DYNAMIC DATES



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DYNAMIC DATES

JULY 4, 1776 – Declaration of Independence Adopted

DECEMBER 7, 1941 – Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

“Day that will live in Infamy!”

OCTOBER 29, 1929 – The day the Stock Market crashed, sparking the

Beginning of the GREAT DEPRESSION

1819 – Year ALABAMA became a STATE

1920’s – Decade of prosperity, new products, new music, called the JAZZ

AGE

1776-1781 – Revolutionary War

1861-1865 – Civil War

1898 – Spanish-American War

1914-1918 –WWI

1939-1945 – WWII

SEPTEMBER 1, 1939 – Germany invaded Poland. WWII began.

JUNE 1914 – Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was

assassinated, spark which began WWI.

JUNE 6, 1944 – D-Day, Allied Invasion of Western Europe, On the beaches of Normandy, western beaches of France

PAST PEOPLE

PONCE DE LEON - conquistador searched Florida, looking for fountain of youth

THOMAS JEFFERSON – wrote Declaration of Independence, President

Who authorized the Louisiana Purchase from France

PATRICK HENRY – Virginia statesman in favor of the Declaration of

Independence, said “Give me liberty or give me death!”, Later,

during battle for ratification of the new Constitution, he was a key

ANTI-FEDERALIST, (against Constitution), “I smell a rat!”

GEORGE WASHINGTON – Commanded the Continental Army during the

American Revolution, 1st President of the United States

PAUL REVERE – Famous PATRIOT and Silversmith, alerted the minutemen

Of Lexington and Concord that “the British are coming!”, also famous

Artist, engraving of Boston Massacre used as propaganda

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS – Searching for an all-water trade route to

Asia, discovered the American Continents in 1492, started the Age of

Exploration, opened Native Americans up to destruction by disease

MARTIN LUTHER – German priest nailed his 95 Theses (attacks on the

Catholic Church) to the church door in Wittenberg, in 1520 started the

PROTESTANT REFORMMATION, spurred religious persecution and

Caused people to seek religious freedom in New World

JOHN LOCKE – English philosopher of the ENLIGHTENMENT, Jefferson used his ideas of NATURAL RIGHTS (life, liberty, happiness) in the

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, believed government’s power

Should come from the people, CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED

MONTESQUIEU – French philosopher of the ENLIGHTENMENT whose

Ideas influenced the writing of the CONSTITUITON, came up with

SEPARATON OF POWERS (3 branches of government),

LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, JUDICIAL

ROUSSEAU – French philosopher of the ENLIGHTENMENT, wrote that

Government was SOCIAL CONTRACT between the people and the

Government

ANTI-FEDERALISTS – Opposed the new Constitution. Against the the new Constitution because of the lack of guarantees of individual freedoms, no mention of God, and creation of too strong of a national government. Led by Patrick Henry and John Hancock.

FEDERALISTS – In favor of the new constitution. Recognized the need for a stronger national government. Led by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay.

FREDERICK DOUGLAS – former slave, became educated, free, black

ABOLITIONIST wrote and spoke out against slavery

HENRY CLAY – the “Great Compromiser”, famous senator (KY), Whig

Party, contributed to the MISSOURI COMPROMISE and COMPROMISE OF 1850, believed in a strong national government, encouraged roads, canals, tariffs, & national bank

ROBERT E. LEE – CONFEDERATE (southern) General during CIVIL WAR

Surrendered to General Grant and Union forces at Appomatux Court

House, VA

ULYSSES S. GRANT – Union general (northern) during Civil War,

Served as president after Civil War.

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER – a “Robber Baron”, owned Standard Oil Co.,

Ruthlessly eliminated through Horizontal Integration competitors to create monopoly.

ANDREW CARNEGIE – robber baron, created a monopoly in the steel

industry, from “rags to riches”, philanthropist who believed in the Gospel of Wealth, (wealthy should give away their millions for the benefit of society), donated money for libraries

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT – robber baron and captain of industry, made fortune in RR

Industry, donated $1million to build Vanderbilt University

THEODORE ROOSEVELT – Progressive president, established Food &

Drug Act, fought Trusts, led Rough Riders (volunteer cavalry) in Spanish American War, battles of San Juan & Kettle Hills, increased national parks, led the way for the U.S. to build the Panama Canal.

ROUGH RIDERS – volunteer cavalry unit fought in Cuba in Spanish-American War, led by Theodore Roosevelt

WOODROW WILSON – Progressive president during WWI, pushed for a LEAGUE OF

NATIONS in the Versailles Treaty ending WWI, his peace plan was called THE 14 POINTS

HERBERT HOOVER – president when stock market crashed, many blamed him for

The Great Depression

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT - president during the Great Depression and WWII, came up with New Deal (policies to bring nation out of Depression), elected to 4

Consecutive terms, broke the unwritten custom of “no third term”, caused the 22nd Amendment to be added to the Constitution

ADOLF HITLER – German dictator during WWII, leader of Nazi party, responsible for

Holocaust (systematic murder of 6 million Jews)

W. C. HANDY – famous composer and musician, an Alabamian, born in Florence, AL,

considered “father of the Blues”, very popular during the 1920’s & ‘30’s

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON - leader of Women’s Rights Movement, pushed for

Women’s suffrage (voting), organized the 1st women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848

SOJOURNER TRUTH – former slave from NY, famous abolitionist who spoke out

Against slavery, for women’s rights, and for temperance

SUSAN B. ANTHONY – pushed for women’s rights, pushed for constitutional

Amendment giving women suffrage (right to vote), founded the National Women’s

Suffrage Association

SUFFRAGETTES – women fighting for the right to vote, Stanton, Anthony, Truth, and

Lucretia Mott

GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER – African American scientist, performed agricultural

Research at Tuskegee Institute, encouraged poor southern farmers to plant peanuts, discovered 300 uses for peanuts

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON – former slave, worked hard for education, founded

Tuskegee Institute, gave famous speech known as Atlanta Compromise, urging

African Americans to concentrate on an education instead of equal rights

W.E.B. DU BOIS – African American activist, demanded full equality for African

Americans, with others founded the NAACP in 1909, pushed for voting rights for

African Americans

HORACE MANN – reformed public education, considered the “father of public

education”

MIDNIGHT JUDGES – Federalists judges appointed to the Supreme Court by President

John Adams as he was going out of office, supposedly he was signing their appointments until midnight on his last day in office, caused battle during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, led to the landmark Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison, led to precedent of judicial review, (supreme court’s power to decide whether a law is unconstitutional)

ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND – heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary,

assassinated while visiting in Bosnia, assassination sparked beginning of WWI

WILLIAM C. GORGAS – Alabama physician, discovered that mosquitoes carry yellow

Fever, his campaign to drain the swamps of Panama Canal Zone guaranteed the

success of the Panama Canal Project

MUCKRAKERS – journalists who exposed the corruption in business, industry, food,

Medicine in the early 1900’s

IDA TARBELL – muckraker who exposed Standard Oil’s ruthless, illegal, business

Practices, wrote about abuse of workers by industry

UPTON SINCLAIR – famous muckraker, wrote The Jungle, book about the unsanitary

practices in the meat-packing industry, horrified the nation and President Roosevelt, led to passage of Food and Drug Act

EDGAR ALLEN POE – American author of the early 1800’s , known for his short

stories and poems, wrote long poem The Raven, “nevermore, nevermore”

RALPH WALDO EMERSON – transcendentalist author of early 1800’s, wrote

The essay Nature and encouraged communion with beauty of

Nature

EMILY DICKINSON – female poet of the early 1800’s

F. SCOTT FITZGERALD – most famous 1920’s author, wrote The Great Gatsby, about

The fast-paced, empty, life style of the Jazz Age, married Zelda Sayre from Montgomery, Alabama

ZELDA FITZGERALD – wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald, considered best example of a flapper

JOHN BROWN – strong abolitionist, believed he was called by God to get rid of slavery,

Seized federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA, to arm local slaves in a rebellion,

Was captured and hanged, gave the northern abolition movement a martyr (hero),

Helped bring about the Civil War

FRANCISCO PIZZARRO – Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in

Peru

HERNANDO CORTEZ – Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in

Mexico

HENRY FORD – auto maker who revolutionized industry by inventing the assembly

line in his Michigan plant

WILLIAM McKinley –U.S. president during the Spanish American War

SITTING BULL – Lakota Sioux chief led warriors in Battle of Little Bighorn where 210

U.S. cavalry were killed fighting 2,500 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Killed at Wounded Knee Creek, S.D., 1890

LT. COL. GEORGE CUSTER – led poorly planned, outnumbered attack on Sioux and

Cheyenne warriors at the Battle of Little Bighorn, outraged Americans against

Native Americans

SACCO & VANZETTI – two Italian immigrants convicted of robbery and murder in the

1920’s Massachusetts. They were executed proclaiming their innocence. Case

was an example of extreme nativism of the 1920’s.

OKIES – Nickname given to Great Plains farmers fleeing the Dust Bowl searching for

Better times in California.

SACAGAWEA – Shoshone woman who served the Lewis & Clark Expedition as the

Crucial guide and interpreter. Many believe she was crucial to the expedition’s

success

MERIWETHER LEWIS & WILLIAM CLARK - Asked by Jefferson to explore the

Recently purchased Louisiana Purchase

DRED SCOTT – A Missouri slave who sued for his freedom on the basis that he was taken to a free territory, therefore he was free. Supreme Court ruled against him, saying that even when his master traveled to a free territory, he was still enslaved.

CHIEF JOSEPH & THE NEZ PERCE – Native American leader and tribe who led U.S. calvary on a 1000-mile chase through the Northwest to avoid removal to the . Almost made it to Canada. Chief Joseph surrendered and they were captured.

AXIS LEADERS – WWII allies of the following nations: Germany- Hitler, Itlay – Mussolini, & Japan – Hirihito

THE BIG THREE – the Allied leaders during WWII of the following nations: U.S. –

Roosevelt, Britian – Churchill, & Soviet Union – Stalin (means “man of steel”)

JUST “STUFF”

FDIC – Federal Depositor’s Insurance Corporation. Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt as a part of his New Deal to restore public confidence in the banking system. Protects your money in the bank up to $100,000.00.

BARBED WIRE – invented by Joseph Glidden, divided the Great Plains, caused range wars, and ended the era of the Cowboys and the Long Cattle Drives.

BOLLWEEVIL – insect which destroyed the cotton crop of Alabama farmers. Forced farmers to look for other crops to plant. Albama farmers began growing peanuts, soybeans, corn, wheat, they diversified, brought greater prosperity.

WAR BONDS – savings bonds sold to citizens by the government. Really a loan to the government by citizens. Government pays them back with interest. A Way for Government to fund wars. (Victory bonds & Liberty Bonds)

MAJOR MOVEMENTS AND IDEAS

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – products, ideas, diseases, animals, exchanged across the

Atlantic Ocean following Columbus’s discovery of America

MERCANTILISM - economic theory used by European nations in the 1500’s that a

nation can be wealthy by gaining a large amount of gold and silver and maintaining a favorable balance of trade

IMPRESSMENT – seizing ships of other nations and forcing crews into service in their

Navy, Britain used this against American ships, one cause of War of 1812

UNALIENABLE RIGHTS – rights we are born with, cannot be taken away, life, liberty,

Pursuit of Happiness, associated with John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, & the

Declaration of Independence

JUDICIAL REVIEW – power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of

Congress unconstitutional, first established in Marbury v. Madison

FEDERALISM – geographic division of power, when there is a strong central

government and power is also given to local governments, example – central government – Washington D.C. , state government- Montgomery, AL

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY – allowing the people to decide, people have a say in their

Government, used before the Civil War to allow citizens of territories to decide the

Issue of slavery

PROHIBITON – illegal to make, sell, transport, posses, or drink alcohol, 18th

Amendment started Prohibition, 21st ended it, encouraged organized crime in

1920’s

TEMPERANCE – reform movement of the 1800’s to rid society of alcohol, mostly

women, led to prohibition

SPOILS SYSTEM – started by President Andrew Jackson, policy of rewarding friends

And supporters with government jobs, led to corruption

MANIFEST DESTINY – belief that God had ordained the U.S. to own all the territory from The Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, encouraged settlement of the West

OPEN DOOR POLICY – demanded that all nations be able to trade openly with China,

Created by Sec. Of State John Hay, 1899

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY – Belief that America should emphasize trade and industry in

Relations with Latin America instead of Military might. Concentrate on sharing

Business profits to bring nations out of poverty and that would bring peace. Pres.

Taft’s idea.

POPULISM – effort of farmers in the late 1800’s to organize politically to have more

power, associated with the Grange, and the People’s Party, wanted increased money supply and regulate big business

RED SCARE – mass hysteria following WWI over the spread of communism

YELLOW JOURNALISM – journalism which exaggerates the truth into sensational

Articles, used by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

to sell more papers leading to the Spanish-American War,

ISOLATIONISM – U.S. policy of staying out of foreign affairs, practiced before WWI

And WWII

IMPERIALISM – the practice of a stronger nation exercising control over a weaker nation, Establishing colonies to guarantee supply of natural resources and markets

HABEAS CORPUS – Latin term meaning the right to a trial or hearing before being

Jailed, Lincoln suspended this right before the Civil War to keep a state from

Seceding

PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT – political movement of the late 1800’s, desired reform

(cleaning up) of corruption in government, big business, and factories, know

progressive presidents – McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY – Enlightenment philosopher Rousseau said

“government is an agreement between the people and the government, people voluntarily give up some of their natural rights to create a government for the safety and protection of everyone, called a contract (constitution)

FEDERALISM – division of political power over a geographical area. For example,

State government and Federal government.

GOSPEL OF WEALTH – belief that the wealthy owed a debt to society, should give

Back large amounts of wealth to charities and projects like libraries, to benefit

Society, Andrew Carnegie originated this idea, used his wealth to build hundreds

Carnegie Libraries

ISLAND HOPPING – U.S. military strategy in the Pacific during WWII. Involved attacking key, Japanese-held islands in the Pacific and skipping over others, getting closer to Japan.

PLACES OF THE PAST

JAMESTOWN – 1st permanent English settlement in North America

YORKTOWN – Revolutionary War Battle where the British surrendered to the

Continental Army. Last battle of the Revolutionary War.

VALLEY FORGE – George Washington’s Continental army spent a devastating winter

here during the Revolutionary War. Crucial time for the Patriots. Many colonial

soldiers considering giving up and going home.

LEXINGTON & CONCORD – 1st battles of the Revolutionary War. The Minutemen

fought the British outside of Boston. “The shot heard round the World.”

MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA – 1st capitol of the Confederate States of America.

Jefferson Davis was sworn in as President of the Confederate States of America.

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA – became the industrial center for the production of Pig Iron. Led to more manufacturing jobs in the state.

FT. SUMTER, SOUTH CAROLINA – 1st shots of the Civil War were fired. Started the

Civil War.

TRAIL OF TEARS – the route taken by Southeastern Native Americans (Cherokees,

Seminoles, Creeks) forced to leave their homeland to reservations out west.

More than 2000 died from starvation, disease, & exposure.

PANAMA CANAL – a waterway built across Central America to shorten the trip

between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. President Theodore Roosevelt

was a key to its success. He pushed its being built to demonstrate American

military might. An example of American Imperialism.

DUST BOWL – states (Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas)in the Great Plains

hit hardest by severe drought and dust storms during the Great Depression

(1930’s).

ELLIS ISLAND – East Coast Processing Center in New York City for thousands of

immigrants coming to America from Europe.

ANGEL ISLAND - West Coast Processing Center in San Francisco Bay,

California where thousands of Chinese Immigrants were held for long periods

Of time and subjected to harsh treatment and inspections before being

Allowed Into America.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE – large tract of land bought from France in 1803 by Pres.

Thomas Jefferson. Doubled the size of the United States and increased the

President’s power. Explored by Louis and Clark and the native American

Woman, Sacagawea.

AUSCHWITZ – the most notorious Nazi Death Camp. It’s gas chambers were built

Built to kill 12,000 Jews per day. 1,600,000 people were killed in Auschwitz.

1,300,000 were Jews.

HOLLYWOOD – 1920’s center of the film industry.

GREAT PLAINS – area of western U.S. where vast tracts of land hosted large herds of

Buffalo and Indian reservations. Pioneers experienced hard, dry soil, shortage of

Building materials, droughts, fires, and Native American conflicts.

APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE VIRGINIA – Lee surrendered to Grant here at the

End of the Civil War.

HIROSHIMA & NAGASAKI – Japanese cities where the U.S. dropped the 1st atomic

Bombs leading to Japanese surrender in WWII.

HARPER’S FERRY VIRGINIA – abolitionist John Brown seized the federal arsenal

Planning to lead an armed uprising freeing local slaves.

WINSTON COUNTY ALABAMA – after South Carolina seceded from the Union, this

county believed a county should be able to secede from the state of Alabama,

this county disagreed with the state’s stand on slavery and secession from the

Union

EVENTS & ERAS

CRUSADES – a series of military expeditions from Europe to the Middle East

during the Middle Ages to free the Holy Land from Muslim control. Important

because they created a desire for new products from the East.

Encouraged European exploration and trade, which led to discovery of the

New World.

REFORMATION – began by Martin Luther in Germany in 1517. He published attacks

On the Catholic Church for corruption and abuses. Broke apart the unity of

The Catholic Church, new denominations began, and spurred settlement in North

America to escape religious persecution.

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS – James Monroe’s presidency. Time of peace after War

Of 1812. Time of harmony in politics, one party, the Republicans were in

Control. Federalists had lost popularity.

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS – speech given by Abraham Lincoln at the site of the Battle

Of Gettysburg, begins “Four score And seven years ago”, emphasized Lincoln’s

Goal of bringing the nation back together and the importance of the Union.

RECONSTRUCTION – period following the Civil War, the South was under the

control and occupation of the Northern troops, southerners resented the North’s

desire to punish the South for starting the war and the many programs started to help the newly freed slaves, ended in 1877, with troops being pulled out of the South and Hayes becoming president.

STOCK MARKET CRASH – October 29, 1929, stock prices on Wall Street plunged

After a decade-long bull market (steadily rising stock prices) sparked the

Beginnning of the Great Dpression.

SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA – luxury ship sunk by German U-boats in 1915,

killing 128 Americans, major factor which drew America into WWI

GREAT DEPRESSION – period of severe economic depression lasting from 1929-

1941, high unemployment, bank failures, and businesses closed, began with stock

market crash and ended with America’s entrance in WWII, Franklin

Roosevelt was president, tried to being us out of the Depression with his

policies called The New Deal.

D-DAY – the day the Allies launched an invasion of mainland Europe, during

WWII, on the beaches of Normandy, given the code name Operation Overlord

ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR HAWAII – Dec. 7, 1941, surprise Japanese air

attack on U.S. naval base, intended to destroy U.S. Pacific fleet and give

Japanese control of Pacific, brought America into WWII, tremendous damage to U.S. fleet, but crucial aircraft carriers were spared, “a day that will live in infamy” (Roosevelt)

PROHIBITION – period during the early 1920’s brought into effect by the 18th

Amendment outlawing the Production, transporting, sale, and

consumption of alcohol, known for increased crime, violence, and corruption, encouraged organized crime, bootleggers, and speakeasies

“SHOT HEARD AROUND THE WORLD” – name given to the 1st shots fired at the

Battles of Lexington and Concord beginning the Revolutionary War

JAZZ AGE - Decade of the 1920’s, known for prosperity and jazz music

1920’S – Decade known for Nativism (extreme resentment toward immigrants), the

Red Scare, (fear of Communism), a rise in popularity of the Klu Klux Klan, also

Known as a time of prosperity financial opportunity

HOLOCAUST – Nazi program begun during the 1930’s and continuing through WWII,

intended to exterminate the Jewish Race, 6,000,000 Jews were killed through various methods including gas chambers and death camps

RENAISSANCE – European era of Rebirth of intellectual thought, art, learning, and

curiosity about the world. It began about (1350-1600). The result of the Renaissance was new interest in world exploration and sailing technology.

GREAT AWAKENING – a religious revival in the colonies that led to unity and questioning British authority. Colonial leaders were preachers, Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS – Period national harmony during James Monroe’s Presidency. Only one political party had any power, the Republicans. Americans felt greater loyalty to the United States than to their state or region.

STOCK MARKET CRASH – October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday. Stock prices on Wall Street plunged to the bottom, the event that sparked the Great Depression.

PEARL HARBOR ATTACK – Surprise Japanese air attack on U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Took place on December 7, 1941. Event that brought U.S. into WWII.

JAPANESE INTERNMENT – shameful event during WWII when the U.S. government ordered the rounding up and removal of Japanese- Americans (Nisei) from the west coast to internment (concentration) camps father east. There was a Supreme Court case about this action (Kormastu v. the U.S.). The U.S. government has since apologized for this action.

DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO – plan by the U.S. government to destroy Native American independence and culture by wiping out the great herds of buffalo on the Great Plains. Native Americans depended on the Buffalo for their survival.

WILD WARS & BAD BATTLES

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR – Britain v. France. They fought for control of colonies in North America. Both sides used Indian Allies. British won. Results - British government deeply in debt ( increased taxes on colonists.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION – Colonies v. Britain. 1776-1781. Colonists won.

LEXINGTON & CONCORD – 1ST battle of the Revolutionary War. Between British Red Coats & the Minute Men.

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL – Early Revolutionary battle on Breed’s Hill in Boston. Encouraged colonists. Colonial militia turned the British back three times. British suffered heavy casualties. “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!”

BATTLE OF SATATOGA – Turning Point in the American Revolution. Proved the colonists could win. Encouraged France to send troops to aid colonists.

BATTLE OF YORKTOWN – Last battle of the American Revolution. British surrendered to the Continental Army & the French.

WAR OF 1812 – U.S. v. Great Britain. Britain did not respect U.S. independence. Britain was practicing impressment of American sailors and arming Native Americans.

BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND – Fought during War of 1812 in Alabama. Andrew

Jackson defeated the Creek Indians here.

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS – British were soundly defeated during War of 1812. Actually fought after British had surrendered.

MEXICAN WAR – 1846-1848. U.S. v. Mexico. U.S. won. U.S. gained huge tract of land, the American Southwest. Belief in Manifest Destiny war with Mexico.

CIVIL WAR – North v. South. 1861-1865. Began at Ft. Sumter, ended at Appomattox Court House, VA.

FT. SUMTER- U.S. Fort in South Carolina where the 1st shots of the Civil War were fired by Confederate Forces.

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG – Turning Point in Civil War. Lee’s southern army defeated after invading the North at Gettysburg, PA. South never recovered heavy losses.

BATTLE OF VICKSBURG – Decisive Civil War battle fought for control of Mississippi River. Northern Victory led by Ulysses S. Grant. Dividing the South into two parts.

SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA – 60 mile-wide path of destruction across Georgia at the end of the Civil War. Nothern troops burned homes & crops, killed livestock. Led by General Sherman to force the South to surrender.

BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN – Key Native American battle in 1876. U.S. 7th Cavalry led by Lt. George Custer against the Lakota Sioux & the Cheyenne. Custer underestimated the number and power of the Indians and his unit was massacred. Caused a desire for revenge against the Native Americans.

BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE – Last Indian battle of the Great Plains on Wounded Knee Creek Indian Reservation. 300 unarmed women and children were killed by U.S. soldiers. Sitting Bull was killed.

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR – U.S. v. Spain. 1898. Fought in Cuba, Puerto Rico, & the Philippines. Caused by American Imperialism, desires for an Empire.

BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL – Key battle in the Spanish/American War. Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders led the charge.

WWI – fought between 1914-1918. Caused by nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and a foolish system of alliances. Spark that caused the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife Sophi of Austria. Fought between the Allies and the Central Powers. U.S. brought in by unrestricted submarine warfare.

TRENCH WARFARE – Strategy of the Western Front (France) during WII. Opposing armies dug defensive ditches 100’s of miles long. Facing armies were sometimes only a few hundred yards away from one another. Caused a stalemate on the Western Front. Depressing type of warfare.

CENTRAL POWERS – Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire during WWI.

ALLIES – Alliance of U.S., Britain, France & Italy during WWI.

WWII – (1939-1941) Fought between the Allies & The Axis Powers. Caused by Nazi Aggression, (Hitler’s demands for more territory). Began when Hitler invaded Poland. U.S. brought in when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

ALLIES – Alliance between Britain, France, and U.S. During WWII.

CENTRAL POWERS – Alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD – Turning Point in WWII on the Easten Front (in the

Soviet Union). Soviet forces defended the city of Stalingrad & pushed back & defeated Hitler’s best German army.

BATTLE OF MIDWAY – Turning Point in the Pacific War during WWII between

U.S. & Japan. U.S. began pushing the Japanese back.

D-DAY – Allied Invasion of Western Europe in WWII on June 6, 1944. Allied land – sea invasion of the French coast of Normandy under the code name, Operation Overlord.

AMAZING ACTS & DARING DOCUMENTS

INTOLERABLE ACTS – Laws passed by British Parliament to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party, (included martial law, quartering soldiers, closing Boston Harbor)

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE – Written in 1776 mainly by Thomas Jefferson. Purpose was to declare the reasons why the colonists demanded independence. Signed and agreed upon by the 2nd Continental Congress. Started the Revolutionary War.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION – 1st Constitution of the new United States. Created a weak government. Had no power to tax, no executive branch, no unity. Led to rebellions and desire for change and eventually the Constitutional Convention.

BILL OF RIGHTS – 1ST TEN AMENDEMTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Include the basic individual rights of Free Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, Right to Bear Arms, Trial by Jury, No Cruel & Unusual Punishment, ect. Included in the Constitution to gain Anti-Federalist approval of the new Constitution.

THE FEDERALIST – Collection of essays written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton, circulated in New York, to encourage ratification of the new Constitution.

COMPROMISE OF 1850 – attempt by Congress to solve the slavery issue by allowing California to enter as a free state, allowed popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah, and created a strict fugitive slave law.

TARIFF – Tax on Imports. Northern Industrialists in favor of them, Southern and Midwestern farmers against them.

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION – issued by Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in the states rebelling against the North.

HOMESTEAD ACT – a method for settlement of the West. Gave settlers 160 acres of free land for $10 registration fee and they had to live on it for 5 years.

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT – an 1830 Law that forced the removal of all Native Americans to reservations West of the Mississippi River. Resulted in the Trail of Tears, along this path, 1000’s of Native Americans died of starvation, exposure, and disease.

PROGRESSIVE AMENDMENTS – the 16th, 17th, 18th, & 19th Amendments to the Constitution. Added during the Progressive Movement of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. 16 – income tax

17 – direct election of senators

18 – prohibition (outlawing of alcohol)

19 – women get to vote

MONROE DOCTRINE – U.S. policy under President Monroe stating that Europe was not to form any colonies in the American continents. If they did, the U.S. would use military force to stop them.

BLACK CODES – southern laws that prevented African Americans from voting, like Poll taxes & Literacy tests.

NEW DEAL – Franklin Roosevelt’s programs to get the U.S. out of the Great Depression. Led to huge government spending. Social Security, TVA, CCC, WPA, were a part of this.

TVA – New Deal Program, the Tennessee Valley Authority. Built dams on the Tennessee River. Provided jobs and rural electricity and recreation. Vital to the development of rural Alabama and the Southeast.

WPA – Works Progress Administration. Part of the New Deal to created 3.2 million jobs during the Great Depression building public works and buildings.

PREAMBLE – Introduction to the Constitution. Outlines the purposes of the U.S. Government. Begins with “We the People”, based on the Social Contract Theory.

CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS - #’s 13, 14, 15, Abolished Slavery, Gave the former slaves citizenship, and gave former slaves the right to vote.

SOCIAL SECURITY ACT – Key part of FDR’s New Deal. Provided an income (pension) for those of old age, (the elderly) or unable to work.

SUPREMACY CLAUSE – section of the Constitution, declaring that the Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land, higher than any state law.

JIM CROW LAWS – Laws in the South enforcing Segregation, separate facilities for whites and blacks.

DAWES ACT – 1887 law which attempted to assimilate Native Americans (turn them into “white” farmers). Removed native American children from reservations to eastern boarding schools to teach them the white culture. This act failed miserably.

CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT - a progressive act passed during Woodrow Wilson’s administration. Gave unions the right to exist, also prohibited Big Businesses from using unfair trade practices. Considered the “Magna Carta” of business and trade legislation.

MAGNA CARTA – a landmark document signed in 1215 by King John of England. Protected private property, guaranteed trial by jury, and protected against unjust taxes. First document protecting such rights. At first it only guaranteed these rights for the English nobility. Limited the power of the Monarch!

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT – 1850 law enacting harsh penalties against run-away slaves and those who helped them. It was passed to pacify southerners but it actually worked against the southern cause by stirring up more hostility against slavery and the South.

SUPREME COURT CASES

PLESSY v. FERGUSON – legalized segregation, declared that “separate but equal” was legal as long as separate facilities were equal. Remained the law until was

overturned by Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954)

GIBBONS v. OGDEN – 1824 Supreme Court case established Congress’s power to regulate interstate trade

MARBURY v. MADISON – 1804 decision which established the governmental principle of Judicial Review (the supreme court’s power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional).

DRED SCOTT DECISION – strengthened the position of Slaveowners and slavery. Court ruled that slaves were not free even when they traveled to free states or territories.

TREATIES

TREATY OF PARIS 1783 – ended the Revolutionary War. Set the boundaries of the new United States from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River.

VERSAILLES TREATY – ended WWI. Placed full blame for WWI upon Germany. Included Wilson’s desire for a League of Nations. Changed the map of Europe, abolishing some nations, creating new ones. U.S. Senate rejected this treaty, they feared it would entangle the U.S. in foreign affairs. This treaty is blamed for causing WWII.

PINCKNEY’S TREATY – early treaty, (1795), between U.S. and Spain, gave U.S. much desired rights to use Mississippi River and port of New Orleans

JUST REMEMBER…..

1ST governing body of the U.S. - 2nd Continental Congress (no constitution, illegal body, band of traitors to British gov.)

2nd National Government of the U.S. – Articles of Confederation (1st constitution)

3rd National Government of the U.S. – United States Constitution (second and current constitution)

Social Studies Grad Exam Vocabulary

The following terms are used in the questions and answers on the SS grad exam. Understanding the meanings and uses of these words will help you to better understand the questions and answers.

1- acquire/acquiring – to gain possession or ownership of a territory or land or property

2- acquisition – the act of gaining possession or a territory or land through purchases or victory

3- Expand – to enlarge or spread out

4- Expansion – the act or process of enlarging or spreading out

5- Reduce/Reduction – to make smaller or shrink in size

6- Encourage/Encouragement – to convince another to take an action or a belief, to give help

7- Quarter/Quartering – forcing citizens to provide housing for troops, for example when the British government forced the colonists to keep the British troops in their homes, it is a big expense for the citizens

8- Secession/Secede – to pull away from the main group because of disagreement, as when the southern states pulled away from the United States to form the Confederate States of America

9- Preserve/Preservation – to protect or keep in its original state or organization, such as when the North fought the South in order to keep the United States together, Lincoln is given credit with preserving the Union.

10- Relocate/Relocation – to move to a new location, as when the Cherokee Indians had to move to reservations west of the Mississippi River.

11- Reform – to make better, to change for the good, to improve conditions, to correct, as when Martin Luther tried to reform the Catholic Church.

12- Decline – a gradual wasting away or reducing the amount, changing to a lesser amount or level

13- Disenfranchise/Disenfranchisement – to take away someone’s right to vote, as when southern Democrats kept African Americans from voting by using Poll Taxes and Literacy Tests.

14- Temperance – against alcohol, refusal to use alcohol

15- Conclusion/Conclude – the end, to bring to an end or the result of a previous action

16- Leisure – free time from work or duties, time to spend at rest, entertainment, or play

17- Emphasis/Emphasize – to make very important

18- Oppose/Opposition – to be strongly against

19- Transit – the process of moving around from one place to another

20- Nomad/Nomadic – a group which moves around for food, does not settle in one place

21- Assimilate/Assimilation – to cause one group to look like or act like another group, to cause one group to be absorbed or taken over by another group. The government tried to assimilate Native Americans into the White culture.

22- Prominent – the one that stands out the most or is the most important

Grad Exam Review Website

1- Go to

2- Click on the tab “member login”

3- You will need to create a new account

4- Use the information below to create an account

5- Then log in to testing website

6- Click on tab “AHSGE Exams”

7- In the middle of the page, click on “Test” or “Practice” and answer the test questions.

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