Students’ Basic Grammar of Spanish
Students' Basic Grammar of Spanish
REVISED EDITION
Rosario Alonso Raya Alejandro Casta?eda Castro Pablo Mart?nez Gila Lourdes Miquel L?pez Jenaro Ortega Olivares Jos? Pl?cido Ruiz Campillo
First edition: august 2009
? The authors and Difusi?n. Centro de investigaciones y publicaciones de idiomas, S.L. c/Trafalgar, 10, entlo. 1? 08010 Barcelona Tel. (+34) 93 268 03 00 / Fax (+34) 93 310 33 40 editorial@
Authors: Rosario Alonso Raya
Alejandro Casta?eda Castro
Pablo Mart?nez Gila
Lourdes Miquel L?pez
Jenaro Ortega Olivares
Jos? Pl?cido Ruiz Campillo
Rosario Alonso, Alejandro Casta?eda, Lourdes Miquel and Jenaro Ortega's involvement in this edition is linked to the development of project number FFI2009-13107, financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation.
Coordination and design: Jordi Sadurn? Ventura Editing: Paco Riera Arteaga, Jordi Sadurn? i Ventura Cover design: Oscar Garc?a Ortega Educational consultant: Agust?n Garmendia Documentation: Olga Mias
English edition: Bob Flory, Brian Brennan
Illustrations: David Revilla
Photographs: P?g. 36, 102, 106, 116, 140, 146, 153, 217, 234, 237: autores y familiares. P?g. 44: 1: Rasmus Evensen, Didvision, 2: John Pring (john@), 3: Franco Giovanella (franco@.br), 4: San San (san@). P?g. 110: Jo?o Estev?o A. de Freitas (jefras@). P?g. 193: Real Ib?rico, Consorcio para la Promoci?n del Jam?n Ib?rico Espa?ol.
Printed by Tallers Gr?fics Soler S.A.
ISBN: 978-84-8443-437-5 Legal deposit: B-25797-2013
Any form of reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work is strictly prohibited without the consent of the intellectual property owners. Any violation of the above-mentioned rights could constitute a criminal offence against the intellectual property (Art. 270 and following of the Penal Code).
Acknowledgements
People who search for grammar books are looking for a map to an unknown land. They are pirates, astronauts, crazy adventurers bent on discovering an entire universe. There is nothing more daring nor more generous than learning a language. It is an endless undertaking, overwhelming and worthy of heroes. Like Adam in the Garden of Eden, you start to name the world afresh. If you have got this far and are holding this grammar book in your hands, you are already one of us. Thank you.
Thanks also to our students of the Centro de Lenguas Modernas of the University of Granada, of the Escuela Oficial de Idiomas-2 in Barcelona and of the Instituto Cervantes in Istanbul, all expedition members on the Safari of learning, for it is really they who have shown us where the sinking sands, the oases, the caves and volcanoes, the wild watercourses and the cool pools of crystal-clear waters are. For it is they who have guided and corrected the lines on this map with the lucid testimony of their grammatical adventures. For it is not they who have learned from this grammar book: it is this grammar book that has learned from them.
Thank you to the inventive genius of David Revilla our artist; thank you for the support, patience and help of Agust?n Garmendia and the Difusi?n production team, thank you for the sensitivity, involvement, understanding and enthusiasm of Jordi Sadurn?.
And, above all, we thank our long-suffering families and our temporarily abandoned friends for having put up with our long absences in imaginary countries.
From our long stays in the region of the pronouns, in the jungle of the subjunctive, and on the planet of qu?, qui?n, cu?l or in the castle of ser and estar, we returned worse off than we had set out, more aware of the bottomless chasms and on the verge of being seduced by the dark side of the force. Adoraci?n, Alicia, ?ngela, Antonio, Arnau, Carlota, Carmen, Carmen, Francisca, Gloria, H?ctor, Inma, Juani, Jes?s, Luc?a, Luc?a, Luc?a, Luis, Mari, Mopa, Pl?cido, Puchi, Rosario, Samuel, Teo, Xavier, your contributions are priceless.
The map makers
Index
10
Introduction
11
How the SBGS is organised
section 1 Nouns and Adjectives
14
1. Noun. The gender of things
14 a General rule: el edificio, la casa... 14 b Special rules: el problema, la mano...
17
2. Noun. The gender of people and animals
17 a General rule: doctor, doctora... 18 b Special rules for the gender of people: marido, mujer... 19 c Special rules for the gender of animals: toro, vaca...
20
3. Noun. Number
20 a Forming the plural: mapa, mapas; pa?s, pa?ses... 21 b Special cases: la gente, las gafas...
23
4. Adjective
23 a Gender: guapo, guapa; interesante... 24 b Number: guapos, guapas; interesantes... 25 c Concordance: Unos amigos griegos. 26 d Adjective after noun: ?Vino tinto o vino blanco? 26 e Adjective before noun: Mi apartamento peque?o / Mi peque?o apartamento 28 f Un gran problema / Un problema grande
section 2 Determiners
30
5. Articles: Un, el, ?
30 a Forms
31 b Uses: Toma una carta / Toma la carta
33 c ?Un o el o ??: Tenemos tel?fono. Suena un tel?fono. He roto el tel?fono.
34 d Generalising: A los espa?oles les gusta el caf?...
36 e Uno alto, el de Soria, el que te dije...
37
6. Demonstratives: este, ese, aquel... esto, eso, aquello...
37 a Este libro; ese libro; aquel libro.
39 b Uses connected with time: Este mes. Ese d?a. Aquel fin de semana.
39 c Este, ese, aquel...
40 d Neutral demonstratives: ?D?nde pongo esto? No me digas eso. ?Qu? es aquello?
43
7. Possessives: mi, tu, su... m?o, tuyo, suyo...
43 a Possessives before the noun: mi amigo, mi amiga...
45 b Possessives after the noun: un amigo m?o, una amiga m?a...
46 c Un amigo m?o / Mi amigo
47 d Without noun: Tu casa es bonita pero la m?a es m?s grande.
48 e ?De qui?n es? Es nuestro: m?o, tuyo y de Pepe.
49 f Special cases:: Tengo el pelo mojado.
50
8. Indefinite articles: todos, algunos, alguien, nada, otros...
50 a Alg?n estudiante, ninguna casa, todos los d?as...
52 b Alguien, nadie; algo, nada; todo.
53 c Double negative: No hay ninguno; no hay nadie; no hay nada.
54 d Otro, otra, otros, otras.
56
9. Cardinal numbers: uno, dos, tres...
56 a From 0 to 15
57 b From 16 to 99
58 c From 100 to 999
59 d From 1.000 to 999.999
59 e Mill?n, millones...
60 f How to say numbers in Spanish.
61
10. Ordinal numbers: primero, segundo, tercero...
61 a Meaning and forms
62 b How they work
62 c Uses
63 d Ordinals from 10th upwards
64
11. Quantifiers: demasiado, mucho, bastante...
64 a With nouns: mucho chocolate / muchas galletas
65 b Poco / un poco de + uncountable nouns: Hay un poco de comida pero
hay poca bebida.
66 c With adjectives, adverbs and verbs: Corre mucho; es muy r?pido; est? muy lejos.
section 3 Personal pronouns
68
12. Personal pronouns. Introduction.
68 a Subject, direct object and indirect object
70 b Reflexive constructions: Ella se pinta.
70 c Constructions that express opinions: A Jaime le gustan las motos.
71
13. Subject pronouns: yo, t?, ?l...
71 a Forms: yo, t?, ?l...
72 b With and without the pronoun: ?C?mo te llamas? / ?T? c?mo te llamas?
73
14. Pronouns with prepositions: a m?, para ti, con ?l...
73 a Forms
74 b Conmigo, contigo, con ?l...
75
15. Object pronouns: me, te, nos... lo, la, le, los...
75 a First and second person: me, te, nos, os.
76 b Third person: lo, la, los, las / le, les.
78 c Neutral lo: Yo eso no lo entiendo. Parece f?cil, pero no lo es.
79
16. Position and combination of object pronouns
79 a One pronoun: Te he visto. Os he visto.
80 b Combination of two pronouns: Te lo compro. Os lo compro.
80 c Combination of two pronouns: Se lo compro. Se la compro.
81 d With affirmative imperative, infinitive and gerund: d?jasela, dej?rsela, dej?ndosela...
82 e With periphrastic verbs: Tienes que com?rtelo / Te lo tienes que comer
83 f In reflexive and opinion-expressing constructions: Se las lava. Le gusta el chocolate.
84
17. Presence and redoubling of pronouns
84 a Use of lo, la, los, las / le, les: Lo ha comprado. Le ha dado un regalo a Mar?a.
85 b Redoubling: Me ha mirado a m?.
87
18. Reflexive and opinion-expressing constructions
87 a Reflexive constructions: Me ba?o. Me lavo los dientes.
88 b Uses: Te has mojado. Te has mojado el pelo. Te has mojado la blusa.
89 c Reciprocity: Nos conocemos. Nos queremos.
90 d Cambios de estado: El fuego se ha apagado y la comida se ha enfriado.
92 e Ir(se), llevar(se) / venir(se), traer(se)
95 f Verbos de ingesti?n: comer(se), beber(se), tomar(se)
97 g Construcciones impersonales con se: Aqu? se vive bien / Se invit? a toda la familia.
100 h Opinion-expressing constructions: Me gusta... Les da miedo... Nos parece bien...
section 4 Verbs
104
19. Conjugation. The basic building blocks.
104 a Talking about a verb: the infinitive.
105 b Conjugating a verb
106 c Verb and subject concordance
107
20. Non-personal forms: hablar, hablando, hablado.
107 a Meaning and form of the infinitive: hablar, comer, vivir.
107 b The infinitive as a noun
108 c The infinitive as a verb
109 d Meaning and form of the gerund: hablando, comiendo, viviendo.
110 e Uses of the gerund: Est? subiendo. Subiendo a la derecha. 111 f Meaning and form of the past participle: hablado, comido, vivido. 112 g Use as an adjective: Una cosa terminada. Est? terminada. La tengo terminada. 113 h Use of compound verb forms: he salido, hab?a salido, habr? salido...
114
21. Presente de indicativo
114 a Regular verbs: hablo, como, vivo...
115 b Verbs with vowel changes: quiero / puedo, juego...
115 c Verbs with vowel changes: pido, repito...
116 d First person irregular: hago, pongo, salgo...
117 e First person irregular and other changes: tener, venir, decir, o?r, estar.
118 f Very irregular verbs: ir, ser, haber.
118 g Uses. Present affirmations: Mi novio est? en Madrid.
119 h Uses. Future affirmations: Mi novio vuelve ma?ana.
120 i Uses. General affirmations: Los hombres son as?.
121
22. Pret?rito perfecto de indicativo
121 a Meaning and forms: he hablado, he comido, he vivido...
122 b The recent past: Ha llovido mucho. Este verano ha llovido mucho.
124 c The past in the future: A las cinco he terminado.
125
23. Pret?rito indefinido
125 a Meaning and forms: habl?, com?, viv?...
126 b Verbs with an irregular stem: dijo, puso, estuvo...
127 c Verbs with vowel changes: pidi?, durmi?...
127 d Dar, ir, ser.
128 e Uses:: El viernes pasado los vi. Cuando entraba, los vi.
129
24. ?Perfecto or Indefinido? Ha salido / Sali?
129 a Present and past time periods: Este a?o ha sido horrible / El a?o pasado
fue horrible
130 b Unspecified time periods: Nunca ha pasado nada / Nunca pas? nada
132 c Recent time periods: Ya he terminado / Ya termin?
133
25. Pret?rito imperfecto de indicativo
133 a Meaning of the Imperfecto
134 b Regular forms: hablaba, com?a, viv?a...
135 c Very irregular verbs: ir, ser, ver.
135 d Uses of the Imperfecto. Describing qualities: Era una chica muy guapa.
136 e Uses of the Imperfecto. Describing habitual situations: Antes dorm?a mucho.
137 f Uses of the Imperfecto. Describing temporary situations: A las dos estaba durmiendo.
138
26. ?Imperfecto, Indefinido or Pret?rito perfecto?
138 a Describing temporary situations or talking about completed events
139 b Completed activities (Indefinido) and parts of an activity (Imperfecto)
140 c Stative qualities (Imperfecto) or dynamic qualities (Indefinido)
142 d Describing habitual situations (Imperfecto)
142 e Narrating events
143 f Imperfecto or Pret?rito perfecto? Sal?a / Ha salido
144 g Narratives happening now or not happening now
146
27. Pluscuamperfecto de indicativo
146 a Meaning and forms: hab?a hablado, hab?a comido, hab?a vivido...
147 b Use: el pasado del pasado.
149
28. Futuro
149 a Meaning
149 b Regular forms: hablar?, comer?, vivir?...
150 c Irregular verbs: dir?, querr?, tendr?...
151 d Uses. Predicting the future: Mi novio volver? ma?ana.
152 e Uses. Making suppositions about the present: Mi novio estar? en Madrid ahora.
154
29. Futuro perfecto
154 a Meaning and forms: habr? hablado, habr? comido, habr? vivido...
154 b Uses. Imagining the recent past: Habr? dormido poco, supongo.
155 c Uses. Predicting the past in the future: Ma?ana habr? terminado.
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