Hazards Risk Management Work Plan October 4, 2002 Version



Comparative Emergency Management Course Development Project

Course Syllabus and Final Detailed Work Plan

January 2, 2009

The general approach to design and development of the FEMA EMI Higher Education Project course “Comparative Emergency Management” will be carried out as laid out in the proposal dated August 25, 2008. Based upon the September 22, 2008 date of award for order number HSFEEM-08-P-0295 this detailed work plan is submitted to meet the requirements of Task 3.3, Deliverable 4.3 – Course Syllabus. A matrix laying out a timeline for the completion of all project deliverables is provided on the next page. The timeline has been reviewed and modified based upon the results of the Course Development/Focus Group teleconference dated December 2, 2008.

Similar to the approach followed in the “Hazards Risk Management” course, each course session will include at least one interactive exercise or activity to maximize student participation. Each class session outline will also provide the guidance and time for the instructor and students to process the session and explore the questions “so what?” and “now what” to maximize the learning experience.

Specific project tasks/deliverables will be delivered to the FEMA COTR according to the following timeline.

|Task |Due Date |

|Date of Award |9/22/08 |

|3.1 – Development of a detailed work plan (preliminary) |10/6/08 |

|3.2 – Course Development/Focus Group Teleconference |12/2/08 |

|3.3 – Development of a Course Syllabus |1/02/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (first 5 hours of instructional material) |2/6/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 6 – 10 of instructional material) |3/13/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 11– 15 of instructional material) |4/14/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 16 – 20 of instructional material) |5/22/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 21 – 25 of instructional material) |6/26/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 26 – 30 of instructional material) |7/31/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 31 – 35 of instructional material) |9/4/09 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 36 – 43 to 48 of instructional material)|10/9/09 |

|3.5 – Development of 1st Draft of Complete Course |11/13/09 |

|3.5 - Annual Higher Education Project Summer Conference Attendance and Presentation |6/09 |

|3.6 – Peer Review of Complete Draft Course |12/11/09 |

|Draft Course Review Comments Meeting |2/1/10 |

Payment Schedule

Requests for payments, will be based upon submission and acceptance of deliverable course material so that approximately 12.5% of the deliverables will be included in each request for payment. Seven payments of $4,788.62 (12.5 % of the total fixed price each) and one payment of $4,788.66 will be requested per the following schedule.

|Task |Due Date |Request for Payment|

|Date of Award |9/22/08 | |

|3.1 – Development of a detailed work plan (preliminary) |10/6/08 | |

|3.2 – Course Development Focus Group Teleconference |12/2/2008 | |

|3.3 – Development of a Course Syllabus |1/02/09 | |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (first 5 hours of instructional material) |2/6/08 |$4.788.62 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 6 – 10 of instructional material) |3/13/09 |$4.788.62 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 11– 15 of instructional material) |4/14/09 |$4.788.62 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 16 – 20 of instructional material) |5/22/09 |$4.788.62 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 21 – 25 of instructional material) |6/26/09 |$4.788.62 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 26 – 30 of instructional material) |7/31/09 | |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 31 – 35 of instructional material) |9/4/09 |$4.788.62 |

|3.4 – Development of Draft Course Material (hours 36 – 43 to 48 of instructional material)|10/9/09 | |

|3.5 – Annual Higher Education Project Summer Conference Attendance and Presentation |6/09 | |

|3.5 – Development of 1st Draft of Complete Course |11/13/09 |$4.788.62 |

|3.6 – Peer Review of Complete Draft Course |12/11/09 | |

|Draft Course Review Comments Meeting |2/1/10 |$4.788.66 |

Comprehensive Course Outline

Session 1: Course Introduction (1 hour - COMPLETED)

Introduction to the course; explanation of the course goals and objectives, and the requirements and responsibilities of students; overview of international and comparative emergency management; explanation of the course evaluation criteria and the instructional methodologies employed.

• Instructor and student introductions

• Overall goal and objectives of the course

• Student requirements, responsibilities, and course assignments

• Course evaluation criteria

• Course instructional methodologies, and justification for using them

Session 2: The Importance of Comparative Emergency Management (1 hour - COMPLETED)

Presentation of five important reasons why emergency management students and practitioners should study and learn from the emergency management experience as it has and continues to exist outside of the United States.

• Explanation of Comparative Disaster Management

• Why is the international experience often discounted?

• Discussion of the reasons why comparative emergency management will grow in importance for domestic emergency managers, including:

o Greater involvement by the nongovernmental and private sectors

o Adjusting to increases in the strength, size, and number of disasters

o Preparing for the prospect of disaster-driven global instability

o Working with the international emergency management community

Session 3: The Global Historical Context of Emergency Management (1 hour)

Examination of the basis of modern emergency management systems worldwide; presentation of key events that have guided the evolution of emergency management throughout the world; explanation of the various organizations historically involved in emergency management planning and a presentation of their contributions; presentation of the most recent events and drivers behind today’s emergency management systems and structures.

• Background on the global disaster history

• Emergency management in ancient times

• Key actions and players in the evolution of emergency management

• Emergency management’s modern roots

Session 4: International Efforts to Improve Emergency Management (1 hour)

Presentation of and discussion about several efforts to improve upon and expand the successful practice of emergency management systems in all nations; explanation of emergency management standards, and presentation of the various standardization efforts currently underway.

• The International Decade for natural Disaster Reduction

• The Yokohama Strategy

• The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

• World Conference on Disaster Reduction

• Other international efforts, including standardization

Session 5: Disasters and Development (1 hour)

Discussion of the established link that exists between the occurrence of disasters and the rate of development in different nations; presentation on how disasters affect nations differently, and what is being done to assist nations that have been subject to repeat catastrophic disasters.

• The correlation between disasters and poverty

• The difference in disaster impact between the rich and poor countries

• The impact of disasters on the development process

• Disaster consequences and Gross Domestic Product

• Breaking the cycle of poverty and vulnerability

• Case study (Hurricane Mitch, Kobe Earthquake)

Session 6: International Disaster Trends (1 hour)

Introduction to the five major disaster trends that are occurring throughout the world, and influencing disaster management in the process.

• Introduction to disaster trends

• The number of people affected by disasters is rising

• Overall, disasters are becoming less deadly

• Overall, disasters are becoming more costly

• Poor countries are disproportionately affected by disaster consequences

• Globally, the number of disasters is increasing each year

Session 7: Hazards (1 hour)

Brief introduction to the three major categories of hazards that emergency management agencies manage.

• Natural hazards

• Technological hazards

• Intentional, civil and political hazards (including terrorism)

• Similarities and differences in the management of natural, technological, and intentional hazards throughout the world

Session 8: Hazard Identification and Profiling (1 hour)

Discussion about the various methods by which hazards are identified, analyzed, and profiled; presentation of two important hazards risk management tools, the risk statement and the risk map.

• Hazard identification methods

• Hazard analysis

• Risk statements

• Risk maps

• Case Study (World Bank ECA Regional Studies, United Arab Emirates)

Session 9: Risk (1 hour)

Explanation of and discussion about the concept of risk; presentation of the various methods by which risk is measured.

• Risk defined

• The likelihood component of risk

• The consequence component of risk

• Quantitative representations of risk

• Qualitative representations of risk

Session 10: Risk Analysis (1 hour)

Continuing discussion on risk, including the two methods by which it is analyzed; presentation of risk matrices and f:N Curves; discussion of the process by which risks are evaluated and their acceptability determined.

• Quantitative and qualitative risk analysis

• The risk matrix

• f:N Curves

• Risk evaluation

• Risk acceptability

Session 11: Vulnerability (1 hour)

Examination of the factors that contribute to the vulnerability of various populations in a country and a community; explanation of the various risk factors that influence these major drivers of vulnerability.

• Vulnerability defined

• Physical vulnerability

• Social vulnerability

• Environmental vulnerability

• Economic vulnerability

• Risk factors influencing vulnerability

• Case Study (Mexico City Earthquake, Gujarat Earthquake, Hurricane Katrina)

Session 12: Risk Perception (1 hour)

Definition of risk perception; discussion about the various theories and research that have emerged to explain how people and populations perceive the risks that affect them, and how perceptions differ around the world; Discussion about how and why emergency managers should expect their efforts to be influenced by the way populations perceive hazard risks.

• Risk perception defined

• Risk perception research and theories

• Risk perceptions as unique to populations and nations

• The effect of risk perception on emergency management and preparedness behaviors

• Case Study (Washington, DC Sniper)

Session 13: The Emergency Management Cycle (1 hour)

Explanation of the four phases of emergency management (namely mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery); presentation of different approaches on this model used throughout the world, including the reasoning behind such approaches; discussion about the defining philosophies of different emergency management systems that exist throughout the world as a factor of the emergency management goals and approach.

• The four phases of emergency management

• Variations of the four phase system throughout the world

• Response and recovery based management vs. prevention and risk reduction based management

Session 14: Mitigation (1 hour)

Definition and presentation of hazard mitigation; presentation of the three major mitigation goals; discussion about the various obstacles to mitigation, and how they differ throughout the world; explanation of how emergency management capacity is a risk mitigation measure.

• Mitigation defined

• The goals of mitigation

• Mitigation obstacles

• Emergency response capacity as a risk mitigation measure

Session 15: Structural Mitigation (1 hour)

Presentation of the concepts behind and methods of conducting structural mitigation.

• Resistant Construction

• Building Codes and Regulatory Measures

• Structural Modification

• Construction of Community Shelters

• Barrier, Deflection, and Retention Systems

• Detection Systems

• Physical Modification

• Treatment Systems

• Redundancy in Life Safety Infrastructure

• Case Study (The Netherlands)

Session 16: Nonstructural mitigation (1 hour)

Presentation of the concepts behind and methods of conducting nonstructural mitigation.

• Regulatory measures

• Community awareness and education programs

• Nonstructural physical modifications

• Environmental control

• Behavioral modification

• Case Study (Japan Tsunami Risk)

Session 17: Risk transfer, sharing, and spreading (1 hour)

Discussion about insurance as a risk mitigation method, and the emergence of hazard-specific insurance policies throughout the world; presentation of the various forms of risk transfer, sharing, and spreading

• Insurance

• Hazard-specific insurance

• Risk sharing pools

• Case Study

Session 18: Assessing and selecting mitigation options (1 hour)

Discussion about how risk mitigation options are selected, and the factors that influence those decisions; discussion about mitigation as a component of development and relief, in terms of fostering overall vulnerability reduction both before and after disaster events have occurred.

• The impact of risk mitigation options on community risk reduction

• Probability that each action will be implemented

• The cost/benefit of mitigation options

• Standardized assessment methodologies

• Incorporating mitigation into development and relief projects

Session 19: Preparedness (1 hour)

Definition and presentation of disaster preparedness; discussion about the goals of disaster preparedness as they differ throughout the world (and why those differences exist).

• Preparedness defined

• Preparedness goals

Session 20: Preparedness Actions of Governments (1 hour)

Discussion of the planning function of government; explanation of the various components of a governmental planning effort; identification and explanation of the various components of an emergency operations plan; discussion about the exercise, training, equipment, and statutory authority needs of a nation’s or community’s government.

• Planning

• The Emergency Operations Plan

• Exercise

• Training

• Equipment

• Statutory Authority

Session 21: Preparedness Actions of the Public (1 hour)

Discussion of the various categories of action that the public, including individuals, families, communities, businesses, and other groups can take to increase their preparedness to the consequences of disasters.

• Planning

• Skills

• Equipment and supplies

• Community preparedness

Session 22: Public Education (1 hour)

Discussion about the process by which the general public is informed about the existence of hazards, and educated about what they can do to reduce their vulnerability; explanation of the components of a public education campaign; presentation of public education lessons learned and successes from the international experience.

• Public education goals

• The public education campaign

• Analyzing the audience

• Channels and messages

• The Media as a public educator

• Public education obstacles

• The international experience

• Case Study

Session 23: Response (1 hour)

Definition and presentation of emergency response; explanation of and discussion about the three different phases of disaster response.

• Response defined

• The pre-hazard phase of response

• The emergency phase of response, when hazard effects are ongoing

• The emergency phase of response, when hazard effects have ceased

Session 24: Disaster Response Functions (1 hour)

Presentation of and discussion about the various disaster response functions.

• Search and Rescue

• First Aid Medical Treatment

• Evacuation

• Disaster Assessments

• Treating the Hazard

• Provision of Water, Food, and Shelter

• Health

• Sanitation

• Safety and Security

• Critical Infrastructure Resumption

• Emergency Social Services

• Donations Management

Session 25: Command, Control, and Coordination (1 hour)

Discussion about the need for governments and organizations to coordinate the response to an emergency or disaster event; presentation of and discussion about various methods by which coordination is conducted.

• Emergency coordination systems

• The Incident Command System

• Disaster declaration

• International coordination systems

• Volunteer Management

Session 26: Recovery (1 hour)

Definition and presentation of disaster recovery; explanation of and discussion about the two phases of recovery; discussion about how disasters effect societies, and what must be done to ensure that recovery actions are effective and equitable.

• Recovery defined

• Short term recovery

• Long term recovery

• The effects of disasters on society

• Resisting the urge to return to normal

• Recovery as an opportunity in disguise

• Equity in recovery

Session 27: Recovery Actions (1 hour)

Discussion about recovery planning and coordination; explanation of the informational needs of recovery organizations.

• Pre-disaster recovery planning

• Post-disaster recovery planning

• Coordination

• Information

Session 28: Recovery Funding (1 hour)

Discussion about the different sources of funding behind recovery actions that are available to governments and other recovery organizations.

• Insurance

• Reserve Funds

• Donations

• Loans

• Catastrophe bonds and weather derivatives

• Private development funding

• Incentives

• Tax increases

• Allocation of relief funds

Session 29: Types of Recovery (1 hour)

Presentation of several different categories of recovery assistance.

• Public assistance

• The housing sector

• Economic recovery

• Individual, family, and social recovery

Session 30: Midterm Exam (2 hours)

Session 31: Governmental Emergency Management Agencies (1 hour)

Introduction to the various types of governmental agencies involved in national emergency management systems; presentation and explanation of the various components of a nation’s emergency management structure as they exist in different countries of the world.

• Government emergency management structures

• Fire Departments

• Law Enforcement

• Emergency Management and Civil Protection

• Emergency Medical Services

• Public Health

• The Military

• Other Resources

Session 32: Governmental Emergency Management Organizational Structures (1 hour)

Presentation and explanation of the various forms of government into which emergency management structures may be created; explanation of the different organizational authorities that define various countries’ emergency management systems.

• Structures explained

• Locally based structures

• Regionally based structures

• Nationally based structures

• No capacity or no recognized government exists

Session 33: Bilateral Disaster Management Assistance (1 hour)

Presentation of and discussion about how governments assist each other prior to and in the aftermath of disaster events; explanation of the three primary categories of assistance that are provided from one government to another.

• How governments provide bilateral assistance

• Monetary assistance

• Equipment and supplies

• Expertise

Session 34: Government Agencies Involved in Bilateral Assistance (1 hour)

Discussion about the various national government agencies and entities that participate in disaster response on the global level.

• Overseas diplomatic missions

• International development agencies

• National disaster management agencies

• Other government agencies

• Military resources

Session 35: Nongovernmental Organizations (1 hour)

Explanation of the various forms of nongovernmental agencies; discussion of the roles that nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and academia play in the management of emergencies throughout the world.

• Types of nongovernmental organizations involved in emergency management

• The emergency management role of nongovernmental organizations

• The private sector

• Academia

Session 36: Nongovernmental Emergency Management Operations (1 hour)

Discussion about the expanding emergency management role that has been assumed by nongovernmental organizations, and the methods by which those organizations coordinate their efforts; explanation of and discussion about the ongoing trouble area of civil / military cooperation in disaster response; presentation of the voluntary codes of conduct that have been developed and signed by coalitions of nongovernmental organizations.

• Funding

• Coordination

• NGO / Military Cooperation

• Standards of conduct

• Case Study (The International Federation of Red Cross / Red Crescent Societies)

Session 37: Multilateral Organizations (1 hour)

Definition of and discussion about the various regional and global multilateral organizations; explanation of the general role these organizations play in emergency management throughout regions and the world.

• Multilateral organizations explained

• Regional international organizations

• The emergency management role of multilateral organizations

Session 38: The United Nations (1 hour)

Discussion about the important and expanding emergency management role that the United Nations has assumed; explanation of the structure and organization of the United Nations system, its agencies, and its programs; definition of and discussion about the Consolidated Appeals Process by which international disaster operations are funded.

• The United Nations system

• United Nations agencies and programs

• The United Nations role in emergency management

• The Consolidated Appeals Process

Session 39: The International Financial Institutions (1 hour)

Discussion about the emergency management role that the international financial institutions have taken, and the benefits and problems associated with their participation; presentation of several international financial institutions, and the mechanisms by which they participate in emergency management efforts throughout the world.

• The emergency management role of IFIs

• The World Bank

• The International Monetary Fund

• The Asian Development Bank

• The Inter-American Development Bank

Session 40: International Best Practices and Case Studies (3 hours)

• Case 1: Australia / New Zealand

• Case 2: Canada

• Case 3: Great Britain

• Case 4: Denmark

• Case 5: Japan

• Case 6: Thailand

• Case 7: India

Session 41: Course Wrap-Up – Review of course materials and topics (3 hours)

Session 42: Final Exam (2 hours)

Course Bibliography

The following sources will be consulted for both session development and for student/instructor readings:

 

Ansell, J. and F. Wharton. 1992. Risk: Analysis, Assessment, and Management. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester.

Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2005. “Review of Asian Development Bank Policy and Assistance”.

Asian Disaster Reduction Center. 2005. Total Disaster Risk Management. Good Practices.

Atwater, Brian F., Marco Cisternas, Joanne Bourgeois, Walter C. Dudley, James W. Hendley, and Peter H. Stauffer. 1999. Surviving a Tsunami: Lessons Learned from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan. Washington, DC: USGS Information Services.

Bakhet, Omar. 1998. Linking Relief to Development. UNDP Rwanda,

Barnes, Paul. 2002. “Approaches to Community Safety: Risk Perception and Social Meaning.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Autumn, pp. 15–23.

Boen, Teddy and Rohit Jigyasu. 2005. Cultural Considerations for Post Disaster Reconstruction: Post Tsunami Considerations. Asian Disaster Management News. Vol. 11, No. 2. April–June.

Bokman, Lloyd. (March 2003) All Hazards Planning, What Does It Mean, inn the Natural Hazards Observer. URL:

Boullé, Phillippe. 1999. “Prevention Pays” (October 13).

Britton, Neil R. 1998. Managing Community Risks. Ministry of Civil Defense, New Zealand, 2nd Edition.

Broadleaf Capital International. 1999. The Australian and New Zealand Standard on Risk Management, AS/NZS 4360:1999. Broadleaf Capital International. Pymble, Australia.

Brun, Soren. et al. 1997. Coping with Natural Hazards in Canada. Environmental Adaptation Research Group and Institute for Environmental Studies. University of Toronto. June.

Center for Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CDMHA). n.d. NGOs and Disaster Response: Who Are These Guys and What Do They Want Anyway? Power Point Presentation.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1995. Guidelines for Health Education and Risk Reduction Activities. Atlanta, GA: CDC.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 1995. “The CIA on Global Humanitarian Emergencies.” Population and Development Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 913–917.

Connor, Desmond M. No Date. Model Approaches for Public Participation. Connor Development Services, Ltd. Constructive Citizen Participation Newsletter.

Coppola, Damon. 2006. Introduction to International Disaster Management. Butterworth Heinemann Press. Burlington.

Covello, Vincent T., and Jeryl Mumpower. 1985. “Risk Analysis and Risk Management: An Historical Perspective.” Risk Analysis, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 103–118.

Derby, Stephen L., and Ralph L. Keeney. 1981. “Risk Analysis: Understanding ‘How Safe Is Safe Enough?’ ” Risk Analysis; vol. 1, no 3, pp. 217–224.

Emergency Management Australia. 2000. Emergency Risk Management: Applications Guide. EMA. Dickson.

Enders, Jessica. 2001. “Measuring Community Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Spring, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 52–59.

European Commission Humanitarian Aid (ECHO). 2005. “ECHO At Work: Global Reach.”

European Union (EU). 2005. “Community Cooperation in the Field of Civil Protection” (July 12).

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 1996. “Guide for All Hazards Emergency Operations Planning: State and Local Guide.”

FEMA. 1997. Multi-Hazard: Identification and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: Author.

FEMA. 1998. “Introduction to Mitigation Independent Study Course.” Emmitsburg, Maryland (MD): Emergency Management Institute.

FEMA. 1998. IS393 Introduction to Mitigation. Emergency Management Institute. < >

FEMA. 1998. The Political and Policy Basis of Emergency Management. FEMA Higher Education Project.

FEMA. 1999. Emergency Response to Terrorism. Self Study Course. National Fire Academy. Emmitsburg, MD.

FEMA. 2003. Hazards Risk Management Course. FEMA Higher Education Project.

FEMA. 2003. Social Vulnerability Approach to Disasters. FEMA Higher Education Project.

FEMA. 2004. “Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry.”

FEMA. 2005. “FEMA Mitigation Division.”

FEMA. 2006. Emergency Planning. Independent Study Course 235. Emergency Management Institute.

FEMA. 2006. Fundamentals of Emergency Management Online Textbook. FEMA Higher Education Project.

FEMA. 2006. Hazard Mapping and Modeling. FEMA Higher Education Project.

FEMA. n.d. ICS 100 for Public Works Personnel. Independent Study Course IS-100, Emergency Management Institute.

Fiorino, D.J. 1990. Citizen Participation and Environmental Risk: A Survey of Institutional Mechanisms. Science, Technology, & Human Values. V.15. Pp. 226-243.

Fothergill, Alice, Enrique Maestas, and JoAnne Darlington DeRoven. 1999, Race, Ethnicity and Disasters in the United States: A Review of the Literature. Disasters. Vol. 23, No. 2. p. 156–173.

Frandsen, Gray. 2002. A Guide to NGOs. Washingtons DC: Center for Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Medicine, Department of Defense.

Glassner, Barry. 1999. The Culture of Fear. New York: Basic Books.

Haddow, George, Jane Bullock, and Damon Coppola. 2007. Introduction to Emergency Management 3rd Ed. Butterworth Heinemann Press. Burlington.

Home Office (UK). n.d. “Recovery: An Emergency Management Guide.”

IDB. 1999. “Reducing Vulnerability to Natural Hazards.” Consultative Group for the Reconstruction and Transformation of Central America, Stockholm, May 25–28.

Insurance Institute of Michigan. n.d. “A Brief History of the Insurance Industry.” swpapsearch/bghistory.html

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). 2000. Facing The Challenge of Natural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean. sds/doc/env-disasteractionplan.pdf

International Cooperation and Development Fund (ICDF). 2004. Collaboration between NGOs and the Government on Humanitarian Aid.

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). 1994. Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World, World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction. Yokohama, Japan. May 23–27.

International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). 2005a. The Code of Conduct. publicat/conduct/code.asp

International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies. 2000. “Risk Reduction.” Disaster Preparedness Training Programme. Geneva, June.

International Forest Fire News. 2003. “Strategic Paper: Incident Command System.” Outcomes of the International Wildland Fire Summit, Sydney, Australia.

International Insurance Society. 2003. “Overview of World Insurance Markets.”

International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2005. IMF Emergency Assistance: Supporting Recovery from Natural Disasters and Armed Conflicts. IMF Fact Sheet.

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). 2001. Activities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in Central America and the Caribbean.

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). 2004. Living with Risk. Geneva: The United Nations Inter-Agency Secretariat.

Jardine, C. G., and S. E. Hrudey. 1997. “Mixed Messages in Risk Communication.” Risk Analysis, vol. 17, pp. 489–498.

Kaplan, Stan. 1997. “The Words of Risk Analysis.” Risk Analysis. vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 407–417.

Karan, P., W. Bladen, and J. Wilson. 1986. “Technological Hazards in the Third World.” Geographical Review, vol. 76, pp. 195–208.

Kunreuther, Howard, and Paul K. Freeman. 1997. “The Insurability of Risks.” In Fundamentals of Risk Analysis and Risk Management. Edited by Vlasta Molak, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

Kunreuther, Howard, and Richard Roth (Editors). 1998. Paying the Price: The Status and Role of Insurance against Natural Disasters in the United States. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.

Lunn, John. 2003. “Community Consultation: The Foundation of Effective Risk Management.” Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 39–48.

McEntire, David A. (1997). "Reflecting on the Weaknesses of the International Community during the IDNDR: Some Implications for Research and Application."  Disaster Prevention and Management, 6(4): 221-233.

McEntire, David A. (2003). “Causation of Catastrophe: Lessons from Hurricane Georges.”  Journal of Emergency Management, 1(2): 1-8.

McEntire, David A. (2004). “International Relations and Disasters: Illustrating the Relevance of the Discipline to the Study and Profession of Emergency Management.” Federal Emergency Management Agency. 

McEntire, David A. (2004). “Tenets of Vulnerability: Assessing a Fundamental Disaster Concept.” Journal of Emergency Management, 2(2): 23-29.

McEntire, David A. and Christopher Fuller.  (2002). “The Need for a Holistic Theoretical Approach: An Examination from the El Niño Disasters in Peru.”  Disaster Prevention and Management, 11(2): 128-140.

McEntire, David A.  (1999). "Issues in Disaster Relief: Progress, Perpetual Problems and Prospective Solutions." Disaster Prevention and Management, 8(5): 351-361.

McEntire, David A.  (2001). “Triggering Agents, Vulnerabilities and Disaster Reduction: Towards a Holistic Paradigm.”  Disaster Prevention and Management, 10(3): 189-198.

Mileti, Dennis S. 1999. Disasters by Design. Joseph Henry Press: Washington, DC.

Miller, Stuart and Kari Keipi. 2005. Strategies and Financial Instruments for Disaster Risk Management in Latin American and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Misolmali, Raymond and David A. McEntire. (2008). “Rising Disasters and Their Reversal: An Identification of Vulnerability and Ways to Reduce it.” Pp. 19-35 in Pinkowski, Jack. Disaster Management Handbook.  CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.

Morgan, M. Granger, Baruch Fischoff, Ann Bostrom, and Cynthia J Atman. 2002. Risk Communication: A Mental Models Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mullis, John-Paul. 1998. “Persuasive Communication Issues in Disaster Management.” Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Autumn, pp. 51–58.

National Disaster Education Coalition. 2004. “Talking about Disasters: Guide for Standard Messages.”

National Research Council Committee on Risk Perception and Communication (NRC). 1989. Improving Risk Communication. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Nielsen, Samuel, and John Lidstone. 1998. “Public Education and Disaster Management: Is There Any Guiding Theory?” Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Spring, pp. 14–19.

Noji, Eric. 1997. The Public Health Consequences of Disasters. New York: Oxford University Press.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2001. “NATO’s Role in Disaster Assistance.” NATO Civil Emergency Planning. Belgium.

Organization of American States (OAS). 1991. “Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Regional Development Planning.”

Patterson, Jeanine. 1999. A Review of the Literature and Programs on Local Recovery from Disaster. Fairfax, VA: Public Entity Risk Institute.

PERI. 2001. “Characteristics of Effective Emergency Management Organizational Structures.”

Protz, M. 2002. “Communicating Hurricane Preparedness for Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries in the Caribbean.” The Communication Initiative (August 5).

ProVention Consortium. 2004. “Solidarity and Opportunity: The Potential of Insurance for Disaster Risk Management in Developing Countries.” ProVention Consortium International Conference Report, Zurich, October.

Public Entity Risk Institute (PERI) and the Hazard Center. 2001. Holistic Disaster Recovery. PERI. Fairfax.

Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada. 2005 Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements. Fact Sheet. psepc.gc.ca/prg/em/dfaa/index-en.asp

Quarantelli, E.L. 1995. “Disaster Planning, Emergency Management, and Civil Protection: The Historical Development and Current Characteristics of Organized Efforts to Prevent and Respond to Disasters.” Newark, DE: University of Delaware Disaster Research Center.

Raphael, B. 1986. When Disaster Strikes: How Individuals and Communities Cope with Catastrophes. New York: Basic Books.

Reiss, Claire Lee, J.D. 2001. Risk Identification and Analysis: A Guide. Public Entity Risk Institute (PERI). Fairfax.

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Submitted

George D. Haddow

Bullock & Haddow, LLC

315 Boyd Avenue

Takoma Park, MD 20912

301-332-1150

George_Haddow@

January 2, 2009

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