Quality and grain yield of basmati rice as influenced by different ...

An Asian Journal of Soil Science

Volume 8 | Issue 2 | December, 2013 | 311-318

Research Article

Quality and grain yield of basmati rice as influenced by different establishment methods and nitrogen levels

JAGJOT SINGH GILL AND SOHAN SINGH WALIA

Received : 10.06.2013; Revised : 24.09.2013; Accepted : 03.10.2013

MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM :

Corresponding author : JAGJOT SINGH GILL, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, LUDHIANA (PUNJAB)

INDIA Email: jagjotsinghgill@yahoo.co.in

Co-authors : SOHAN SINGH WALIA, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, LUDHIANA (PUNJAB)

INDIA

Summary

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2010 and 2011 with 6 establishment methods in horizontal plots and 4 nitrogen levels in vertical plots in Strip Plot Design. The soil was sandy loam with normal soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and K. The results revealed that grain yield was significantly higher with machine transplanted basmati rice after puddling but was statistically at par with direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring. The differences in straw yield was found to be non-significant among different methods of establishment. Biological yield was significantly higher with machine transplanted basmati rice after puddling but was statistically at par with both methods of direct seeding and conventional transplanted basmati rice during 2010. However during 2011, effect of different crop establishment methods on biological yield was statistically non-significant. Various quality characters of basmati rice like brown, milled and head rice recovery, length : width ratio paddy, length : width ratio of head rice of basmati, protein content, amylose content, minimum cooking time, elongation ratio, water uptake ratio and length : width ratio of cooked milled basmati rice were statistically at par among different methods of establishment. Grain, straw and biological yield were significantly higher with N4 nitrogen level and it was statistically at par with N3 in respect of straw yield and biological yield. Brown, milled and head rice recovery, minimum cooking time was significantly higher with N nitrogen level

4

as compared to other nitrogen levels. However, N1 nitrogen level recorded significantly higher value of water uptake ratio.

Key words : Establishment methods, Nitrogen levels, Yield, Quality

How to cite this article : Gill, Jagjot Singh and Walia, Sohan Singh (2013). Quality and grain yield of basmati rice as influenced by different establishment methods and nitrogen levels. Asian J. Soil Sci., 8(2): 311-318.

Introduction

Rice is the most important staple in Asia, providing on average 32% of total calorie uptake (MacLean et al., 2002). Rice consumption is estimated to the 581 Mt in 2015 as against a consumption of 531 Mt in 2005 (Prasad, 2011). To meet the global rice demand, it is estimated that about 114 Mt of additional milled rice need to be produced by 2035, which is equivalent to an overall increase of 26% in the next 25 years (Kumar and Ladha, 2011). In India, rice occupied 39.16 m ha with a production of 85.59 Mt and average yield 2185 kg ha-1 (Anonymous, 2013) while in Punjab it occupied 28.18 lakh ha

with a production of 105.42 lakh tonnes in 2011-12 (Anonymous, 2013a). Basmati rice occupies a special status in rice cultivation and is known for its fragrance, excellent cooking and eating qualities. It is mainly grown during rainy season as Kharif crop in Punjab. Presently, it is grown on 4-5 per cent of the total rice area that is 1.0-1.25 lakh ha. Rice is grown by transplanting of the seedling in the puddled fields of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) in general and Trans-Gangetic region of IGP of Punjab in particular. However, economic factors and recent changes in rice production technology heve improved the desirability of direct-seeding method (Pandey

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JAGJOT SINGH GILL AND SOHAN SINGH WALIA

and Velasco, 1995), The major forces driving the spread of direct-seeding methods are availability of chemicals for weed control, increasing scarcity of water and labor, time consumption, cost and drudgery in transplanting method. Grain quality in rice is more important than in many other cereals. In trade, rice quality is well recognized and marketability of rice depends partly on its quality (IRRI, 1998). With improved economic conditions and better standards of living, people are looking for better-quality rice. Rice quality involve milling quality (Hulled/brown, milled and head rice recovery), market quality (Physical properties such as length and width) and cooking quality (protein content, amylose content, minimum cooking time, elongation ratio, water uptake ratio and length : width ratio of cooked milled rice). Improvement in grain quality coupled with productivity will enhance export potential and help to sustain marketability in trade and commerce (Nanda et al., 1993). Environmental variation during the crop growth period influence quality traits (Ali and Ojha, 1976; Bhashyam and Srinivas, 1984; Toquero et al., 1976). The investigation reported in this paper had objective to comparing different methods of rice establishment and nitrogen levels with respect to grain yield and quality aspects.

Resource and Research Methods

The field experiment was conducted at Students' Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif season 2010 and 2011. The composite soil samples from 0-15 and 15-30 cm profile layers were collected before sowing from randomly selected sites and analyzed for chemical analysis. The soil was sandy loam with normal soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P and K at both the locations (Table A). The experiment was conducted in Strip Plot Design with 6 establishment methods viz., direct seeded basmati rice, direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring, machine transplanting in zero-tillage (ZT) with brown manuring, machine transplanting in zerotillage (ZT) without brown manuring and conventional practice

in horizontal plots and 4 nitrogen levels viz., 0% (N ), 75% 1

(N2), 100% (N3) and 125% (N4) of recommended dose (90 kg urea ha-1). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two equal splits to transplanted basmati rice at about 3 weeks and 6 weeks after transplanting and two equal splits of nitrogen fertilizer were applied to DSR as half dose after two weeks and rest half of nitrogen fertilizer was applied five weeks after sowing. Basmati rice variety Punjab Mehak 1 was used as test variety. For brown manuring, seeding of Sesbania aculeata was done 30 days before the sowing of direct seeded rice and machine transplanting of rice in zero tilled plots. Roundup 41% (glyphosat) was sprayed on Sesbania three days before direct sowing of rice and transplanting of rice with machine in zero tilled plots. The sowing of direct seeded rice (DSR) was done with rice drill in dry moist soil. Nursery for machine transplanting was raised in plastic trays. Seed @ 12 kg acre-1 (for 200 trays) was used for raising nursery in trays. Twenty five days old nursery was used in mechanized transplantation. In case of conventional transplanting, nursery was raised with seed rate of @ 1 kg 20 sq. metres-1 by broadcasting. Transplanting was done using 25 days old seedlings. Machine transplanting was done by paddy transplanter. In zero tilled plots it was done in standing water. In conventional transplanting nursery was irrigated before uprooting. Seedlings were uprooted and transplanted two seedlings per hill about 2-3 cm deep in puddled field in lines at 20?15 cm spacing manually. In direct seeded rice and transplanted rice weeds were controlled by applying stomp 30 EC (pendimethalin) @ 2.5 litre ha-1 within two days of sowing and transplanting of basmati rice and nominee gold 10 SL (bispyribac) @ 250 ml ha-1 at 30 days after sowing and 25 days after transplanting of basmati rice, respectively. The left over weeds were removed by two hand weedings in DSBR after 51 and 66 days after sowing and one hand weeding in transplanted rice after 56 days of transplanting during Kharif 2010.

In Kharif 2011 left over weeds were removed by two hand weedings in DSBR after 50 and 72 days after sowing and one hand weeding in transplanted rice after 49 days of

Table A : Chemical properties of soil of the experimental field at PAU

Soil characters

pH EC (dSm-1) Organic carbon (%) N (kgha-1) P (kgha-1) K (kgha-1) DTPA-extractable Mn (ppm) DTPA-extractable Fe (ppm) DTPA-extractable Zn (ppm)

0-15 8.10 0.36 0.28 255.02 19.10 155.00 10.10 21.50 3.50

2010

Soil depth(cm)

15-30 8.30 0.31 0.27 240.69 19.60 147.80 9.63 21.63 2.01

0-15 8.00 0.32 0.26 238.20 17.20 140.00 8.60 19.20 3.10

2011

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15-30 8.18 0.26 0.25 224.21 17.68 133.00 8.11 19.31 1.62

QUALITY & GRAIN YIELD OF BASMATI RICE AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ESTABLISHMENT METHODS & NITROGEN LEVELS

transplanting. Irrigation was applied as per requirement to direct seeded basmati rice. In transplanted rice water was kept standing continuously for first fifteen days after transplanting. After that irrigations were applied two days after the ponded water has infiltrated into soil. No irrigation was applied on rainy days. Irrigation application was with held 15 days before harvesting of crop.

Research Findings and Discussion

The results obtained from the present investigation as well as relevant discussion have been summarized under following heads :

Grain yield : Grain yield is a function of various growth and yield

attributing parameters. Grain yield is the main criterion for judging the comparative efficacy of different treatments. The data on grain yield presented in Table 1 showed that machine transplanting of rice after puddling yielded significantly more as compared to other methods of establishment but was statistically at par with direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring during both the years of study. Machine transplanted basmati rice after puddling produced 0.96, 2.76, 4.62, 5.07 and 7.31 per cent more grain yield over direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring, direct seeded basmati rice without brown manuring, conventional transplanted basmati rice, machine transplanted basmati rice in zero tilled plots with brown manuring and machine transplanted basmati rice in zero tilled plots without brown manuring, respectively during 2010 and the corresponding values for the year 2011 were 1.34, 2.69, 4.58, 5.35 and 7.49 per cent. Conventional transplanted basmati rice and machine transplanted basmati rice in zero tilled plots with brown manuring were statistically at par with each other

during both 2010 and 2011 but both methods of direct seeding were at par with each other only during 2011. The more grain yield under machine transplanting of basmati rice after puddling was mainly due to better yield attributes through optimum utilization of resources which had direct bearing on production of higher yield of basmati rice. These results are in accordance with the results of Gangwar et al. (2009), Dixit et al. (2010) and Singh et al. (2005).

Increase in nitrogen level will ultimately lead to increase in plant growth. Nitrogen is also present in all proteins, nucleic acids and protoplasm. Nitrogen had significant effect on grain yield of basmati rice. Grain yield was increased with each increment in nitrogen level upto N . All levels of nitrogen

4

differed significantly from each other. The highest grain yield was obtained with N during both the years of study. Higher

4

grain yield with higher nitrogen level might be due to higher values of growth parameters like dry matter accumulation etc. which might have resulted in higher capture of solar energy and hence led to enhanced values of yield attributing characters, that ultimately resulted in higher grain yield. These results also agreed with the findings of Sandhu (2011), Mahajan et al. (2011), Singh and Walia (2010) and Singh et al. (2007).

Straw yield : The straw yield is a function of crop biomass developed

during the crop growth period. The data on straw yield presented in Table 1 clearly showed that different crop establishment methods had non-significant effect on straw yield. The increase in straw yield in machine transplanted rice after puddling was 0.87, 2.66, 4.51, 4.84 and 7.10 per cent with respect to direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring, direct seeded basmati rice without brown manuring, conventional transplanted basmati rice, machine transplanting basmati rice in zero tilled plots with brown manuring and

Table 1 : Effect of different crop establishment methods and nitrogen levels on grain yield, straw yield, biological yield (q ha-1) of basmati rice

Treatments

Grain yield (q/ha)

2010

2011

Straw yield (q/ha)

2010

2011

Biological yield (q/ha)

2010

2011

Establishment methods

DSBR

33.70

30.90

85.94

78.78

119.65

109.68

DSBR with brown manuring Sesbania

34.30

31.31

87.47

79.84

121.77

111.15

Machine transplanting in ZT with brown manuring

32.96

30.12

84.16

76.78

117.12

106.90

Machine transplanting in ZT without brown manuring

32.27

29.52

82.38

75.28

114.65

104.81

Machine transplanting after puddling

34.63

31.73

88.23

80.91

122.87

112.64

Conventional practice

33.10

30.34

84.42

77.37

117.52

107.71

C.D. (P=0.05) Nitrogen levels (kg ha-1)

0.47

0.52

NS

NS

5.36

NS

N1 (0% of Rec) N2 (75% of Rec) N3 (100% of Rec) N4 (125% of Rec) C.D. (P=0.05)

22.25 32.49 38.60 40.64 0.73

19.88 30.17 35.49 37.07 1.37

63.50 76.61 99.00 102.62 6.86

60.83 74.66 75.72 90.46 5.92

85.75 109.10 137.60 143.25 6.86

80.71 104.83 111.21 127.51 5.72

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JAGJOT SINGH GILL AND SOHAN SINGH WALIA

machine transplanting of basmati rice in zero tilled plots without brown manuring, respectively, during 2010, while in 2011 it was 1.34, 2.70, 4.58, 5.38 and 7.48 per cent, respectively.

Amongst the various nitrogen levels N gave 4

significantly higher straw yield during both the years of study but was at par with N3 during 2010. N3 and N2 were statistical at par with each other during 2011. Higher straw yield with higher levels of nitrogen could be due to more number of tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation, LAI and plant height as compared to other treatments. These results confirm the findings of Meena et al. (2003) and Jaiswal and Singh (2001).

Biological yield : The highest biological yield was obtained with machine

transplanting of basmati rice after puddling, which was statistically at par with direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring, direct seeded basmati rice without manuring and conventional transplanted basmati rice during 2010. Machine transplanting of basmati rice after puddling gave 0.90, 2.69, 4.55, 4.91 and 7.18 per cent more yield with respect to direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring, direct seeded basmati rice without brown manuring, conventional transplanted basmati rice, machine transplanted basmati rice in zero tilled plots with brown manuring and machine transplanted basmati rice in zero tilled plots without brown manuring, respectively during 2010. During 2011, effect of different crop establishment methods on biological yield was statistically non-significant.

Significantly higher biological yield was obtained with

N as compared to all other levels of nitrogen during both the 4

years of study but was statistically at par with N3 during 2010.

N4 produced 4.11, 31.30 and 67.06 per cent more biological

yield with respect to N , N and N , during 2009, respectively,

32

1

while in 2011 the increase was 14.66, 21.64 and 57.99 per cent,

respectively (Table 1).

Hulled/brown rice recovery : The data on hulled/brown rice recovery presented in

Table 2 indicated that recovery of brown rice was unaffected by different establishment methods during both the years of study. Although direct seeding methods viz., direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring and direct seeded basmati rice without brown manuring resulted in higher hulled/brown rice recovery.

Nitrogen levels had a significant effect on brown rice recovery. The highest brown rice recovery was observed in N4 (81.50 and 82.63 % during 2010 and 2011, respectively) which was significantly superior than other nitrogen levels during both the years of study but was statistically at par with N3 during 2011. These results are supported by the findings of Gautum et al. (2005). Better development of rice grain than hull and the increase in protein content with increasing doses of nitrogen might have improved the hulling rice recovery.

Milled rice recovery : The data regarding milled rice recovery indicated that

Table 2: Effect of different crop establishment methods and nitrogen levels on milling quality of basmati rice (expressed as percentage of paddy)

2010

2011

Treatments

Brown rice

Milled rice

Head rice

Brown rice

Milled rice Head rice recovery

recovery (%)

recovery (%)

recovery (%)

recovery (%)

recovery (%)

(%)

Establishment methods

DSBR

81.62

68.62

51.63

82.97

72.43

51.34

DSBR with brown manuring

82.33

69.75

52.71

83.01

72.85

53.47

Sesbania

Machine transplanting in ZT

80.92

67.75

50.84

82.34

71.31

49.47

with brown manuring

Machine transplanting in ZT

80.58

67.17

49.29

81.97

69.93

48.72

without brown manuring

Machine transplanting after

80.42

66.38

49.00

80.38

63.73

49.72

puddling

Conventional practice

80.38

66.21

47.63

79.97

60.56

47.22

C.D. (P=0.05) Nitrogen levels (kg ha-1)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

N1 (0% of Rec) N2 (75% of Rec) N3 (100% of Rec)

80.53 80.97 81.17

66.25 67.47 68.03

48.69 48.86 51.08

80.75 81.55 82.16

66.46 67.77 68.96

47.13 48.13 50.80

N4 (125% of Rec)

C.D. (P=0.05) NS=Non-significant

81.50 0.28

68.83 0.47

52.08 0.55

82.63 0.92

70.68 0.94

53.88 0.26

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QUALITY & GRAIN YIELD OF BASMATI RICE AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT ESTABLISHMENT METHODS & NITROGEN LEVELS

there was non-significant difference in milled rice recovery with respect to establishment methods (Table 3). Both direct seeding methods viz., direct seeded basmati rice with brown manuring and direct seeded basmati rice without brown manuring produced higher milled rice (69.75 and 68.62 % during 2010 and 72.85 and 72.43 % during 2011, respectively) as compared to other methods viz., machine transplanted basmati rice in zero tilled plots with brown manuring, machine transplanted basmati rice in zero tilled plots without brown manuring, machine transplanted basmati rice after puddling and conventional transplanted basmati rice.

Amongst nitrogen levels, the significantly higher milled rice recovery (68.83 and 70.68 % during 2010 and 2011, respectively) was noticed in N as compared to other

4

treatments. All nitrogen levels differed significantly from each other in respect of milled rice recovery. These results are in line with that of Singh et al. (1997).

Head rice recovery : Different crop establishment methods had non-

significant effect on head rice recovery during both the years of study (Table 2). Although direct seeded rice with brown manuring and direct seeded rice without brown manuring performed better and gave higher head rice recovery (52.71 and 51.63 % during 2010 and 53.47 and 51.34 % during 2011,

respectively) as compared to other establishment methods. Various nitrogen levels had a significant influence on

head rice recovery. N4 gave maximum head rice recovery (52.08 and 53.88 per cent during 2010 and 2011, respectively) which was significantly higher than other nitrogen levels. During 2010 nitrogen level N4 resulted in 1.96, 6.59 and 6.96 per cent and during 2011 this treatment resulted in 6.06, 11.95 and 14.32 per cent increase in head rice recovery over N3, N2 and N1, respectively. The increase in protein content due to higher dose of nitrogen application might have improved the hulling, milling and head rice recovery by increasing the resistance of grains to abrasive milling process. Cagampang et al. (1966) and Leesawatwong et al. (2005) reported that higher protein rice was more resistant to abrasive milling than low protein rice.

Length : width ratio of paddy : Different established methods and nitrogen levels failed

to have any significant effect on length : width ratio of paddy, during both the years of study (Fig. 1 and 2). Li et al. (2007) and Gill (1984) also reported non-significant effect of nitrogen on length : width ratio of paddy.

Length : width ratio of head rice of basmati : Different establishment methods and nitrogen levels

Table 3 : Effect of different crop establishment methods and nitrogen levels on cooking quality of basmati rice

2010

2011

Treatments

Minimum cooking time (min)

Elongation ratio

Water uptake ratio

Length : width ratio of

cooked milled basmati rice

Minimum cooking time (min)

Elongation ratio

Water uptake ratio

Establishment methods

DSBR

16.38

1.33

2.45

3.52

16.25

1.32

2.64

DSBR with brown manuring

16.88

1.33

2.58

3.52

17.50

1.30

2.81

Sesbania

Machine transplanting in ZT with

17.75

1.32

2.60

3.41

18.50

1.30

2.81

brown manuring

Machine transplanting in ZT

16.63

1.36

2.52

3.73

17.00

1.34

2.72

without brown manuring

Machine transplanting after

17.38

1.34

2.53

3.53

17.75

1.34

2.77

puddling

Conventional practice

16.25

1.31

2.48

3.34

16.00

1.28

2.68

C.D. (P=0.05) Nitrogen levels (kg ha-1)

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

N1 (0% of Rec) N2 (75% of Rec) N3 (100% of Rec) N4 (125% of Rec) C.D. (P=0.05) NS=Non-significant

15.25

1.31

2.64

3.37

15.00

1.29

2.86

16.42

1.32

2.59

3.54

16.17

1.29

2.79

17.00

1.32

2.49

3.55

17.67

1.33

2.71

18.83

1.37

2.39

3.58

18.83

1.33

2.58

1.26

NS

0.08

NS

1.14

NS

0.18

Length : width ratio of cooked milled basmati rice

3.50 3.48

3.49

3.70

3.69

3.45 NS

3.40 3.56 3.58 3.67 NS

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Asian J. Soil Sci., (Dec., 2013) 8 (2) : 311-318

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