Cell Reproduction Notes - Weebly



Name________________________________________Period_________Date______________

Packet 6: Cell Reproduction

Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system.

• Bio.1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.

• Bio.1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms

Bio.3.2 Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic traits.

• Bio.3.2.1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation.

Vocabulary

|Cell Cycle |Asexual Reproduction |Sexual Reproduction |Chromosomal Mutations |

|Interphase |zygote |Gamete |Deletion |

|Mitosis |Somatic cell |Meiosis I |Duplication deletion |

|Prophase |Bacteria |Homologous pair |Inversion |

|Metaphase |Binary Fission |Meiosis II |Translocation |

|Anaphase |Cancer |Haploid | |

|Telophase |differentiation |Diploid |Nondisjunction |

|Cytokinesis | |Crossing Over |Karyotype |

|Cleavage Furrow | |Fertilization |Autosome |

|Cell Plate | | |Sex chromosome |

|Chromatin | | |Trisomy |

|Chromosome | | | |

|Sister Chromatid | | | |

|Centriole | | | |

|Spindle fibers | | | |

|Centromere | | | |

Assignments: Due Dates:

| | |

|Frimpanzee Lab…………………………………….………………………. |_____________ |

| | |

|Online Mitosis/Meiosis and Karyotype Lab………………………...…….. |_____________ |

| | |

|Cell Reproduction Test……………………………………………………... |_____________ |

| | |

|Honors Only | |

|Webquest……………………………………………………………………. |_____________ |

| | |

|Online Review on Blackboard……………………………………………... |_____________ |

| | |

• When/why do cells need to divide?

• Do all cells in your body (muscle, nerve, blood) contain the same DNA?

Steps of Cell Division – Asexual Reproduction & Mitosis

|Description |Picture |Animal Cell |Plant Cell |

|Interphase (not a step in mitosis) | | | |

| | | | |

|DNA looks like chromatin (squiggly). | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|DNA copies and the cell grows. | | | |

|Prophase (Packs) | | | |

| | | | |

|Chromatin packs into chromosomes (X’s) | | | |

| | | | |

|Nucleus breaks down | | | |

|Metaphase (Middle) | | | |

|Chromosomes line up along the middle or equator of| | | |

|the cell | | | |

| | | | |

|Anaphase (Apart) | | | |

| | | | |

|Sister chromatids move apart towards opposite | | | |

|poles | | | |

|Telophase (Two) | | | |

| | | | |

|Two new nuclei form around the DNA. | | | |

| | | | |

|Cytokinesis (not a step in mitosis) | | | |

| | | | |

|Cytoplasm divides forming two identical cells. | | | |

The Cell Cycle Drawing

• What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? __________________________________

• What 2 main things happen during this phase?________________________________

• What steps involve the nucleus dividing?____________________________________

• What step involves the cytoplasm dividing? __________________________________

• Do bacteria cells undergo mitosis? Explain. _________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

• How do bacteria reproduce? ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Why do cells reproduce?

1. ____________________________________. Organisms make new cells instead of having their cells grow larger. The reason for this is there isn’t enough ____________________ ______________ in the cell membrane to meet the needs of the ____________________ (or total space) inside the cell. Cells will divide into two cells (reproduce) before they become too large to function properly.

9 _________________________________ – If you get a cut or break a bone, cells will divide to help heal the area.

Terms to Know

|Term |Definition |Picture |

| |DNA that is loose and uncoiled when a cell is not | |

| |dividing. | |

| |Tightly coiled DNA that forms during mitosis. DNA is | |

| |copied before it coils up into a chromosome | |

| |Each half of a copied chromosome. One half of the X |X |

| |is ________________ to the other half since it is a | |

| |copy of the DNA. | |

| |Where each half the X is held together. | |

When asked the particular number of chromosomes in a cell, always count ________________________________________!!!!!

Why does the DNA coil up into chromosomes before cell division? ____________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Control of the Cell Cycle

• Cell cycle has key checkpoints to trigger or delay the next phase. The goal of the checkpoints is to make sure the cell is healthy, strong and completing each step correctly. DNA controls these checkpoints. A mutation in the DNA that controls the cell cycle leads to _____________________________. Ultimately the cell cycle continues even when it does not need to and cells keep dividing producing a mass of cells called a ________________________.

Cell Differentiation

• Humans and other multicellular organisms begin as one cell after fertilization occurs. This cell quickly undergoes ______________________ to create identical cells. The one cell becomes 2, the 2 become 4, the 4 become 8 and so on until there is a ball of identical cells.

• During the process of differentiation, only specific parts of the DNA are ______________________; the parts of the DNA that are activated determine the function and specialized structure of a cell. For instance the cells that form your muscles have different genes or segments of DNA turned on than in the cells that form your eyes.

• Because all cells contain the same DNA, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell; however, once a cell differentiates, the process cannot be _______________________.

[pic]

Sexual Reproduction & Meiosis

• The goal of mitosis is to create __________________ cells with the __________ number of chromosomes to help with growth and healing.

• The goal of meiosis is to create the ________________ cells with ____________ the number of chromosomes.

|Term |Definition |Picture/Example |

| |Any body cell except the sex cells. These cells have two sets of | |

| |chromosomes. | |

| |A sex cell that has half of the chromosomes. | |

| |Cells with two full sets of chromosomes. | |

| |Cells with one set of chromosomes. | |

| |Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape and genetic info. You have | |

| |23 homologous pairs of chromosomes. One of the chromosomes within the | |

| |pair came from your mom and the other came from your dad. | |

| |Joining of egg and sperm to form a |[pic] |

| | | |

| |________________________ (fertilized egg). | |

An advantage of meiosis coupled with sexual reproduction is the genetic diversity that is the result of:

1. _______________________ _____________________ of an egg and sperm.

2. ______________________

______________________ (random organization of chromosome pairs at the equator).

3. ______________________ _____________ occurs during meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of chromosomes.

Dad

Mom

In the ovaries and testes there are cells that contain the full (diploid) set of chromosomes. Parents can’t give all of the chromosomes to their kids so there needs to be a process that cuts the chromosome number in half. This process is called __________________________. This process forms four sperm cells in males and one large egg cell in females. Sperm and egg cells are also known as ________________________. During fertilization the __________________ (cell with half the chromosome number) sperm cell and ______________________ egg cell join together to form a diploid ___________________________. Everyone starts out as one cell (pretty amazing)! In order to grow and make more cells the zygote undergoes ________________________ to make identical cells. One cell becomes two, two cells become four, four cells become eight and so on until we get you with trillions of cells!

Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis

| |Description |MITOSIS |MEIOSIS |

|1 |In what cells do these processes | | |

| |occur? | | |

|2 |Involved in Sexual or Asexual | | |

| |Reproduction? | | |

|3 |How many times does the nucleus | | |

| |divide? | | |

|4 |At the end of the process, how | | |

| |does the daughter cell compare to | | |

| |the parent? | | |

|5 |Diploid or Haploid at the | | |

| |beginning of the process. | | |

|6 |Diploid or Haploid at the end of | | |

| |the process. | | |

|7 |Does the process increases genetic| | |

| |variation? | | |

|8 |How many cells are produced at the| | |

| |end? | | |

|9 |Describe a human cell that would | | |

| |be produced by each process | | |

| |(include information about the | | |

| |chromosome number) | | |

|10 |Advantages | | |

|11 |Disadvantages | | |

Chromosomal Mutations

4 types of chromosomal mutations:

a. ____________________________ – piece of a chromosome breaks off

Ex: Cri du Chat syndrome (“cry of the cat”) infants have a distinctive cry, severe mental retardation and short life span.

[pic]

b. ______________________ ______________________ – chromosome fragment attaches to homologous chromosome which will no have 2 copies of certain genes Ex: Certain types of cancer

[pic]

c. _____________________ - chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation Ex: Hemophilia (blood clotting disorder)

[pic]

d. _____________________ - chromosome piece attaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome Ex: Leukemia

[pic]

Chromosomes

Chromosomes determine your sex. You have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.

- _________________________ – are pairs 1-22. These do not determine your sex. They determine other characteristics such as eye color.

- _________________________ – the 23rd pair of chromosomes. This pair determines your sex.

Female – _______ Male _____ (this is true for humans but varies in other organisms)

How can someone get too many or too few chromosomes?

- humans missing 1 of 46 chromosomes ------- die

o Exception: ______________________________________________________

- humans with 3 copies of one chromosome ------ _________________________

- _____________________ – picture of the chromosomes in a cell that is used to check for abnormalities

If meiosis occurs correctly this is called:

- ______________________________ – proper separation of chromosomes during meiosis

[pic]

How does a person get an extra chromosome? This is when meiosis does not occur correctly.

- _________________________________ – failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis resulting in too many or too few chromosomes in the gametes

Karyotype #1

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Karyotype #2

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