Anatomy Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization



Anatomy Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization

Tissue Level of Organization

______________ are groups of similar __________and extracellular products that carry out a common ____________________.

____________________; The study of tissue and their relationship to ____________________

______________________________; non-cellular material outside of cells produced by living __________ (ex; bone material)

4 Types of Tissues

____________________tissue; surfaces

____________________tissue; internal: support, ____________________

____________________tissue; movement

____________________tissue; communication

Epithelial Tissue

Lines every body ____________________and all body __________.

Forms both the external and ____________________lining of many __________.

Constitutes the majority of ____________________.

Composed of one or more ____________________of closely packed __________that form a barrier between two compartments having different ____________________.

Little to no extracellular __________.

No __________vessels penetrate an ____________________.

Simple vs. Stratified Epithelium

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Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Cellularity

Composed almost entirely of __________bound closely together by different types of cell __________.

Minimal amount of ________________________________________

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Polarity

____________________surface (free, or top, surface) exposed to body __________

Intercellular ___________________ (between cells)

________________surface (fixed, or bottom, surface) attached to underlying __________

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Attachment

The __________surface of an epithelium is bound to a thin ____________________membrane.

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Avascularity

Lack blood __________.

Nutrients obtained either directly across the __________surface or by diffusion across the ___________.

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Innervation

Some epithelia are richly ____________________to detect changes in the environment at that __________or ______________________________.

Most nervous tissue is in the underlying ________________________________________

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: Regeneration Capacity

Frequently ____________________or lost by ____________________and is replaced via high ________________________________________.

Continual ____________________occurs through the divisions of the deepest epithelial cells (called __________cells) near its __________.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Protection of underlying __________ __________ (skin)

Regulation of ____________________into and out of the organ or __________

Produce ____________________or ____________________

- ____________________glands (into bodily fluids)

- ____________________glands (to body surfaces)

____________________; nerve endings detect changes in the external _______________at their surface.

Continuously supply ______________________________to the nervous system concerning ____________________, pressure, ______________________________, and pain.

Junctions

There are __________types of cell junctions:

__________junctions; apical surfaces, joins cells to each other (sealing __________)

____________________junctions; middle of cells, strong structural connection

______________________________; similar to buttons; connects adjacent cells without __________

__________junctions; forms pores allowing materials to pass from one ____________________

Junctions

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Classification of Epithelial Tissue

____________________of cell layers;

- ____________________; one cell layer only

- ____________________; many layers (like __________)

- ______________________________; looks like many layers due to uneven nuclei (_____ layer)

Cell shape;

- ____________________; flat

- ____________________; square or round

- ____________________; rectangular

Glands

Individual __________or multicellular __________that produce substances needed in or on the body

May be __________________ (for use in the body) or __________________ (for use outside the body)

Produce substances such as;

- mucus, ____________________, enzymes, and __________products

Endocrine Glands

Lack __________and secrete their _____________directly into the ____________________fluid and/or ____________________.

Most endocrine glands produce ____________________that act as chemical ____________________to influence cell activities elsewhere in the __________.

Exocrine Glands

Usually maintain their _______________with the _________________surface by means of a _________.

__________secretes materials onto the surface of the __________or onto an epithelial ____________________lining an internal passageway.

May be ___________________ (ex: goblet cells; mucus) without ducts or ___________________ (most others) with __________

Examples; ______________________________________________________________________

Secretion Types

__________glands produce and secrete a nonviscous, _____________fluid, such as sweat, milk, tears, or ______________________________.

Mucus glands secrete __________, which forms __________when mixed with water.

Mixed glands, such as the two pairs of ____________________glands inferior to the oral cavity, contain both serous and mucus cells, and produce a mixture of the two types of ____________________.

Merocrine Glands

Also called ______________glands, package their secretions in structures called ______________________________ which travel to the __________surface of the glandular cell and release their secretion by ______________________________.

The ________________cells remain intact and are not damaged in any way by producing the _________.

Holocrine Gland

____________________is produced through the ____________________of the secretory cell.

__________cells are ____________________by cell division at the base of the gland.

Apocrine Gland

Secretion occurs with the “____________________” of the apical surface of the cell and the subsequent release of secretory product and some cellular ____________________.

Examples: the _____________glands and some __________glands in the axillary and __________

Connective Tissue

Most ________________, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically __________of the tissues.

Designed to ________________________________________ organs.

__________body structures together.

Never found on a body __________

Types; ____________________________________________________________

Basic Components of CT

All CT share __________basic components:

* __________

* ____________________fibers

* ____________________substance

Components of CT: Cells

connective tissue proper contains ____________________,

fat contains ____________________,

____________________contains chondrocytes, and

bone contains ____________________.

- Many CT’s contain white blood cells such as ________________, which phagocytize foreign ____________________.

Components of CT: Protein Fibers

Most contains _____________fibers throughout the tissue.

____________________and ____________________connective tissue.

Type and abundance of these fibers varies depending on ____________________.

Components of CT: Protein Fibers

Three basic types of protein fibers:

* ____________________fibers are strong and stretch-resistant

* ____________________fibers are flexible and resilient

* ____________________fibers form an interwoven framework

* No fibers found in blood except when ______________________________

Components of CT: Ground Substance

__________and the ______________fibers reside within a material called _______________substance.

____________________material produced by the connective tissue cells.

Primarily consists of molecules composed of __________and carbohydrate and variable amounts of __.

May be _________________ (blood), _________________ (cartilage), or __________ (bone).

Functions of Connective Tissue

Physical ____________________

Support and structural ____________________

____________________of structures

____________________

____________________

Classification of Connective Tissue

The connective tissue types present after birth are classified into __________broad categories:

- connective tissue ____________________

- ____________________connective tissue

- __________connective tissue

The Resident Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper

____________________; produce fibers and ground substance of __________

____________________; fat cells

Fixed ____________________; non-moving __________

______________________________cells; stem cells that can divide and replace lost __________

The Wandering Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper

__________cells; secrete _______________ (prevent clotting) and ____________(increase blood flow)

____________________cells; produce antibodies to fight ____________________

______________________________; Engulf ____________________through phagocytosis

Other ____________________; variety of other white blood cells used in immunity

2 Broad Categories of CT

_________________connective tissue

- _________________; common; cushions shocks

- ____________________; contains fat cells

- ____________________; forms framework for many organs

Dense connective tissue (Primarily ____________________fiber)

- ____________________; parallel fibers (____________________)

- ____________________; fibers in all directions (__________)

- _________________; branching elastic fibers (__________cords and ligaments)

Supporting Connective Tissue

____________________and __________

Form a strong, _____________framework that protects and supports the soft body tissues.

Extracellular __________contains many protein fibers and a ground substance that ranges from semisolid to solid.

Cartilage

Firm extra cellular __________of protein fibers and ____________________substance

Living cells called ____________________

Chondrocytes live in spaces called __________

Stronger and more _____________than other types of ____________________tissue

Found in areas of the body that need ________________support and ___________________ (like in joints and at the tip of your __________)

Bone

Also known as ____________________tissue

More __________and ____________________than cartilage

One third _________________materials - primarily collagen fibers (resists ____________________)

Two thirds ____________________components

- primarily ____________________salts (like calcium phosphate)

- calcium provides __________________ (weight-bearing) strength (think of reinforced ________)

Possesses a ____________________; connective tissue layer surrounding the __________

Blood: Fluid Connective Tissue

Blood is a __________connective tissue composed of cells called ______________________________.

____________________ (red blood cells)

____________________ (white blood cells)

____________________

- erythrocytes transport __________and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the _______tissues

- ____________________mount an immune response

- ____________________are involved with blood clotting

Muscle Tissue

Responds to ____________________from the ____________system causing them to shorten.

Produce ____________________and ____________________movement.

Types;

- _______________; striated, used for voluntary movements, usually attached to bones

- _________________; striated with intercalated discs, involuntary, found in heart

- _______________; involuntary, found in skin and internal organs such as small intestine, _____

Nervous Tissue

Sometimes termed ____________________tissue.

Consists of ____________________, or nerve cells, and __________cells that support, protect, and provide a framework for ____________________.

Neurons

Detect ______________, process information quickly, and rapidly _______________electrical impulses from one region of the body to ____________________.

Prominent __________body functions in ____________________; ____________________processing, _______________, and retrieval; internal ____________________.

Neurons

Processes extend from the nerve cell body.

- ____________________; incoming signals to neuron

- _____________; outgoing signals from neuron

Review Questions; Ch. 4

1. What are groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function.

2. What is the study of tissue and their relationship to organs

3. What is the non-cellular material outside of cells produced by living cells (ex; bone material)

4. What are the 4 Types of Tissues

5. Epithelial tissue lines every body surface and all body cavities; True (A) or False (B)

6. What is composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells that form a barrier between two compartments having different components.

7. How much extracellular matrix is found in epithelial tissue?

8. Many blood vessels penetrate an epithelium; True (A) or False (B)

9. What are the 5 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

10. What epithelial surface (free, or top, surface) is exposed to the body surface?

11. The basal surface (fixed, or bottom, surface) of epithelial tissue is attached to what?

12. What term means that epithelia lack blood vessels?

13. How are nutrients obtained in an epithelial tissue?

14. Some epithelia are richly innervated to detect changes in the environment at that body or organ surface; True (A) or False (B)

15. Frequently damaged or lost by abrasion and is replaced via what capacity?

16. Continual replacement occurs through the divisions of the which epithelial cells?

17. What are the basic functions of Epithelial Tissue?

18. What structures in epithelial tissue continuously supply information to the nervous system concerning touch, pressure, temperature, and pain?

19. What are the four types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue?

20. What are the two ways that Epithelial Tissue is classified?

21. In an epithelial tissue, what do the terms, Simple, Stratified, and Pseudostratified mean?

22. What are the 3 basic cell shapes found in epithelial tissue?

23. What are individual cells or multicellular organs that produce substances needed in or on the body?

24. What do the terms endocrine and exocrine mean?

25. What glands lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid and/or bloodstream?

26. Most endocrine glands produce what chemicals that act as chemical messengers to influence cell activities elsewhere in the body?

27. Exocrine glands usually maintain their contact with the epithelial surface by means of;

28. What glands are also called eccrine glands, package their secretions in structures called secretory vesicles which travel to the apical surface of the glandular cell and release their secretion by exocytosis?

29. In what type of gland is the secretion produced through the destruction of the secretory cell?

30. In what type of gland is the secretion produced with the “decapitation” of the apical surface of the cell and the subsequent release of secretory product and some cellular fragments.

31. Mammary glands and some sweat glands in the axillary and pubic regions are an example of an eccrine gland; True (A) or False (B)

32. What type of tissue is the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable of the tissues?

33. What is connective tissue designed to do?

34. Connective tissue is never found where (normally)?

35. What are the 5 Types of connective tissue?

36. Connective tissue proper contains what cells?

37. Fat cells are called;

38. Cartilage contains what cells?

39. Many CT’s contain white blood cells such as macrophages, which do what?

40. Most connective tissue contains what structures throughout the tissue?

41. What is the function of protein fibers in connective tissues?

42. Type and abundance of these protein fibers varies in connective tissue depending on what?

43. What are the three basic types of protein fibers found in connective tissue?

44. There are no protein fibers found in blood except when?

45. Cells and the protein fibers of connective tissue reside within a material called;

46. What produces the nonliving material in connective tissue?

47. What are the 5 Functions of Connective Tissue

48. The connective tissue types present after birth are classified into what three broad categories:

49. What are The 4 types of Resident Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper?

50. What are the 4 types of Wandering Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper?

51. What are the 2 Broad Categories of Connective Tissue?

52. What are the two types of Supporting Connective Tissue?

53. What connective tissue has firm extra cellular matrix of protein fibers and ground substance and living cells called chondrocytes?

54. Chondrocytes live in spaces called;

55. Cartilage is weaker and less flexible than other types of connective tissue; True (A) or False (B)

56. Where in the body is cartilage normally found?

57. What is also known as osseous tissue?

58. Bone is more rigid and inflexible than cartilage; True (A) or False (B)

59. What is the function of the collagen fibers of bone?

60. If you took a bone and put it in acid, the minerals would dissolve, but not the protein. If you did this to a femur that weighed 10 pounds, how heavy would it be when it came out?

61. What would the consistency of that bone be after the acid?

62. The calcium in bone is provides what function?

63. The connective tissue layer surrounding the bone is called the;

64. What is the only fluid connective tissue in the body?

65. The scientific name for red blood cells and white blood cells are __________ and _____________

66. What blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues

67. What blood cells mount an immune response

68. What blood cells are involved with blood clotting?

69. What type of tissue responds to stimulation from the nervous system causing them to shorten?

70. Muscle cells can produce both voluntary and involuntary movements; True (A) or False (B)

71. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue, their locations, and functions?

72. What type of tissue consists of neurons, or nerve cells, and glial cells that support, protect, and provide a framework for neurons?

73. What cells detect stimuli, process information quickly, and rapidly transmit electrical impulses from one region of the body to another?

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