CHAPTER 14 - EUROPE & THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, …
CHAPTER 14 - EUROPE & THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500 - 1800
Section 1 - On the Brink of a New World
• The Travels of John Mandeville – spoke of realms, which Mandeville never saw, filled with gold and jewels
• Prester John – a mysterious and magical kingdom in Africa; Christian
• Polos of Venice – merchants who traveled to the Mongol Court in China; Marco Polo wrote a book about his travels
• Prince Henry the Navigator – said to be motivated by Christianity as well as profit
• “God, glory, & gold” – primary motives of Europeans
• Portolani – charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th centuries
Section 2 - New Horizons: The Portuguese & Spanish Empires
• Prince Henry the Navigator – sponsored Portuguese exploration of the coast of Africa
• Bartholomeu Dias – took advantage of winds so that he was able to round the Cape of Good Hope, but returned under threat of mutiny from his crew
• Vasco da Gama – led the fleet that rounded the cape and stopped at several Muslim ports, bringing back riches in spices
• Afonso de Albuquerque – set up ports at Goa, on the western coast of India south of Bombay
• Christopher Columbus – the first European of his time period to reach the Americas
• Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta – the ships Columbus used on his first voyage to the Americas
• John Cabot – explored the New England coastline under orders of England
• Amerigo Vespucci – accompanied Cabral in several voyages and wrote letters describing the geography of the New World; the new continents were named after him
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa – led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513
• Ferdinand Magellan – accomplished the first known circumlocution of the earth
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – divided up the newly discovered world into Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence; however, it turned out that the Spanish got the lucky deal
• *conquistadors – leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the 16th century
• Aztecs – composed a powerful, aggressive empire; military very skilled
• Tenochtitlan – Aztec capital, located on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco
• Hernan Cortez – after forming alliances with rebellious Indian tribes against the Aztecs, destroyed the Aztec empire
• Moctezuma – the last Aztec monarch
• Inca – a powerful, centralized empire located in present-day Peru
• Pachakuti – launched a campaign of conquest that led to their current size
• Francisco Pizarro – destroyed the Incas by using advanced technology and taking advantage of the civil war brewing between to heirs of the throne
• *encomienda – in Spanish America, a form of economic and social organization in which a Spaniard was given a royal grant that enabled the holder of the grant to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers
• Mita - mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire; form of tribute
• Bartolome de Las Casas -
• *viceroy – the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas
• *audiencias – advisory groups to viceroys in Spanish America
Section 3 - New Rivals on the World Stage
• Dutch East India Company – a trading company established under government sponsorship; founded a settlement in South Africa
• Boers – Dutch farmers who settled in South Africa
• *triangular trade – a pattern of tradein early modern Europe that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in the Atlantic Ocean
• *Middle Passage – the deadly journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas
• Robert Clive – an aggressive British empire-builder who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Company in India
• British East India Company – a trade company which eventually conquered India
• Battle of Plassey – in 1757, a small British force defeated a much larger Mughal force; leading to the collapse of the Mughal dynasty
• Lord Macartney – led a British mission in 1793 to ask for liberalization of trade restrictions, but was rebuffed
• Francis Xavier – the first Jesuit missionary in Japan
• “sugar factories” - the sugar plantations in the Caribbean
• Henry Hudson – an English explorer working for the Dutch; discovered the Hudson River
• New Netherland – a Dutch colony, which stretched from the mouth of the Hudson River to as far north as Albany, New York
• Jamestown - first permanent English settlement; established in 1607 in Virginia
• Jacques Cartier – discovered the St. Lawrence River and claimed Canada for the French
• Samuel de Champlain – established a settlement, Quebec, in 1608; led to more French exploration
• Asiento – the privilege of transporting 4500 slaves a year into Spanish Latin America; given to the British
Section 4 - Toward a World Economy
• *price revolution - the dramatic rise in prices (inflation) that occurred throughout Europe in the 16th and early 17th century
• *joint-stock company – a bank created by selling shares to investors; allowed these companies to have more access to capital than a privately-owned company
• Jacob Fugger – in exchange for large loans to Charles V, he was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Hapsburg possessions in central Europe
• Bank of Amsterdam – a deposit and transfer institution; created in 1609
• Amsterdam Bourse/Amsterdam Exchange – at the midst of the 17th century, became the center of the European financial world
• *mercantilism - nation’s prosperity depended on its amount of gold and silver; total volume of change is unchangeable; more exports than imports
Section 5 - The Impact of European Expansion
• Mestizos – offspring of whites and American Indians
• mulattoes – offspring of Africans and whites
• Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz – a nun; one of 17th century Latin America’s literary figures
• *Columbian Exchange – the reciprocal exportation and importation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
• Mercator projection/Gerardus Mercator – one of the most famous new map projections produced at this time; shapes of land are accurate, but sizes are not
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