Residential Wiring - Craftsman Book Company

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Residential Wiring

to the 2011 NEC?

by Jeff Markell

Revised by

E Rob Adair L & P Dan Atcheson SAM Make Studying for the Exam Fun

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National Electrical Code? tables are reprinted with permission from NFPA 70?-2011, Copyright ? 2010, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. National Electrical Code? and NEC ? are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Quincy, MA 02169.

Production Manager, Christine Bruneau; design, layout and photographs, Joan Hamilton; image conversion, Lori Boon; cover photos, Ed Kessler Studios. Special thanks to Greg Haukap, LLC, Venice, Florida

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First edition ? 1984 by Reston Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-8359-6661-5 Second edition ? 1987 by Craftsman Book Company ISBN 0-934041-19-9 Third edition ? 1993 by Craftsman Book Company Fourth edition ? 1996 by Craftsman Book Company Fifth edition ? 1999 by Craftsman Book Company Sixth edition ? 2002 by Craftsman Book Company Seventh edition ? 2004 by Craftsman Book Company Eighth edition ? 2008 by Craftsman Book Company Ninth edition ? 2012 by Craftsman Book Company

CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1 4 E Electrical Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Historical Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . 7

L The Composition of Matter . . . . . . . 8

Formation of Molecules . . . . . . . . . . 11

P Static Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Current Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Ohm's Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

M5 Watt's Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Electrical Measurements. . . . . . . . . 18 Basic Electrical Circuits. . . . . . . . . . 20

A Effects of Electrical Energy. . . . . . . 23

Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2 S Distribution of Alternating Current. . . . . . . . 29

Conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Wire Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Wire Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Insulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Color Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Ampacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Grouped Conductors . . . . . . . . 95

Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable. . . . . . 95 Service Entrance Cable . . . . . . . . . . 97 Underground Feeder Cable . . . . . . . 98 Armored Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Flexible Metal Conduit. . . . . . . . . . . 101 Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit. . 102 Rigid Metal Conduit. . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Electrical Metallic Tubing. . . . . . . . 105

DC Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit . . 106

Magnetic-Mechanical Generation. . 30

Surface Metal Raceways. . . . . . . . . . 107

Induction and AC Generation. . . . . 35 Power in an AC Circuit. . . . . . . . . . 45 Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Surface Nonmetallic Raceways. . . . 108 Multioutlet Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

3 Tools and Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Conventional Hand Tools. . . . . . . . . 51 Electrician's Hand Tools . . . . . . . . . 54 Power Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Test Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Basic Wiring Techniques . . . . . . . . . 63 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

6 Electrical Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Metal Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Single-Gang Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4-Iinch Square Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Multiple-Gang Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Cut-In Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Octagon Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Weatherproof Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Plastic Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Flexible Metal Conduit . . . . . . . . . . 244

NEC Box Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit. . 246

Number of Conductors Permitted. . 122

Electrical Metallic Tubing. . . . . . . . 246

Entrance of Conductors into

The Conduit Bender . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Surface Raceways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Identifying Rough Wiring. . . . . . . . 254

Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

7Wiring Switch Circuits

and Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

11Finish Wiring of New Work. . 257

Switch Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Wiring Switch Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . 137 Wiring 3-Way Switch Circuits . . . . . 140 Switch/Outlet Combinations. . . . . . 145 Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Light Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Light Bulbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Breaker Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

8 12 A Residential Plan Set. . . . . . . . . . . 155

Types of Plans and their Uses. . . . . 157 Floor Plan Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

E Design of the Electrical System. . . . 160

Convenience Outlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

L Lighting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 165

Branch Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

13 Cable Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

P Wiring Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

TR/GFCI Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Appliances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

M Service Load Computation. . . . . . . . 206

Sizing the Service Entrance. . . . . . . 210

A Estimating Electrical Costs. . . . . . . 210

Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

9 S The Service Entrance . . . . . . . 215

Additions and Alterations to Old Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Framing Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Concealing Additions/Alterations . . 280 Exposed Additions/Alterations . . . . 288 Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Troubleshooting and Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Safety First. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Shorts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Overloads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Receptacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Light Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Checking New Wiring. . . . . . . . . . . 315 Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Overhead Service Entrance. . . . . . . 215 Underground Services . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Meter Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Breaker Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Grounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Grounding Electrode System. . . . . . 224 Overcurrent Protective Devices. . . . 227 Fuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Circuit Breakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Combination Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Breakers. . . . . 231 Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

14Supplementary Systems. . . . . 321

Signaling and Warning Systems. . . 321 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Entertainment and Computer Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Home Elevators and Stairway Chairlifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Residential Standby and Optional Power Systems. . . . . . . . 333 Home Electrical Vehicle Charging Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Study Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

10 Rough Wiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Nonmetallic Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Answers to Chapter Questions. . . 339

BX Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

INTRODUCTION

his book was written for anyone who intends to make a living wiring resi-

Tdential buildings. If you can understand and follow the instructions in this

manual, you should have no trouble installing safe, modern, efficient electrical

E systems in homes and apartments. L As an electrician, you need to know how to use a wide variety of tools and

materials. This manual describes the tools that should be in every electrician's tool box, and suggests how they can be used to best advantage. I'll also explain what

P you should know about electrical materials: wire, cable, conduit, fixtures, boxes,

switches, breakers and panels. There's a correct tool and a right material for every purpose. Sometimes selecting the right tools and materials isn't easy. After read-

M ing this book, you should have little trouble choosing both the tools and materials

appropriate for the work you do.

A This manual isn't a book of electrical theory. But every professional electrician

needs some background on how electricity is generated and distributed. And, of

S course, you should know how Ohm's Law and Watt's Law are used to design elec-

trical systems. The first two chapters cover these important subjects. If you've worked as an electrician for some time, you know that nearly every-

thing an electrician does is governed by the National Electrical Code?, also referred to as NFPA 70?, published by the National Fire Protection Association? (NFPA?), and the International Code Council (ICC) Electrical Code. For our purposes, the only right way is the code way. Until you're comfortable with the NEC?, doing everything the code way can be a nuisance. Once you understand the code and the reasons for code requirements, you may have a different perspective. Experienced electricians agree that the NEC protects everyone (including electricians and electrical contractors) and is a good guide to professional practice and should be followed -- even if the building inspector didn't spot a problem or enforce it.

And here's yet another reason to strictly adhere to the code. If ever there's a problem with the wiring in a building, such as an electrical fire, as long as you've done the installation to code, you're probably off the hook. But if they find you haven't, they're going to hang you on it.

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