Data Page 2 Chemistry 12

[Pages:8]Chemistry 12

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1

H

Hydrogen

1.0

3

Li

Lithium

6.9

11

Na

Sodium

23.0

19

K

Potassium

39.1

37

Rb

Rubidium

85.5

55

Cs

Cesium

132.9

87

Fr

Francium

(223)

4

Be

Beryllium

9.0

12

Mg

Magnesium

24.3

20

Ca

Calcium

40.1

38

Sr

Strontium

87.6

56

Ba

Barium

137.3

88

Ra

Radium

(226)

21

Sc

Scandium

45.0

39

Y

Yttrium

88.9

57

La

Lanthanum

138.9

89

Ac

Actinium

(227)

22

Ti

Titanium

47.9

40

Zr

Zirconium

91.2

72

Hf

Hafnium

178.5

104

Rf

Rutherfordium

(261)

23

V

Vanadium

50.9

41

Nb

Niobium

92.9

73

Ta

Tantalum

180.9

105

Db

Dubnium

(262)

1144

SSii

SilSiliicocnon

2828..11

Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass

24

Cr

Chromium

52.0

42

Mo

Molybdenum

95.9

74

W

Tungsten

183.8

106

Sg

Seaborgium

(263)

25

Mn

Manganese

54.9

43

Tc

Technetium

(98)

75

Re

Rhenium

186.2

107

Bh

Bohrium

(262)

26

Fe

Iron

55.8

44

Ru

Ruthenium

101.1

76

Os

Osmium

190.2

108

Hs

Hassium

(265)

27

Co

Cobalt

58.9

45

Rh

Rhodium

102.9

77

Ir

Iridium

192.2

109

Mt

Meitnerium

(266)

28

Ni

Nickel

58.7

46

Pd

Palladium

106.4

78

Pt

Platinum

195.1

29

Cu

Copper

63.5

47

Ag

Silver

107.9

79

Au

Gold

197.0

30

Zn

Zinc

65.4

48

Cd

Cadmium

112.4

80

Hg

Mercury

200.6

13

14

15

16

5

B

Boron

10.8

13

Al

Aluminum

27.0

31

Ga

Gallium

69.7

49

In

Indium

114.8

81

Tl

Thallium

204.4

6

C

Carbon

12.0

14

Si

Silicon

28.1

32

Ge

Germanium

72.6

50

Sn

Tin

118.7

82

Pb

Lead

207.2

7

N

Nitrogen

14.0

15

P

Phosphorus

31.0

33

As

Arsenic

74.9

51

Sb

Antimony

121.8

83

Bi

Bismuth

209.0

8

O

Oxygen

16.0

16

S

Sulphur

32.1

34

Se

Selenium

79.0

52

Te

Tellurium

127.6

84

Po

Polonium

(209)

17

9

F

Fluorine

19.0 17

Cl

Chlorine

35.5 35

Br

Bromine

79.9 53

I

Iodine

126.9 85

At

Astatine

(210)

18

2

He

Helium

4.0

10

Ne

Neon

20.2

18

Ar

Argon

39.9

36

Kr

Krypton

83.8

54

Xe

Xenon

131.3

86

Rn

Radon

(222)

Based on mass of C12 at 12.00.

Values in parentheses are the masses of the most stable or best known isotopes for elements which do not occur naturally.

58

Ce

Cerium

140.1

90

Th

Thorium

232.0

59

Pr

Praseodymium

140.9

60

Nd

Neodymium

144.2

91

Pa

Protactinium

231.0

92

U

Uranium

238.0

61

Pm

Promethium

(145)

93

Np

Neptunium

(237)

62

Sm

Samarium

150.4

94

Pu

Plutonium

(244)

63

Eu

Europium

152.0

95

Am

Americium

(243)

64

Gd

Gadolinium

157.3

96

Cm

Curium

(247)

65

Tb

Terbium

158.9

97

Bk

Berkelium

(247)

66

Dy

Dysprosium

162.5

98

Cf

Californium

(251)

67

Ho

Holmium

164.9

99

Es

Einsteinium

(252)

68

Er

Erbium

167.3

100

Fm

Fermium

(257)

69

Tm

Thulium

168.9

101

Md

Mendelevium

(258)

70

Yb

Ytterbium

173.0

102

No

Nobelium

(259)

71

Lu

Lutetium

175.0

103

Lr

Lawrencium

(262)

Data Page

ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTS

Based on mass of C12 at 12.00. Values in parentheses are the mass number of the most stable or best

known isotopes for elements that do not occur naturally.

Element

Symbol

Actinium

Ac

Aluminum

Al

Americium

Am

Antimony

Sb

Argon

Ar

Arsenic

As

Astatine

At

Barium

Ba

Berkelium

Bk

Beryllium

Be

Bismuth

Bi

Boron

B

Bromine

Br

Cadmium

Cd

Calcium

Ca

Californium Cf

Carbon

C

Cerium

Ce

Cesium

Cs

Chlorine

Cl

Chromium

Cr

Cobalt

Co

Copper

Cu

Curium

Cm

Dubnium

Db

Dysprosium Dy

Einsteinium Es

Erbium

Er

Europium

Eu

Fermium

Fm

Fluorine

F

Francium

Fr

Gadolinium Gd

Gallium

Ga

Germanium Ge

Gold

Au

Hafnium

Hf

Helium

He

Holmium

Ho

Hydrogen

H

Indium

In

Iodine

I

Iridium

Ir

Iron

Fe

Krypton

Kr

Lanthanum

La

Lawrencium Lr

Lead

Pb

Lithium

Li

Lutetium

Lu

Magnesium Mg

Manganese

Mn

Mendelevium Md

Data Page

Atomic Number

89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 101

Atomic Mass

(227) 27.0

(243) 121.8 39.9 74.9 (210) 137.3 (247)

9.0 209.0 10.8 79.9 112.4 40.1 (251) 12.0 140.1 132.9 35.5 52.0 58.9 63.5 (247) (262) 162.5 (252) 167.3 152.0 (257) 19.0 (223) 157.3 69.7 72.6 197.0 178.5

4.0 164.9

1.0 114.8 126.9 192.2 55.8 83.8 138.9 (262) 207.2

6.9 175.0 24.3 54.9 (258)

Element

Symbol

Mercury

Hg

Molybdenum Mo

Neodymium Nd

Neon

Ne

Neptunium

Np

Nickel

Ni

Niobium

Nb

Nitrogen

N

Nobelium

No

Osmium

Os

Oxygen

O

Palladium

Pd

Phosphorus P

Platinum

Pt

Plutonium

Pu

Polonium

Po

Potassium

K

Praseodymium Pr

Promethium Pm

Protactinium Pa

Radium

Ra

Radon

Rn

Rhenium

Re

Rhodium

Rh

Rubidium

Rb

Ruthenium

Ru

Rutherfordium Rf

Samarium

Sm

Scandium

Sc

Selenium

Se

Silicon

Si

Silver

Ag

Sodium

Na

Strontium

Sr

Sulphur

S

Tantalum

Ta

Technetium Tc

Tellurium

Te

Terbium

Tb

Thallium

Tl

Thorium

Th

Thulium

Tm

Tin

Sn

Titanium

Ti

Tungsten

W

Uranium

U

Vanadium

V

Xenon

Xe

Ytterbium

Yb

Yttrium

Y

Zinc

Zn

Zirconium

Zr

Atomic Number

80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic Mass

200.6 95.9 144.2 20.2

(237) 58.7 92.9 14.0

(259) 190.2 16.0 106.4 31.0 195.1 (244) (209) 39.1 140.9 (145) 231.0 (226) (222) 186.2 102.9 85.5 101.1 (261) 150.4 45.0 79.0 28.1 107.9 23.0 87.6 32.1 180.9 (98) 127.6 158.9 204.4 232.0 168.9 118.7 47.9 183.8 238.0 50.9 131.3 173.0 88.9 65.4 91.2

Chemistry 12

NAMES, FORMULAE, AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS

* Aqueous solutions are readily oxidized by air. ** Not stable in aqueous solutions.

Al3+ NH4+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Cr2+ Cr3+

Cu+ Cu2+

H+ H3O+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Pb2+

Positive Ions (Cations)

Aluminum Ammonium Barium Calcium Chromium(II), chromous Chromium(III), chromic Copper(I)*, cuprous Copper(II), cupric Hydrogen Hydronium Iron(II)*, ferrous Iron(III), ferric Lead(II), plumbous

Pb4+ Li+

Mg2+ Mn2+ Mn4+ Hg22+ Hg2+

K+ Ag+ Na+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Zn2+

Lead(IV), plumbic Lithium Magnesium Manganese(II), manganous Manganese(IV) Mercury(I)*, mercurous Mercury(II), mercuric Potassium Silver Sodium Tin(II)*, stannous Tin(IV), stannic Zinc

Br?

CO32? ClO3?

Cl?

ClO2? CrO42?

CN?

Cr2O72? H2PO4? CH3COO ?

F?

HCO3? HC2O4? HSO4?

HS?

HSO3?

Negative Ions (Anions)

Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Chlorite Chromate Cyanide Dichromate Dihydrogen phosphate Ethanoate, acetate Fluoride Hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate Hydrogen oxalate, binoxalate Hydrogen sulphate, bisulphate Hydrogen sulphide, bisulphide

OH?

ClO?

I?

HPO42? NO3? NO2?

C2O42? O2?

ClO4? MnO4?

PO4?? SO42?

S2?

SO32? SCN?

Hydrogen sulphite, bisulphite

Hydroxide Hypochlorite Iodide Monohydrogen phosphate Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Oxide** Perchlorate Permanganate Phosphate Sulphate Sulphide Sulphite Thiocyanate

Chemistry 12

Data Page

SOLUBILITY OF COMMON COMPOUNDS IN WATER

The term soluble here means > 0.1 mol/L at 25?C.

Negative Ions (Anions)

Positive Ions (Cations)

Solubility of Compounds

All

Alkali ions: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+

Soluble

All

Hydrogen ion: H+

Soluble

All

Ammonium ion: NH4+

Soluble

Nitrate, NO3?

All

Soluble

123 14243

Chloride, Cl? or

Bromide, Br? or

Iodide, I?

All others Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+

Soluble Low Solubility

Sulphate, SO42?

All others Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+

Soluble Low Solubility

Sulphide, S2?

123

Alkali ions, H+, NH4+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ Soluble

All others

Low Solubility

14253 123

Hydroxide, OH?

Alkali ions, H+, NH4+, Sr2+ ? All others

or Phosphate, PO43? or Carbonate, CO32?

Sulphite, SO32?

Alkali ions, H+, NH4+ All others

Soluble Low Solubility

Soluble Low Solubility

Data Page

Chemistry 12

Chemistry 12

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS AT 25?C

Name

Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium sulphate Calcium carbonate Calcium oxalate Calcium sulphate Copper(I) iodide Copper(II) iodate Copper(II) sulphide Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) sulphide Iron(III) hydroxide Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) sulphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium hydroxide Silver bromate Silver bromide Silver carbonate Silver chloride Silver chromate Silver iodate Silver iodide Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium sulphate Zinc sulphide

Formula

BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaC2O4 CaSO4 CuI

Cu(IO3)2

CuS

Fe(OH)2

FeS

Fe(OH)3

PbBr2 PbCl2

Pb(IO3)2

PbI2 PbSO4 MgCO3

Mg(OH)2

AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgIO3 AgI SrCO3 SrF2 SrSO4 ZnS

K sp

2.6 10?9 1.2 10?10 1.1 10?10 5.0 10?9 2.3 10?9 7.1 10?5 1.3 10?12 6.9 10?8 6.0 10?37 4.9 10?17 6.0 10?19 2.6 10?39 6.6 10?6 1.2 10?5 3.7 10?13 8.5 10?9 1.8 10?8 6.8 10?6 5.6 10?12 5.3 10?5 5.4 10?13 8.5 10?12 1.8 10?10 1.1 10?12 3.2 10?8 8.5 10?17 5.6 10?10 4.3 10?9 3.4 10?7 2.0 10?25

Data Page

RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BR?NSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

in aqueous solution at room temperature.

Name of Acid

Acid

Base

Ka

WEAK

STRENGTH OF ACID

STRONG

Perchloric Hydriodic Hydrobromic Hydrochloric Nitric Sulphuric Hydronium Ion Iodic Oxalic Sulphurous (SO2 + H2O) Hydrogen sulphate ion Phosphoric Hexaaquoiron ion, iron(III) ion Citric Nitrous Hydrofluoric Methanoic, formic Hexaaquochromium ion, chromium(III) ion Benzoic Hydrogen oxalate ion Ethanoic, acetic Dihydrogen citrate ion Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion Carbonic (CO2 + H2O) Monohydrogen citrate ion Hydrogen sulphite ion Hydrogen sulphide Dihydrogen phosphate ion Boric Ammonium ion Hydrocyanic Phenol Hydrogen carbonate ion Hydrogen peroxide Monohydrogen phosphate ion Water Hydroxide ion Ammonia

Data Page

HClO4 H+ + ClO4 - HI H+ + I-

HBr H+ + Br-

HCl H+ + Cl-

HNO3

H2SO4 H3O+

H+ + NO3 - H+ + HSO4 - H+ + H2O

HIO3 H+ + IO3 -

H2C2O4 H+ + HC2O4 -

H2SO3 H+ + HSO3 -

HSO4 - H+ + SO4 2-

H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 -

Fe(H2O)6 3+ H+ + Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+

H3C6H5O7 H+ + H2C6H5O7 -

HNO2 H+ + NO2 -

HF H+ + F-

HCOOH H+ + HCOO-

Cr(H2O)6 3+ H+ + Cr(H2O)5(OH)2+

C6H5COOH H+ + C6H5COO-

HC2O4 - H+ + C2O4 2-

CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-

H2C6H5O7 - H+ + HC6H5O7 2-

Al(H2O)6 3+ H+ + Al(H2O)5(OH)2+

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 -

HC6H5O7 2- H+ + C6H5O7 3-

HSO3 - H+ + SO3 2-

H2S H+ + HS-

H2PO4 - H+ + HPO4 2-

H3BO3 H+ + H2BO3 -

NH4 + H+ + NH3

HCN H+ + CN-

C6H5OH H+ + C6H5O-

HCO3 - H+ + CO3 2-

H2O2 H+ + HO2 -

HPO4 2- H+ + PO43-

H2O H+ + OH-

OH- H+ + O2-

NH3 H+ + NH2 -

very large very large very large very large very large very large 1.0 1.7 ? 10-1 5.9 ? 10-2 1.5 ? 10-2 1.2 ? 10-2 7.5 ? 10-3 6.0 ? 10-3 7.1 ? 10-4 4.6 ? 10-4 3.5 ? 10-4 1.8 ? 10-4 1.5 ? 10-4 6.5 ? 10-5 6.4 ? 10-5 1.8 ? 10-5 1.7 ? 10-5 1.4 ? 10-5 4.3 ? 10-7 4.1 ? 10-7 1.0 ? 10-7 9.1 ? 10-8 6.2 ? 10-8 7.3 ? 10-10 5.6 ? 10-10 4.9 ? 10-10 1.3 ? 10-10 5.6 ? 10-11 2.4 ? 10-12 2.2 ? 10-13 1.0 ? 10-14

very small

very small

Chemistry 12

STRONG

STRENGTH OF BASE

WEAK

ACID-BASE INDICATORS

Indicator

Methyl violet Thymol blue Orange IV Methyl orange Bromcresol green Methyl red Chlorophenol red Bromthymol blue Phenol red Neutral red Thymol blue Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein Alizarin yellow Indigo carmine

pH Range in Which Colour Change Colour Change Occurs as pH Increases

0.0 ? 1.6

yellow to blue

1.2 ? 2.8

red to yellow

1.4 ? 2.8

red to yellow

3.2 ? 4.4

red to yellow

3.8 ? 5.4

yellow to blue

4.8 ? 6.0

red to yellow

5.2 ? 6.8

yellow to red

6.0 ? 7.6

yellow to blue

6.6 ? 8.0

yellow to red

6.8 ? 8.0

red to amber

8.0 ? 9.6

yellow to blue

8.2 ? 10.0

colourless to pink

9.4 ? 10.6

colourless to blue

10.1 ? 12.0

yellow to red

11.4 ? 13.0

blue to yellow

Chemistry 12

Data Page

Data Page

WEAK

STRENGTH OF OXIDIZING AGENT

STRONG

STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF HALF-CELLS

Ionic concentrations are at 1M in water at 25?C.

Oxidizing Agents Reducing Agents E? (Volts)

F2 (g) + 2e-

S2O82- + 2e-

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e-

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-

Au3+ + 3e-

BrO3 - + 6H+ + 5e-

ClO4- + 8H+ + 8e-

Cl2 (g) + 2e-

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e-

1 2

O2 (g)

+

2H+

+

2e-

MnO2 (s) + 4H+ + 2e-

IO3 - + 6H+ + 5e-

Br2 (l) + 2e-

AuCl4- + 3e- NO3 - + 4H+ + 3e-

Hg2+ + 2e-

1 2

O2

(g)

+

2H

+

(10 -7

M)

+

2e-

2NO3 - + 4H+ + 2e-

Ag+ + e-

1 2

Hg 2 2 +

+

e-

Fe3+ + e-

O2 (g) + 2H+ + 2e- MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e-

I2 (s) + 2e- Cu+ + e-

H2SO3 + 4H+ + 4e- Cu2+ + 2e-

SO42- + 4H+ + 2e- Cu2+ + e-

Sn4+ + 2e-

S(s) + 2H+ + 2e-

2H+ + 2e-

Pb2+ + 2e-

Sn2+ + 2e-

Ni2+ + 2e- H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e-

Co2+ + 2e-

Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e-

Cr3+ + e-

2H2O + 2e-

Overpotential Effect

Fe2+ + 2e- Ag2S(s) + 2e-

Cr3+ + 3e-

Zn2+ + 2e-

Te(s) + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O + 2e- Mn2+ + 2e-

Al3+ + 3e-

Mg2+ + 2e-

Na + + e- Ca2+ + 2e-

Sr 2+ + 2e-

Ba2+ + 2e-

K+ + e-

Rb+ + e-

Cs+ + e-

Li+ + e-

2F-

2SO42-

2H2O

Mn2+ + 4H2O

Au(s)

1 2

Br2

(l)

+

3H 2 O

Cl- + 4H2O

2Cl-

2Cr3+ + 7H2O

H2O

Mn2+ + 2H2O

1 2

I2 (s)

+

3H 2 O

2Br -

Au(s) + 4Cl-

NO(g) + 2H2O

Hg(l)

H2O

N2O4 + 2H2O

Ag(s)

Hg(l)

Fe2+

H2O2

MnO2 (s) + 4OH-

2I-

Cu(s)

S(s) + 3H2O

Cu(s)

H2SO3 + H2O

Cu+

Sn2+

H2S(g)

H2 (g)

Pb(s)

Sn(s)

Ni(s)

H3PO3 + H2O

Co(s)

H2Se

Cr2+

H2 + 2 OH- (10-7 M)

Fe(s) 2Ag(s) + S2- Cr(s) Zn(s) H2Te H2 (g) + 2 OH- Mn(s) Al(s) Mg(s) Na(s) Ca(s) Sr(s) Ba(s) K(s) Rb(s) Cs(s) Li(s)

+ 2.87 + 2.01 +1.78 +1.51 +1.50 +1.48 +1.39 +1.36 +1.23 +1.23 +1.22 +1.20 +1.09 +1.00 + 0.96 + 0.85 + 0.82 + 0.80 + 0.80 + 0.80 + 0.77 + 0.70 + 0.60 + 0.54 + 0.52 + 0.45 + 0.34 + 0.17 + 0.15 + 0.15 + 0.14 + 0.00 - 0.13 - 0.14 - 0.26 - 0.28 - 0.28 - 0.40 - 0.41 - 0.41

- 0.45 - 0.69 - 0.74 - 0.76 - 0.79 - 0.83 -1.19 -1.66 - 2.37 - 2.71 - 2.87 - 2.89 - 2.91 - 2.93 - 2.98 - 3.03 - 3.04

Overpotential Effect

STRONG

STRENGTH OF REDUCING AGENT

WEAK

Chemistry 12

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