Disorders & Treatments



Personality

Personality – unique attitudes, behaviors, emotions that characterize a person

Key question: stability vs. change

Type A vs. Type B (A = competitive, aggressive, volatile)

Freudian theory – psychosexual stages

Oral – 0-1 year, pleasure from mouth

Anal – 1-3 years, pleasure from elimination

Phallic – 3-5 years, pleasure from genitals

Oedipal complex – boy wants mom, resents dad

Castration anxiety

Electra complex – girl wants dad, resents mom (not Freud)

Penis envy

Resolved through identification with same sex parent

Latency – 6-puberty, repression of sexual feelings

Genital – puberty on, sexual pleasure through relationships

Fixations – problem in resolving a stage

Oral – overeat, smoke, chew gum

Anal – anal retentive (compulsive, overly organized)

Anal expulsive (messy, disorganized)

Id (pleasure principle)

Ego (reality principle) – mediates between id and superego

Superego – conscience, mores of society

Defense mechanisms

Repression

Denial

Displacement

Projection

Reaction formation

Regression

Rationalization

Sublimation

Criticisms of Freud

Feminists (Karen Horney – womb envy)

Neo-Freudians

Adler – birth order, inferiority complex – drive for superiority

Carl Jung – collective unconscious

Archetypes – shadow

Trait theories

Eysenck – stable-instable, introversion-extraversion scale

Cattell – 16PF

Big 5 – OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)

Factor analysis – finding clusters of items that differentiate between traits

Other theorists

Allport – cardinal dispositions (traits that clearly identify a person)

Central dispositions/secondary dispositions

Biological theories

Temperaments – characteristic way of dealing with the world

Hippocrates – four humors (body fluids – blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)

Somatotype theory – Sheldon (endomorphs, ectomorphs, mesomorphs)

Social-cognitive theories

Bandura – reciprocal determinism (traits, environment, behavior)

Self-efficacy – making a difference, getting things done

Rotter – locus of control (internal vs. external)

Humanistic theories

People are innately good

Self-concept

Self-esteem

Unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness

Assessment of personality

Projective test – Rorschach, Draw-a-Person, TAT

Self-report inventories – MMPI

Barnum effect – see self in vague, stock descriptions of personality

Astrological sign can fit anyone

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