WORLD TRADE CENTER - EPA Archives

WORLD TRADE CENTER BACKGROUND STUDY REPORT

INTERIM FINAL

April 2003

Prepared for: United States Federal Emergency Management Agency IAG No.: EMW-2002-IA-0127

Prepared by: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2 New York City Response and Recovery Operations 290 Broadway New York, NY 10007-1866

Approved by: Kathleen C. Callahan Assistant Regional Administrator New York City Response and Recovery Operations

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.0 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Purpose/Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 Project Team/Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Data Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.0 SAMPLING APPROACH/RATIONALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1 Selection of Sampling Area Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Selection of Building Types and Obtaining Access . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3 Selection Criteria for Number of Buildings, Residences and Common Space Sampled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4 Selection of Contaminants of Potential Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.0 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.1 Sampling Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.1.1 Indoor Air Sample Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.1.2 Microvacuum Sample Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.1.3 Wipe Sample Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.1.4 Bulk Dust Sample Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.1.5 Quality Control Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.2 Sampling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2.1 Air Sampling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2.2 Microvacuum Sampling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2.3 Wipe Sampling Equipment

. . . 17

4.2.4 Bulk Sampling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.3 Sample Numbering/Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.4 Sample Shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.5 Data Validation and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.5.1 Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.5.2 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.0 SAMPLING PROTOCOL DEVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.0 ANALYTICAL RESULTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.1 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.2 Results and Development of Background Concentrations . . . . . 23

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6.2.1 Asbestos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.2.2 Man-Made Vitreous Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6.2.3 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6.2.4 Dioxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.2.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.3 Minerals and Total Dust Results - Development of Background

Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.3.1 Crystalline Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.3.1.1 Alpha-quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.3.1.2 Cristobalite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

6.3.1.3 Tridymite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.3.2 Calcite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.3.3 Gypsum

. . . 31

6.3.4 Portlandite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

6.3.5 Total Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

7.0 HISTORICAL STUDIES ON BACKGROUND CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 7.1 Background Literature Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 7.1.1 Residential Indoor Airborne Asbestos Measurements . . . . 33 7.1.2 Settled Asbestos Dust Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.1.3 Airborne Man-Made Vitreous Fibers Measurements . . . . . 33 7.1.4 Man-Made Vitreous Fibers in Settled Dust or Soil . . . . . . 34 7.1.5 Lead Levels in the Ambient Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 7.1.6 Residential Settled Lead Dust Measurements . . . . . . . . . 34 7.1.7 Dioxins in Soil and Settled Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7.1.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7.2 Comparison of WTC Background Study to Other Studies . . . . . 35 7.2.1 Comparison of Airborne Asbestos Concentrations . . . . . 35 7.2.2 Comparison of Asbestos Settled Dust Concentrations . . . . 36 7.2.3 Comparison of Airborne Man-Made Vitreous Fiber (MMVF) Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 7.2.4 Comparison of Man-Made Vitreous Fibers in Settled Dust or Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 7.2.5 Comparison of Lead Concentrations in the Ambient Air . . 37 7.2.6 Comparison of Settled Lead Dust Measurements . . . . . . . 37 7.2.7 Comparison of Dioxin Concentration in Settled Dust . . . . 39 7.2.8 Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration in Settled Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

8.0 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

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FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 1 World Trade Center Background Study and WTC Dust Cleanup Program Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 4-1 WTC Background Study Sampling and Analytical Procedures Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 4-2 WTC Background Study Field Sample Collection Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 4-3 Quality Control Wipe Spike Sample Results For Lead . . . . . 48 Table 6-1 Organic and Inorganic Results Summary for Residential and Common Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 6-2 Organic and Inorganic Results Summary for Residential Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 6-3 Organic and Inorganic Results Summary for Common Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 6-4 Mineral Compounds and Total Dust Results Summary for Residential and Common Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 6-5 Mineral Compounds and Total Dust Results Summary for Residential Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 6-6 Mineral Compounds and Total Dust Resu lts Summary for Common Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 7-1 Summary of U.S. Residential Building Average Indoor Airborne Asbestos Concentrations for Asbestos Fibers ? 5 mm Long by Direct Transmission Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 7-2 Summary of Settled Asbestos Surface Dust Loadings Determined Through Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 7-3 Household Dust Lead Measurements from Wipe Sampling in an Old, Urban Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 7-4 Estimated Distribution of Lead Loadings (ug/ft2) In U.S. Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 7-5 Background Soil Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 8-1 Background Concentrations Derived From The Analytical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 8-3 Comparison of Background Concentrations Derived From The Analytical Results Using Values of Zero, ? of the Detection Limit, or the Detection Limit ATTACHMENTS ATTACHMENT A - World Trade Center Indoor Air Assessment: Selecting Contaminants of Potential Concern and Setting HealthBased Benchmarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ATTACHMENT B - Data Validation Standard Operating Procedures List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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