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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION. CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT.IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE For session 2015-2016 BY: - M.SAI SANKARAN CLASS: - XII-A HTNO: CERTIFICATE.Certified by department of CHEMISTRY that this is bondified project done by M.SAI SANKARAN of class XII A during the academic year 2015-2016 in practical fulfillment of CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT conducted by AISSCEHTNO:Signature of Internal signature of external Examiner Examiner ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am greatly indebted towards the principal for giving me an opportunity in elaborating my knowledge towards the subject (CHEMISTRY) by completing this Project work. I express my heartiest gratitude to my beloved school for the guidance and providing the required apparatus to perform my project work. I would also thank my parents and my chemistry teacher (vijaya lakshmi MADAM) for giving me their co-operation in completing this Project.AIM:-IDENTIFICATION OF THE CATIONS AND ANIONS IN TOOTHPASTETHEORY:-EVERY TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS: BINDERS, ABRASIVES, SUBSERS, HUMECTANTS, FLAVOURS, SWEETNERS, FLUORIDES, TOOTH WHITENERS, A PRESERVATIVE AND WATER. BINDERS THICKENS TOOTHPASTE-THEY PREVENT SEPARATION OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID COMPONENT, ESPECIALLY STORAGE. THEY ALSO AFFECT THE SPEED AND VOLUME OF FOAM PRODUCTION, RATE OF FLAVOR RELEASE AND PRODUCT DISPERSAL, THE APEARANCE OF TOOTHPASTE RIBBON ON THE TOOTHBRUSH.SOME BINDERS ARE GUM SOILD ALIGNAT, METHYL CELLULOSE, CARRAGEEN AND MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE. CONTENTS:-IONIC LIQUIDS:-CATIONS &PONENTS ARE USED IN TOOTHPASTE.SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS EXPERIMENTINGREDIENTS:-ABRASIVES, FLUORIDES, SURFACTANTS.OTHER COMPONENTS:-ANTIBACERIAL AGENTS, FLAVORANTS, REMINERALIZERS.MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTSIDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTEANIONS IN AN ATOM OR MOLECULE THAT CARRIES AN ELECTRIC CHARGE. CATIONS ARE POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE LOSS OF ELECTRONS. ANIONS ARE NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE GAIN OF ELECTRONS. IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ALL IONS EXHIBIT THEIR OWN UNIQUE, CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIORS.TOOTHPASTE IS A PASTE OR GEL DENTIFRICE USED WITH OA TOOTHBRUSH AS AN ACCESSORY TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN THE AESTHETICS AND HEALTH OF TEETH.TOOTHPASTE IS USED TO PROMOTE ORAL HYGIENE: IT SERVES AS AN ABRASIVE THAT AIDS IN REMOVINGTHE DENTAL PLAQUE AND FOOD FROM THE TEETH, ASSISTS IN SUPPRESSING HALITOSIS, AND DELIVERS ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (MOST COMMONLY FLUORIDE) TO HELP PREVENT TOOTH AND DISEASE (GINGIVITIS). MOST OF THE CLEANING IS ACHIEVED BY THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE TOOTHBRUSH AND NOT BY THE TOOTHPASTE. SALT AND SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA) ARE AMONG MATERIALS THAT CAN BE SUBISTITUTED FOR COMMERCIAL TOOTHPASTE. TOOTHPASTE IS NOT INTENDED TO BE SWALLOWED DUE TO THE FLOURIDE CONTENT, BUT IS GENERALLY NOT VERY HARMFUL IF ACCIDENTLY SWALLOWED IN SMALL AMOUNTS. HOWEVER ONE SHOULD SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION AFTER SWALOWING ABNORMALLY LARGE PONENTS ARE USED IN TOOTHPASTE:-HClO4HBrHIH2SO4HClO3HCLHNO3INGREDIENTS:-IN ADDITION TO 20%-42% WATER, TOOTHPASTES ARE DERIVED FROM A VARIETY OF COMPONENTS, THE THREE MAIN ONES BEING ABRASIVES, FLUORIDE, AND DETERGENTS.ABRASIVES:-ABRASIVES CONSTITE AT LEAST 50% OF TYPICAL TOOTHPASTE. THESE INSOLUBLE PARTICLES HELP REMOVE PLAQUE FROM THE TEETH. THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND CALCULUS HELPS MINIMIZE CAVITIES AND PERIDONTAL DISEASE. REPRESENT ABRASIVES INCLUDE PARTICLES OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (AL(OH2)), CALCIUM CARBONATE(CaCO3),VARIOUS CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATES, VARIOUS SILICAS AND ZEOLITES, AND HYDROXYAPATITE (Ca5(PO4)3 OH).ABRASIVES, LIKE THE DENTAL POLISHING AGENTS USED IN DENTISTS’ OFFICES, ALSO CAUSE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENAMEL EROSION WHICH IS TERMED “POLISHING” ACTION. SOMEBRANDS CONTAIN POWDERED WHILE MICA, WHICH ACTS AS A MILD ABRASIVE, AND ALSO ADDSA COSMETICALLY PLESING GLITTERY SHIMMER TO THE PASTE. THE POLISHING OF TEETH REMOVES STAAINS FROM TOOTH SURFACES, BUT HAS NOT BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH OVER AND ABOVE THE EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND CALCULS.FLUORIDES:-FLUORIDE IN VARIOUS FORMS IS THE MOST POPULAR ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN TOOTHPASTE TO PREVENT CAVITIES. FLUORIDES OCCUR IN SMALL AMOUNT IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND SOME NATURAL WATER SOURCES. THE ADDITIONAL FLUORIDES IN TOOTHPASTE HAS BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL ENAMEL AND BONES. SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) IS THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF FLUORIDE, BUT STANNOUS FLUORIDE (SnF), OLAFLURS (AN ORGANIC SALT OF FLUORIDE), AND SODIUM MONOFLUROPHOSPHATE (Na2 PO3 F) ARE ALSO USED. STANNOUS FLUROIDE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SODIUM FLUROIDE IN REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF DENTAL CAREIESAND CONTROLLING GINGIVITIS. MUCH OF THE TOOTHPASTE SOLD IN THE ‘UNITED STATES HAS 1000 TO 1100 PARTS PER MILLON FLUROIDE. IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE UK OR GREECE, THE FLUORIDE CONTENT IS OFTEN HIGHER; A NaF OF 0.312% W/W (1,450 PPM FLUORIDE) IS NOT UNCOMMON.SURFACANTS:-MANY, ALTHOUGH NOT ALL, TOOOTHPASTE CONTAIN SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (SLS) OR RELATED SURFACTANTS (DETERGENTS). SLS IS WELL, SUCH AS SHAMPOO, AND IS MAINLY A FOAMING AGENTS, WHICH ENABLES UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTHPASTE, IMPROVING ITS CLEANSING POWER.OTHER COMPONENTS:-ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS:-TRICLOSAN, AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT, IS A COMMON TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. TRICLOSAN OR ZINC CHLORIDE PREVENT GINGIVITIS AND, ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, HELPS REDUCE TARTAR AND BAD BREADTH. A 2006 REVIEW OF CLINICAL RESEARCH CONCLUDED THERE WAS EVIDENCE FOR PLAQUE AND GIGNIVITIS. FLAVORANTS:-TOOTHPASTE COMES IN A VARIETY OF COLOURS AND FLAVORS INTENDED TO ENCOURAGE USE OF THE PRODUCT. THREE MOST COMMON FLAVORANTS ARE PEPPERMINT,SPEARMINT AND WINTERGREEN. TOOTHPASTE FLAVORED WITH PEPPERMINT-ANISE OIL IS POPULAR IN MEDITERRANEAN REGION. THESE FLOVORS ARE PROVIDEED BY THE RESPECTIVE OILS, E.G. PEPPERMINT OIL. MORE EXOTIC FLAVORS INCLUDE, ANETHOLE ANISE, APRICOT, BUBBLEGUM, CINNAMON, FENNNEL, LAVANDER, NEEM, GINGER, VANILLA, LEMON, ORANGE AND PINE. MORE UNUSUAL FLAVORS HAVE BEEN USED, E.G. PEANUT BUTTER, ICED TEA, AND EVEN WHISKY. UNFLAVORED TOOTHPASTES EXIST.REMINERALIZER:- HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCRYSTALS AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATE ARE INCLUDED IN SOME FORULATIONS FOR REMINERALIZATION, I.E. THE REFORMATION OF ENAMEL.MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS:-AGENTS ARE ADDED TO SUPPRESS THE TENDENCY OF TOOTHPASTE TO DRY INTO A POWDER. INCLUDED ARE VARIOUS SUGAR ALCOHOLS , SUCH AS GLYCEROL, SORBITOL, OR XYLITOL, OR RELATED DERIVATIVES,SUCH AS 1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL STRONTIUM CHLORIDE OR POTASSIUM NITRATE IS INCLUDED IN SOME TOOTHPASTES TO REDUCES SENSITIVITY. SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE IS ADDED TO MINIMIZE THE FORMATION OF TARTAR.COLOUR OOF THE TOOTHPASTE: - WHITEEXPEERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCETAKE APART OFTHE SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4 SOLUTION.FORMATION WHITE OF PPTCO32- CONFIRMEDTAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE(1-2ML) FORMATION OF WHITE PPTCa2+ CONFRIMEDTAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD MAGNESIUM MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF NH4Cl AND NH4OH)FORMATION OF WHITE PPTPO42- CONFRIMED.ACIDIFY A PORTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HNO3. BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3A YELLOW PPT IS FORMED WHICH IS IN SOLUBLE IN NH4OHI- IS CONFRIMEDTAKE SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD OXALIC ACID SMELLS LIKE THAT OF VINEGARCH3COO-PREPARE THE PASTE OF IT WITH A FEW DROPS OF WATER RUB AND SMELLTO ONE PART OF SOLUTION ADD KINO REACTIONPb ABSENTTO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID NH4OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS AND THEN ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATEA WHITE PPT IS FORMEDMg PRESENTCHEMICAL REACTION:-CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO42-(WHITE PPT)CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O (CH3COO)2Ca+(MgCl4)2C2O4→2CHCOONa+ Ca2O4NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl +H2OI+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT).(COOH)2+2CH3COONA→ NO REACTIONPb+2KI→ NO REACTIONMgCl2+ NH4OH(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+ 2NH4 +H2OTEST ON COLGATE COLOUR OF PASTE: - WHITEEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCETAKE A PART OF THE SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4SOLUTIONFORMATION OF WHITE PPTCO3 2-CONFRIMEDTAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.FORMATION OF WHITE PPT Ca2+ CONFRIMEDTAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD MAGNESIA MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF NH4OH) AND ALLOW TO STANDFORMATION OF WHITE PPTPO4 CONFRIMEDACIDIFY A PORTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HCL.BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3A YELLOW PPT IS FORMED WHICH IS INSOLUBLE IN NH4OH I- CONFRIMEDTAKE A SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD OXALIC ACIDSMELL LIKE THAT OF VIEGARCH3COO ABSENTPREPARE THE PASTE OF IT WITH FEW DROPS OF WATER RUB AND SMELLTAKE ONE PART OF SOLUTION ADD KINO REACTION PB ABSENTTO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID NH4OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS THEN ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE.A WHITE PPT IS FORMED.Mg PRESENTIONS PRESENT:-Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4 2-CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O(CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2OI+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)(COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTIONPb+2KI→ NO REACTIONMgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H2OTEST ON CLOSE UP. COLOUR OF THE PASTE: - RED GELEXPERIMENTOBSERVATIONINFERENCETAKE A PART OF THE SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4SOLUTIONFORMATION OF WHITE PPTCO3 2-CONFRIMEDTAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM OXALIC (1-2ML) AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.FORMATION OF WHITE PPT Ca2+ CONFRIMEDTAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD MAGNESIA MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF NH4OH) AND ALLOW TO STANDFORMATION OF WHITE PPTPO4 CONFRIMEDACIDIFY A PORTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HNO3.BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3FORMATION WHITE PPT I- CONFRIMEDTAKE A SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD KIFORMATION WHITE PPTCH3COO PRESENTTAKE ONE PART OF SOLUTION ADD KIFORMATION WHITE PPTPB ABSENTTO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID NH4OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS THEN ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE.A WHITE PPT IS FORMED.Mg PRESENTIONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3, CH3COOCHEMICAL REACTIONS:-CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4(WHITE PPT)CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O(CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2OI+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)(COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTIONPb+2KI→ NO REACTIONMgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H2OCONCLUSION:-HENCE AFTER TESTING DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF TOOTHPASTE, WE FIND THAT COLGATE HAS ALL NECESSARY FOR STRONGER AND WHITER TEETH.ANIONS:-CATIONS:-OH-SO42-CO32-CL-Br -I -NO3-H+Ca2+Cu2+Fe3+Fe2+NH4+SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS EXPERIMENT:-WEAR EYE PROTECTION. AMMONIA SOLUTION CAUSES BURNS AND GIVES OFF AMMONIA VAPOURS WHICH IRRITATES THE EYES, LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAN CAUSE BURNS AND IS DANGEROUS TO THE EYES.HYDROCHLORIC ACID CAN CAUSE BURNS.BARIUM CHLORIDE IS HARMFUL BY INHALATION AN IF SWALLOWED.NITRIC ACID CAUSES BURNS. Bibliography:-PRADEEP’S CHEMISTRY2. BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA3. NCERT CHEMISTRY4. GOOGLE5. CHEMISTRY TODAY ................
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