Data Page 2 Chemistry 12
[Pages:8]Chemistry 12
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
H
Hydrogen
1.0
3
Li
Lithium
6.9
11
Na
Sodium
23.0
19
K
Potassium
39.1
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.5
55
Cs
Cesium
132.9
87
Fr
Francium
(223)
4
Be
Beryllium
9.0
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.3
20
Ca
Calcium
40.1
38
Sr
Strontium
87.6
56
Ba
Barium
137.3
88
Ra
Radium
(226)
21
Sc
Scandium
45.0
39
Y
Yttrium
88.9
57
La
Lanthanum
138.9
89
Ac
Actinium
(227)
22
Ti
Titanium
47.9
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.2
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.5
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
(261)
23
V
Vanadium
50.9
41
Nb
Niobium
92.9
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.9
105
Db
Dubnium
(262)
1144
SSii
SilSiliicocnon
2828..11
Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass
24
Cr
Chromium
52.0
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.9
74
W
Tungsten
183.8
106
Sg
Seaborgium
(263)
25
Mn
Manganese
54.9
43
Tc
Technetium
(98)
75
Re
Rhenium
186.2
107
Bh
Bohrium
(262)
26
Fe
Iron
55.8
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.1
76
Os
Osmium
190.2
108
Hs
Hassium
(265)
27
Co
Cobalt
58.9
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.9
77
Ir
Iridium
192.2
109
Mt
Meitnerium
(266)
28
Ni
Nickel
58.7
46
Pd
Palladium
106.4
78
Pt
Platinum
195.1
29
Cu
Copper
63.5
47
Ag
Silver
107.9
79
Au
Gold
197.0
30
Zn
Zinc
65.4
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.4
80
Hg
Mercury
200.6
13
14
15
16
5
B
Boron
10.8
13
Al
Aluminum
27.0
31
Ga
Gallium
69.7
49
In
Indium
114.8
81
Tl
Thallium
204.4
6
C
Carbon
12.0
14
Si
Silicon
28.1
32
Ge
Germanium
72.6
50
Sn
Tin
118.7
82
Pb
Lead
207.2
7
N
Nitrogen
14.0
15
P
Phosphorus
31.0
33
As
Arsenic
74.9
51
Sb
Antimony
121.8
83
Bi
Bismuth
209.0
8
O
Oxygen
16.0
16
S
Sulphur
32.1
34
Se
Selenium
79.0
52
Te
Tellurium
127.6
84
Po
Polonium
(209)
17
9
F
Fluorine
19.0 17
Cl
Chlorine
35.5 35
Br
Bromine
79.9 53
I
Iodine
126.9 85
At
Astatine
(210)
18
2
He
Helium
4.0
10
Ne
Neon
20.2
18
Ar
Argon
39.9
36
Kr
Krypton
83.8
54
Xe
Xenon
131.3
86
Rn
Radon
(222)
Based on mass of C12 at 12.00.
Values in parentheses are the masses of the most stable or best known isotopes for elements which do not occur naturally.
58
Ce
Cerium
140.1
90
Th
Thorium
232.0
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.9
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.2
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.0
92
U
Uranium
238.0
61
Pm
Promethium
(145)
93
Np
Neptunium
(237)
62
Sm
Samarium
150.4
94
Pu
Plutonium
(244)
63
Eu
Europium
152.0
95
Am
Americium
(243)
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.3
96
Cm
Curium
(247)
65
Tb
Terbium
158.9
97
Bk
Berkelium
(247)
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.5
98
Cf
Californium
(251)
67
Ho
Holmium
164.9
99
Es
Einsteinium
(252)
68
Er
Erbium
167.3
100
Fm
Fermium
(257)
69
Tm
Thulium
168.9
101
Md
Mendelevium
(258)
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.0
102
No
Nobelium
(259)
71
Lu
Lutetium
175.0
103
Lr
Lawrencium
(262)
Data Page
ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTS
Based on mass of C12 at 12.00. Values in parentheses are the mass number of the most stable or best
known isotopes for elements that do not occur naturally.
Element
Symbol
Actinium
Ac
Aluminum
Al
Americium
Am
Antimony
Sb
Argon
Ar
Arsenic
As
Astatine
At
Barium
Ba
Berkelium
Bk
Beryllium
Be
Bismuth
Bi
Boron
B
Bromine
Br
Cadmium
Cd
Calcium
Ca
Californium Cf
Carbon
C
Cerium
Ce
Cesium
Cs
Chlorine
Cl
Chromium
Cr
Cobalt
Co
Copper
Cu
Curium
Cm
Dubnium
Db
Dysprosium Dy
Einsteinium Es
Erbium
Er
Europium
Eu
Fermium
Fm
Fluorine
F
Francium
Fr
Gadolinium Gd
Gallium
Ga
Germanium Ge
Gold
Au
Hafnium
Hf
Helium
He
Holmium
Ho
Hydrogen
H
Indium
In
Iodine
I
Iridium
Ir
Iron
Fe
Krypton
Kr
Lanthanum
La
Lawrencium Lr
Lead
Pb
Lithium
Li
Lutetium
Lu
Magnesium Mg
Manganese
Mn
Mendelevium Md
Data Page
Atomic Number
89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 101
Atomic Mass
(227) 27.0
(243) 121.8 39.9 74.9 (210) 137.3 (247)
9.0 209.0 10.8 79.9 112.4 40.1 (251) 12.0 140.1 132.9 35.5 52.0 58.9 63.5 (247) (262) 162.5 (252) 167.3 152.0 (257) 19.0 (223) 157.3 69.7 72.6 197.0 178.5
4.0 164.9
1.0 114.8 126.9 192.2 55.8 83.8 138.9 (262) 207.2
6.9 175.0 24.3 54.9 (258)
Element
Symbol
Mercury
Hg
Molybdenum Mo
Neodymium Nd
Neon
Ne
Neptunium
Np
Nickel
Ni
Niobium
Nb
Nitrogen
N
Nobelium
No
Osmium
Os
Oxygen
O
Palladium
Pd
Phosphorus P
Platinum
Pt
Plutonium
Pu
Polonium
Po
Potassium
K
Praseodymium Pr
Promethium Pm
Protactinium Pa
Radium
Ra
Radon
Rn
Rhenium
Re
Rhodium
Rh
Rubidium
Rb
Ruthenium
Ru
Rutherfordium Rf
Samarium
Sm
Scandium
Sc
Selenium
Se
Silicon
Si
Silver
Ag
Sodium
Na
Strontium
Sr
Sulphur
S
Tantalum
Ta
Technetium Tc
Tellurium
Te
Terbium
Tb
Thallium
Tl
Thorium
Th
Thulium
Tm
Tin
Sn
Titanium
Ti
Tungsten
W
Uranium
U
Vanadium
V
Xenon
Xe
Ytterbium
Yb
Yttrium
Y
Zinc
Zn
Zirconium
Zr
Atomic Number
80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40
Atomic Mass
200.6 95.9 144.2 20.2
(237) 58.7 92.9 14.0
(259) 190.2 16.0 106.4 31.0 195.1 (244) (209) 39.1 140.9 (145) 231.0 (226) (222) 186.2 102.9 85.5 101.1 (261) 150.4 45.0 79.0 28.1 107.9 23.0 87.6 32.1 180.9 (98) 127.6 158.9 204.4 232.0 168.9 118.7 47.9 183.8 238.0 50.9 131.3 173.0 88.9 65.4 91.2
Chemistry 12
NAMES, FORMULAE, AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS
* Aqueous solutions are readily oxidized by air. ** Not stable in aqueous solutions.
Al3+ NH4+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Cr2+ Cr3+
Cu+ Cu2+
H+ H3O+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Pb2+
Positive Ions (Cations)
Aluminum Ammonium Barium Calcium Chromium(II), chromous Chromium(III), chromic Copper(I)*, cuprous Copper(II), cupric Hydrogen Hydronium Iron(II)*, ferrous Iron(III), ferric Lead(II), plumbous
Pb4+ Li+
Mg2+ Mn2+ Mn4+ Hg22+ Hg2+
K+ Ag+ Na+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Zn2+
Lead(IV), plumbic Lithium Magnesium Manganese(II), manganous Manganese(IV) Mercury(I)*, mercurous Mercury(II), mercuric Potassium Silver Sodium Tin(II)*, stannous Tin(IV), stannic Zinc
Br?
CO32? ClO3?
Cl?
ClO2? CrO42?
CN?
Cr2O72? H2PO4? CH3COO ?
F?
HCO3? HC2O4? HSO4?
HS?
HSO3?
Negative Ions (Anions)
Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Chlorite Chromate Cyanide Dichromate Dihydrogen phosphate Ethanoate, acetate Fluoride Hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate Hydrogen oxalate, binoxalate Hydrogen sulphate, bisulphate Hydrogen sulphide, bisulphide
OH?
ClO?
I?
HPO42? NO3? NO2?
C2O42? O2?
ClO4? MnO4?
PO4?? SO42?
S2?
SO32? SCN?
Hydrogen sulphite, bisulphite
Hydroxide Hypochlorite Iodide Monohydrogen phosphate Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Oxide** Perchlorate Permanganate Phosphate Sulphate Sulphide Sulphite Thiocyanate
Chemistry 12
Data Page
SOLUBILITY OF COMMON COMPOUNDS IN WATER
The term soluble here means > 0.1 mol/L at 25?C.
Negative Ions (Anions)
Positive Ions (Cations)
Solubility of Compounds
All
Alkali ions: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+
Soluble
All
Hydrogen ion: H+
Soluble
All
Ammonium ion: NH4+
Soluble
Nitrate, NO3?
All
Soluble
123 14243
Chloride, Cl? or
Bromide, Br? or
Iodide, I?
All others Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+
Soluble Low Solubility
Sulphate, SO42?
All others Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
Soluble Low Solubility
Sulphide, S2?
123
Alkali ions, H+, NH4+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ Soluble
All others
Low Solubility
14253 123
Hydroxide, OH?
Alkali ions, H+, NH4+, Sr2+ ? All others
or Phosphate, PO43? or Carbonate, CO32?
Sulphite, SO32?
Alkali ions, H+, NH4+ All others
Soluble Low Solubility
Soluble Low Solubility
Data Page
Chemistry 12
Chemistry 12
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS AT 25?C
Name
Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium sulphate Calcium carbonate Calcium oxalate Calcium sulphate Copper(I) iodide Copper(II) iodate Copper(II) sulphide Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) sulphide Iron(III) hydroxide Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) sulphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium hydroxide Silver bromate Silver bromide Silver carbonate Silver chloride Silver chromate Silver iodate Silver iodide Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium sulphate Zinc sulphide
Formula
BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaC2O4 CaSO4 CuI
Cu(IO3)2
CuS
Fe(OH)2
FeS
Fe(OH)3
PbBr2 PbCl2
Pb(IO3)2
PbI2 PbSO4 MgCO3
Mg(OH)2
AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgIO3 AgI SrCO3 SrF2 SrSO4 ZnS
K sp
2.6 10?9 1.2 10?10 1.1 10?10 5.0 10?9 2.3 10?9 7.1 10?5 1.3 10?12 6.9 10?8 6.0 10?37 4.9 10?17 6.0 10?19 2.6 10?39 6.6 10?6 1.2 10?5 3.7 10?13 8.5 10?9 1.8 10?8 6.8 10?6 5.6 10?12 5.3 10?5 5.4 10?13 8.5 10?12 1.8 10?10 1.1 10?12 3.2 10?8 8.5 10?17 5.6 10?10 4.3 10?9 3.4 10?7 2.0 10?25
Data Page
RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BR?NSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES
in aqueous solution at room temperature.
Name of Acid
Acid
Base
Ka
WEAK
STRENGTH OF ACID
STRONG
Perchloric Hydriodic Hydrobromic Hydrochloric Nitric Sulphuric Hydronium Ion Iodic Oxalic Sulphurous (SO2 + H2O) Hydrogen sulphate ion Phosphoric Hexaaquoiron ion, iron(III) ion Citric Nitrous Hydrofluoric Methanoic, formic Hexaaquochromium ion, chromium(III) ion Benzoic Hydrogen oxalate ion Ethanoic, acetic Dihydrogen citrate ion Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion Carbonic (CO2 + H2O) Monohydrogen citrate ion Hydrogen sulphite ion Hydrogen sulphide Dihydrogen phosphate ion Boric Ammonium ion Hydrocyanic Phenol Hydrogen carbonate ion Hydrogen peroxide Monohydrogen phosphate ion Water Hydroxide ion Ammonia
Data Page
HClO4 H+ + ClO4 - HI H+ + I-
HBr H+ + Br-
HCl H+ + Cl-
HNO3
H2SO4 H3O+
H+ + NO3 - H+ + HSO4 - H+ + H2O
HIO3 H+ + IO3 -
H2C2O4 H+ + HC2O4 -
H2SO3 H+ + HSO3 -
HSO4 - H+ + SO4 2-
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 -
Fe(H2O)6 3+ H+ + Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+
H3C6H5O7 H+ + H2C6H5O7 -
HNO2 H+ + NO2 -
HF H+ + F-
HCOOH H+ + HCOO-
Cr(H2O)6 3+ H+ + Cr(H2O)5(OH)2+
C6H5COOH H+ + C6H5COO-
HC2O4 - H+ + C2O4 2-
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-
H2C6H5O7 - H+ + HC6H5O7 2-
Al(H2O)6 3+ H+ + Al(H2O)5(OH)2+
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 -
HC6H5O7 2- H+ + C6H5O7 3-
HSO3 - H+ + SO3 2-
H2S H+ + HS-
H2PO4 - H+ + HPO4 2-
H3BO3 H+ + H2BO3 -
NH4 + H+ + NH3
HCN H+ + CN-
C6H5OH H+ + C6H5O-
HCO3 - H+ + CO3 2-
H2O2 H+ + HO2 -
HPO4 2- H+ + PO43-
H2O H+ + OH-
OH- H+ + O2-
NH3 H+ + NH2 -
very large very large very large very large very large very large 1.0 1.7 ? 10-1 5.9 ? 10-2 1.5 ? 10-2 1.2 ? 10-2 7.5 ? 10-3 6.0 ? 10-3 7.1 ? 10-4 4.6 ? 10-4 3.5 ? 10-4 1.8 ? 10-4 1.5 ? 10-4 6.5 ? 10-5 6.4 ? 10-5 1.8 ? 10-5 1.7 ? 10-5 1.4 ? 10-5 4.3 ? 10-7 4.1 ? 10-7 1.0 ? 10-7 9.1 ? 10-8 6.2 ? 10-8 7.3 ? 10-10 5.6 ? 10-10 4.9 ? 10-10 1.3 ? 10-10 5.6 ? 10-11 2.4 ? 10-12 2.2 ? 10-13 1.0 ? 10-14
very small
very small
Chemistry 12
STRONG
STRENGTH OF BASE
WEAK
ACID-BASE INDICATORS
Indicator
Methyl violet Thymol blue Orange IV Methyl orange Bromcresol green Methyl red Chlorophenol red Bromthymol blue Phenol red Neutral red Thymol blue Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein Alizarin yellow Indigo carmine
pH Range in Which Colour Change Colour Change Occurs as pH Increases
0.0 ? 1.6
yellow to blue
1.2 ? 2.8
red to yellow
1.4 ? 2.8
red to yellow
3.2 ? 4.4
red to yellow
3.8 ? 5.4
yellow to blue
4.8 ? 6.0
red to yellow
5.2 ? 6.8
yellow to red
6.0 ? 7.6
yellow to blue
6.6 ? 8.0
yellow to red
6.8 ? 8.0
red to amber
8.0 ? 9.6
yellow to blue
8.2 ? 10.0
colourless to pink
9.4 ? 10.6
colourless to blue
10.1 ? 12.0
yellow to red
11.4 ? 13.0
blue to yellow
Chemistry 12
Data Page
Data Page
WEAK
STRENGTH OF OXIDIZING AGENT
STRONG
STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF HALF-CELLS
Ionic concentrations are at 1M in water at 25?C.
Oxidizing Agents Reducing Agents E? (Volts)
F2 (g) + 2e-
S2O82- + 2e-
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-
Au3+ + 3e-
BrO3 - + 6H+ + 5e-
ClO4- + 8H+ + 8e-
Cl2 (g) + 2e-
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e-
1 2
O2 (g)
+
2H+
+
2e-
MnO2 (s) + 4H+ + 2e-
IO3 - + 6H+ + 5e-
Br2 (l) + 2e-
AuCl4- + 3e- NO3 - + 4H+ + 3e-
Hg2+ + 2e-
1 2
O2
(g)
+
2H
+
(10 -7
M)
+
2e-
2NO3 - + 4H+ + 2e-
Ag+ + e-
1 2
Hg 2 2 +
+
e-
Fe3+ + e-
O2 (g) + 2H+ + 2e- MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e-
I2 (s) + 2e- Cu+ + e-
H2SO3 + 4H+ + 4e- Cu2+ + 2e-
SO42- + 4H+ + 2e- Cu2+ + e-
Sn4+ + 2e-
S(s) + 2H+ + 2e-
2H+ + 2e-
Pb2+ + 2e-
Sn2+ + 2e-
Ni2+ + 2e- H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e-
Co2+ + 2e-
Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e-
Cr3+ + e-
2H2O + 2e-
Overpotential Effect
Fe2+ + 2e- Ag2S(s) + 2e-
Cr3+ + 3e-
Zn2+ + 2e-
Te(s) + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O + 2e- Mn2+ + 2e-
Al3+ + 3e-
Mg2+ + 2e-
Na + + e- Ca2+ + 2e-
Sr 2+ + 2e-
Ba2+ + 2e-
K+ + e-
Rb+ + e-
Cs+ + e-
Li+ + e-
2F-
2SO42-
2H2O
Mn2+ + 4H2O
Au(s)
1 2
Br2
(l)
+
3H 2 O
Cl- + 4H2O
2Cl-
2Cr3+ + 7H2O
H2O
Mn2+ + 2H2O
1 2
I2 (s)
+
3H 2 O
2Br -
Au(s) + 4Cl-
NO(g) + 2H2O
Hg(l)
H2O
N2O4 + 2H2O
Ag(s)
Hg(l)
Fe2+
H2O2
MnO2 (s) + 4OH-
2I-
Cu(s)
S(s) + 3H2O
Cu(s)
H2SO3 + H2O
Cu+
Sn2+
H2S(g)
H2 (g)
Pb(s)
Sn(s)
Ni(s)
H3PO3 + H2O
Co(s)
H2Se
Cr2+
H2 + 2 OH- (10-7 M)
Fe(s) 2Ag(s) + S2- Cr(s) Zn(s) H2Te H2 (g) + 2 OH- Mn(s) Al(s) Mg(s) Na(s) Ca(s) Sr(s) Ba(s) K(s) Rb(s) Cs(s) Li(s)
+ 2.87 + 2.01 +1.78 +1.51 +1.50 +1.48 +1.39 +1.36 +1.23 +1.23 +1.22 +1.20 +1.09 +1.00 + 0.96 + 0.85 + 0.82 + 0.80 + 0.80 + 0.80 + 0.77 + 0.70 + 0.60 + 0.54 + 0.52 + 0.45 + 0.34 + 0.17 + 0.15 + 0.15 + 0.14 + 0.00 - 0.13 - 0.14 - 0.26 - 0.28 - 0.28 - 0.40 - 0.41 - 0.41
- 0.45 - 0.69 - 0.74 - 0.76 - 0.79 - 0.83 -1.19 -1.66 - 2.37 - 2.71 - 2.87 - 2.89 - 2.91 - 2.93 - 2.98 - 3.03 - 3.04
Overpotential Effect
STRONG
STRENGTH OF REDUCING AGENT
WEAK
Chemistry 12
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