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Chapter 9 ReviewHow long ago did vertebrates “invade” the continents?List three adaptations that vertebrates have for life on land.When did whales “re-invade” the oceans?What are the three classes of vertebrates that have marine representatives? (Fig. 9.1)Marine ReptilesGenerally describe reptilesWhat does “poikilotherm” mean? “Ectotherm”? (p. 75)What are the four salt-water reptiles?Describe sea turtles, including heir characteristics. Give at least 2 examples of sea turtlesDescribe sea turtle reproductionGive at least four reasons why sea turtles are endangeredDescribe sea snakes, including their characteristicsDescribe marine iguanas, including their characteristicsDescribe salt-water crocodilesSeabirdsGenerally describe birds, including four important characteristicsWhat does “homoeotherm” mean? “Ectotherm”?What are seabirds? Describe them.What are the five types of seabirds?Describe the penguinsDescribe the tubenose birdsDescribe the pelicans and related birdsDescribe the gulls and related birdsDescribe the shore birdsWhich of the seabirds are most adapted for life at sea? Which are least adapted for life at sea?Marine MammalsDescribe the distinguishing mammalian characteristics of marine mammalsMarine Mammals: Types of Marine MammalsList the four groups of marine mammals, to what order they belong, and their closest land-based relativesDescribe the order pinnipediaBriefly describe seals (Fig 9.9)Describe the economic and conservation status of seals.Briefly describe sea lions (Fig 9.9)Describe the economic and conservation status of sea lionsBriefly describe walrusesDescribe the marine mammals in the order CarnivoraDescribe sea ottersDescribeThe economic and conservation status of sea ottersDescribe polar bearsDescribe order sireniaDescribe the conservation status of sireniansDescribe CetaciaWhat is convergent evolution? How does it apply to cetaceans? (Fig 9.9)What are the two groups of cetaceans?Describe the appendages of cetaceans, including the flippers, fins, flukes, and blowholesWhat are the two groups of cetaceans?Describe the toothless, filter-feeding whales (Fig 9.17)What are rorquals?What are krill? (p.136)Describe the feeding style of the “non”-rorqual toothless whalesDescribe the toothed whalesDescribe the sperm whale.Describe the orcaDescribe the small toothed whalesAre dolphins and porpoises the same “thing”?What are three reasons that cetaceans are at risk of extinction?What is the significance of the International Whaling Commission?What is the significance of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972?Marine Mammals: Biology of Marine MammalsDescribe adaptations of marine mammals for swimmingDescribe adaptations of marine mammals for divingDescribe echolocation (fig 9.26)Briefly describe how echolocation occurs in cetaceans (fig 9.26)What other organisms echolocate?Describe the vocalizations of marine mammals. Why do marine mammals vocalize?Describe at least two behaviors (in addition to vocalization) of marine mammals.Why do marine mammals migrate? (Fig 9.31)What is migration (p. 168)Briefly describe the migration pattern of the gray whale as an example (fig 9.31)Describe reproductive behavior in pinnipedsState two reasons why cetaceans have sexual intercourseDescribe the birth and early life of baby cetaceansCritical Thinking QuestionsSea turtles have disappeared from many regions, and one way of trying to save them is to reintroduce them into areas where they have been wiped out. This is done by reburying eggs or by releasing newborn baby turtles on beaches. Why do they do this instead of releasing fully grown individuals?Most seabirds are specialists that feed on particular types of fish and other prey. In some cases this may reduce the chances of competing with other species of for limited resources. Sometimes, however, we find two or more species of seabirds feeding on the same type of fish. What types of mechanisms might have evolved to prevent direct competition?Cetaceans give birth to a few well-developed calves at well-spaced intervals. They also feed and protect the calves for long periods. This is in sharp contrast to most fishes, which spawn many eggs and spend no time feeding and protecting their offspring. What do you think is the best strategy? Has this strategy paid off in the great whales? ................
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