16 Disability Status16 Educational Attainment16 Families16 Depth of Poverty17 Ratio of Income to Poverty17 Income Deficit18 Shared Households18 Alternative Poverty Measures20 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-Based Measures20

Comments20

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Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016 iii

TEXT TABLES Table 1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2015 and 20166 Table 2. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:

2015 and 20169 Table 3. People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2015 and 201613 Table 4. Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2015 and 201616 Table 5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected

Characteristics: 201617 Table 6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 201619

TEXT FIGURES Figure 1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 20165 Figure 2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time,

Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 201610 Figure 3. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 201611 Figure 4. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 201612 Figure 5. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 201614 Figure 6. Poverty Rates by Age and Sex: 201615 Figure 7. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 201618

iv Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016

U.S. Census Bureau

APPENDIXES

Appendix A. Estimates of Income 21 How Income Is Measured 21 Business Cycles 21 Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2016 22 Cost-of-Living Adjustment 22 Poverty Threshold Adjustment 22

Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty 43 How Poverty Is Calculated 43 Poverty Thresholds for 2016 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years 43 Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2016 by Size of Family 43

Appendix C. Replicate Weights 57 References 57

Appendix D. Additional Data and Contacts 59 Customized Tables 59 The CPS Table Creator 59 DataFerrett 59 Public Use Microdata 59 CPS ASEC 59 Taxes and Noncash Benefits 59 Research Files 59 Census Data API 59 Topcoding 59

APPENDIX TABLES

Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2016 23

Table A-2. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2016 31

Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2016 37

Table A-4. Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2016 41

Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2016 44

Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2016 50

Table B-3. Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family: 1959 to 2016 56

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Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016 v

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