Negative Perceptions of Aging and Decline in Walking Speed ...



Negative Perceptions of Aging and Decline in Walking Speed: A Self-Fulfilling ProphecyD A Robertson1*, G M Savva2, B L King-Kallimanis1, RA Kenny1,3TILDA (The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing), Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.* Corresponding authordroberts@tcd.ie (DR)AbstractIntroductionWalking speed is a meaningful marker of physical function in the aging population. While it is a primarily physical measure, experimental studies have shown that merely priming older adults with negative stereotypes about aging results in immediate declines in objective walking speed. What is not clear is whether this is a temporary experimental effect or whether negative aging stereotypes have detrimental effects on long term objective health. We sought to explore the association between baseline negative perceptions of aging in the general population and objective walking speed 2 years later.Method4,803 participations were assessed over 2 waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), a prospective, population representative study of adults aged 50+ in the Republic of Ireland. Wave 1 measures – which included the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire, walking speed and all covariates - were taken between 2009 and 2011. Wave 2 measures – which included a second measurement of walking speed and covariates - were collected 2 years later between March and December 2012. Walking speed was measured as the number of seconds to complete the Timed Up-And-Go (TUG) task. Participations with a history of stroke, Parkinson’s disease or an MMSE < 18 were excluded.ResultsAfter full adjustment for all covariates (age, gender, level of education, disability, chronic conditions, medications, global cognition and baseline TUG) negative perceptions of aging at baseline were associated with slower TUG speed 2 years later (B=.03, 95% CI = .01 to 05, p< .01).ConclusionsWalking speed has previously been considered to be a consequence of physical decline but these results highlight the direct role of psychological state in predicting an objective aging outcome. Negative perceptions about aging are a potentially modifiable risk factor of some elements of physical decline in aging.Introduction “The true evil of old age is not the weakening of the body, but the indifference of the soul” André Maurois An Art of Living ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Maurois</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1021</RecNum><DisplayText>[1]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1384192023">1021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Maurois, André</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An Art of Living</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>SpiralPress</publisher><isbn>0965564355</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]Walking speed is a simple but meaningful marker of adverse outcomes in aging. Previous work has shown that adults who experience a significant decline in walking speed over just 2 years have a 90% increased risk of mortality, while slow walking speed can also predict future hospitalisation and disability PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZXNhcmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTAzNDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bMiwzXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDM0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzODY2NzY0NDciPjEwMzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PkNlc2FyaSwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktyaXRjaGV2c2t5LCBTLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+UGVubmlueCwgQi4gVy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk5pY2tsYXMsIEIuIEouPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaW1vbnNpY2ssIEUuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZXdtYW4sIEEuIEIu

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5UeWxhdnNreSwgRi4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJyYWNoLCBK

LiBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2F0dGVyZmllbGQsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5CYXVl

ciwgRC4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlZpc3NlciwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJ1Ymlu

LCBTLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFycmlzLCBULiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGFo

b3IsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVw

YXJ0bWVudCBvZiBBZ2luZyBhbmQgR2VyaWF0cmljIFJlc2VhcmNoLCBDb2xsZWdlIG9mIE1lZGlj

aW5lLCBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb24gQWdpbmcsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgRmxvcmlkYSwgR2FpbmVzdmls

bGUsIEZsb3JpZGEgMzI2MDgsIFVTQS4gbWNlc2FyaUBhZ2luZy51ZmwuZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJl

c3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+UHJvZ25vc3RpYyB2YWx1ZSBvZiB1c3VhbCBnYWl0IHNwZWVkIGlu

IHdlbGwtZnVuY3Rpb25pbmcgb2xkZXIgcGVvcGxlLS1yZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gdGhlIEhlYWx0aCwg

QWdpbmcgYW5kIEJvZHkgQ29tcG9zaXRpb24gU3R1ZHk8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+Sm91cm5hbCBvZiB0

aGUgQW1lcmljYW4gR2VyaWF0cmljcyBTb2NpZXR5PC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwv

YWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjE2NzUtODA8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTM8

L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjEwPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAwNS8wOS8yNzwvZWRpdGlvbj48

a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWNjZWxlcmF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjdGl2aXRp

ZXMgb2YgRGFpbHkgTGl2aW5nL2NsYXNzaWZpY2F0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZWQ8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdpbmcvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9k

eSBDb21wb3NpdGlvbi8gcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db2hvcnQgU3R1ZGll

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2FpdC8gcGh5c2lv

bG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qcm9nbm9zaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmVmZXJlbmNlIFZhbHVl

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0aXN0aWNzIGFzIFRvcGljPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlN1cnZpdmFsIEFuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8

L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5PY3Q8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNi

bj4wMDAyLTg2MTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAwMi04NjE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNz

aW9uLW51bT4xNjE4MTE2NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMt

cmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4xNTMyLTU0MTUuMjAwNS41MzUwMS54PC9lbGVjdHJvbmlj

LXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFi

YXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPldoaXRlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMjc8L1Jl

Y051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMjc8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NDM1OTMyNCI+MTAyNzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlw

ZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+V2hpdGUsIEQuIEsuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZW9naSwgVC48L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPk5ldml0dCwgTS4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlBlbG9xdWluLCBDLiBFLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Wmh1LCBZLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Qm91ZHJlYXUsIFIuIE0uPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DYXVsZXksIEouIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5GZXJydWNjaSwgTC48

L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhhcnJpcywgVC4gQi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNhdHRlcmZpZWxk

LCBTLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2ltb25zaWNrLCBFLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

U3Ryb3RtZXllciwgRS4gUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlpoYW5nLCBZLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgUGh5c2ljYWwg

VGhlcmFweSBhbmQgQXRobGV0aWMgVHJhaW5pbmcsIEJvc3RvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5LCBCb3N0b24s

IE1hc3NhY2h1c2V0dHMsIFVTQS4gZHd0Ym5AYnUuZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48

dGl0bGU+VHJhamVjdG9yaWVzIG9mIGdhaXQgc3BlZWQgcHJlZGljdCBtb3J0YWxpdHkgaW4gd2Vs

bC1mdW5jdGlvbmluZyBvbGRlciBhZHVsdHM6IHRoZSBIZWFsdGgsIEFnaW5nIGFuZCBCb2R5IENv

bXBvc2l0aW9uIHN0dWR5PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250b2wgQSBCaW9s

IFNjaSBNZWQgU2NpPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5UaGUgam91cm5hbHMgb2Yg

Z2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBtZWRpY2FsIHNj

aWVuY2VzPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBHZXJv

bnRvbCBBIEJpb2wgU2NpIE1lZCBTY2k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5UaGUgam91cm5hbHMg

b2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBtZWRpY2Fs

IHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEEgQmlvbCBTY2kgTWVkIFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlRoZSBq

b3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEEsIEJpb2xvZ2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5k

IG1lZGljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXM8L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz40NTYtNjQ8

L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+Njg8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDEy

LzEwLzEyPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkFnaW5nL3BoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGlzYWJpbGl0eSBFdmFsdWF0aW9u

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpc2FibGVkIFBlcnNvbnMvc3RhdGlzdGljcyAmYW1wOyBudW1l

cmljYWwgZGF0YTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FeGVyY2lzZSBUb2xlcmFuY2UvIHBoeXNpb2xv

Z3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdhaXQvIHBoeXNp

b2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2VyaWF0cmljIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQvbWV0aG9kczwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWRp

ZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Nb3J0YWxpdHk8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TXVzY2xlIFN0cmVuZ3RoLyBwaHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlBoeXNpY2FsIEZpdG5lc3MvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmlzayBB

c3Nlc3NtZW50L21ldGhvZHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmlzayBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPlVuaXRlZCBTdGF0ZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2Fsa2luZy8gcGh5c2lv

bG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEzPC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0

ZXM+PGRhdGU+QXByPC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTc1OC01MzVYIChF

bGVjdHJvbmljKSYjeEQ7MTA3OS01MDA2IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4y

MzA1MTk3NDwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGN1c3RvbTI+UE1DMzU5MzYyMDwv

Y3VzdG9tMj48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTA5My9nZXJvbmEvZ2xzMTk3PC9l

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVt

b3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZXNhcmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTAzNDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bMiwzXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDM0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzODY2NzY0NDciPjEwMzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PkNlc2FyaSwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktyaXRjaGV2c2t5LCBTLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+UGVubmlueCwgQi4gVy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk5pY2tsYXMsIEIuIEouPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaW1vbnNpY2ssIEUuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZXdtYW4sIEEuIEIu

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5UeWxhdnNreSwgRi4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJyYWNoLCBK

LiBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2F0dGVyZmllbGQsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5CYXVl

ciwgRC4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlZpc3NlciwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJ1Ymlu

LCBTLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFycmlzLCBULiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGFo

b3IsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVw

YXJ0bWVudCBvZiBBZ2luZyBhbmQgR2VyaWF0cmljIFJlc2VhcmNoLCBDb2xsZWdlIG9mIE1lZGlj

aW5lLCBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb24gQWdpbmcsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgRmxvcmlkYSwgR2FpbmVzdmls

bGUsIEZsb3JpZGEgMzI2MDgsIFVTQS4gbWNlc2FyaUBhZ2luZy51ZmwuZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJl

c3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+UHJvZ25vc3RpYyB2YWx1ZSBvZiB1c3VhbCBnYWl0IHNwZWVkIGlu

IHdlbGwtZnVuY3Rpb25pbmcgb2xkZXIgcGVvcGxlLS1yZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gdGhlIEhlYWx0aCwg

QWdpbmcgYW5kIEJvZHkgQ29tcG9zaXRpb24gU3R1ZHk8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+Sm91cm5hbCBvZiB0

aGUgQW1lcmljYW4gR2VyaWF0cmljcyBTb2NpZXR5PC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwv

YWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjE2NzUtODA8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTM8

L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjEwPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAwNS8wOS8yNzwvZWRpdGlvbj48

a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWNjZWxlcmF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjdGl2aXRp

ZXMgb2YgRGFpbHkgTGl2aW5nL2NsYXNzaWZpY2F0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZWQ8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdpbmcvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9k

eSBDb21wb3NpdGlvbi8gcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db2hvcnQgU3R1ZGll

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2FpdC8gcGh5c2lv

bG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qcm9nbm9zaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmVmZXJlbmNlIFZhbHVl

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0aXN0aWNzIGFzIFRvcGljPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlN1cnZpdmFsIEFuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8

L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5PY3Q8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNi

bj4wMDAyLTg2MTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAwMi04NjE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNz

aW9uLW51bT4xNjE4MTE2NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMt

cmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4xNTMyLTU0MTUuMjAwNS41MzUwMS54PC9lbGVjdHJvbmlj

LXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFi

YXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPldoaXRlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMjc8L1Jl

Y051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMjc8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NDM1OTMyNCI+MTAyNzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlw

ZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+V2hpdGUsIEQuIEsuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZW9naSwgVC48L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPk5ldml0dCwgTS4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlBlbG9xdWluLCBDLiBFLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Wmh1LCBZLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Qm91ZHJlYXUsIFIuIE0uPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DYXVsZXksIEouIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5GZXJydWNjaSwgTC48

L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhhcnJpcywgVC4gQi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNhdHRlcmZpZWxk

LCBTLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2ltb25zaWNrLCBFLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

U3Ryb3RtZXllciwgRS4gUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlpoYW5nLCBZLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgUGh5c2ljYWwg

VGhlcmFweSBhbmQgQXRobGV0aWMgVHJhaW5pbmcsIEJvc3RvbiBVbml2ZXJzaXR5LCBCb3N0b24s

IE1hc3NhY2h1c2V0dHMsIFVTQS4gZHd0Ym5AYnUuZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48

dGl0bGU+VHJhamVjdG9yaWVzIG9mIGdhaXQgc3BlZWQgcHJlZGljdCBtb3J0YWxpdHkgaW4gd2Vs

bC1mdW5jdGlvbmluZyBvbGRlciBhZHVsdHM6IHRoZSBIZWFsdGgsIEFnaW5nIGFuZCBCb2R5IENv

bXBvc2l0aW9uIHN0dWR5PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250b2wgQSBCaW9s

IFNjaSBNZWQgU2NpPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5UaGUgam91cm5hbHMgb2Yg

Z2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBtZWRpY2FsIHNj

aWVuY2VzPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBHZXJv

bnRvbCBBIEJpb2wgU2NpIE1lZCBTY2k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5UaGUgam91cm5hbHMg

b2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBtZWRpY2Fs

IHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEEgQmlvbCBTY2kgTWVkIFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlRoZSBq

b3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEEsIEJpb2xvZ2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5k

IG1lZGljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXM8L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz40NTYtNjQ8

L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+Njg8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDEy

LzEwLzEyPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkFnaW5nL3BoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGlzYWJpbGl0eSBFdmFsdWF0aW9u

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpc2FibGVkIFBlcnNvbnMvc3RhdGlzdGljcyAmYW1wOyBudW1l

cmljYWwgZGF0YTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5FeGVyY2lzZSBUb2xlcmFuY2UvIHBoeXNpb2xv

Z3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdhaXQvIHBoeXNp

b2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2VyaWF0cmljIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQvbWV0aG9kczwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWRp

ZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Nb3J0YWxpdHk8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TXVzY2xlIFN0cmVuZ3RoLyBwaHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlBoeXNpY2FsIEZpdG5lc3MvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmlzayBB

c3Nlc3NtZW50L21ldGhvZHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmlzayBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPlVuaXRlZCBTdGF0ZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2Fsa2luZy8gcGh5c2lv

bG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEzPC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0

ZXM+PGRhdGU+QXByPC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTc1OC01MzVYIChF

bGVjdHJvbmljKSYjeEQ7MTA3OS01MDA2IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4y

MzA1MTk3NDwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGN1c3RvbTI+UE1DMzU5MzYyMDwv

Y3VzdG9tMj48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTA5My9nZXJvbmEvZ2xzMTk3PC9l

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVt

b3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv

Q2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [2,3]. Current models describe the association between walking speed and adverse outcomes in aging as a reflection of advancing sarcopenia, increased inflammatory processes or chronic disease leading to death PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZXNhcmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTAzNDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bMiw0XTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDM0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzODY2NzY0NDciPjEwMzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PkNlc2FyaSwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktyaXRjaGV2c2t5LCBTLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+UGVubmlueCwgQi4gVy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk5pY2tsYXMsIEIuIEouPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaW1vbnNpY2ssIEUuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZXdtYW4sIEEuIEIu

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5UeWxhdnNreSwgRi4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJyYWNoLCBK

LiBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2F0dGVyZmllbGQsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5CYXVl

ciwgRC4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlZpc3NlciwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJ1Ymlu

LCBTLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFycmlzLCBULiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGFo

b3IsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVw

YXJ0bWVudCBvZiBBZ2luZyBhbmQgR2VyaWF0cmljIFJlc2VhcmNoLCBDb2xsZWdlIG9mIE1lZGlj

aW5lLCBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb24gQWdpbmcsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgRmxvcmlkYSwgR2FpbmVzdmls

bGUsIEZsb3JpZGEgMzI2MDgsIFVTQS4gbWNlc2FyaUBhZ2luZy51ZmwuZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJl

c3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+UHJvZ25vc3RpYyB2YWx1ZSBvZiB1c3VhbCBnYWl0IHNwZWVkIGlu

IHdlbGwtZnVuY3Rpb25pbmcgb2xkZXIgcGVvcGxlLS1yZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gdGhlIEhlYWx0aCwg

QWdpbmcgYW5kIEJvZHkgQ29tcG9zaXRpb24gU3R1ZHk8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+Sm91cm5hbCBvZiB0

aGUgQW1lcmljYW4gR2VyaWF0cmljcyBTb2NpZXR5PC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwv

YWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjE2NzUtODA8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTM8

L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjEwPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAwNS8wOS8yNzwvZWRpdGlvbj48

a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWNjZWxlcmF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjdGl2aXRp

ZXMgb2YgRGFpbHkgTGl2aW5nL2NsYXNzaWZpY2F0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZWQ8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdpbmcvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9k

eSBDb21wb3NpdGlvbi8gcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db2hvcnQgU3R1ZGll

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2FpdC8gcGh5c2lv

bG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qcm9nbm9zaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmVmZXJlbmNlIFZhbHVl

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0aXN0aWNzIGFzIFRvcGljPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlN1cnZpdmFsIEFuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8

L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5PY3Q8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNi

bj4wMDAyLTg2MTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAwMi04NjE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNz

aW9uLW51bT4xNjE4MTE2NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMt

cmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4xNTMyLTU0MTUuMjAwNS41MzUwMS54PC9lbGVjdHJvbmlj

LXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFi

YXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPkVsYmF6PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMzU8L1Jl

Y051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzU8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NjY3NzY2NyI+MTAzNTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlw

ZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RWxiYXosIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TYWJpYSwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPkJydW5uZXIsIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaGlwbGV5LCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+TWFybW90LCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2l2aW1ha2ksIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5TaW5naC1NYW5vdXgsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxh

dXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+SU5TRVJNLCBVNzA4LCBOZXVyb2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neSwgNzUwMTMsIFBhcmlz

LCBGcmFuY2UuIGFsZXhpcy5lbGJhekB1cG1jLmZyPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0

bGU+QXNzb2NpYXRpb24gb2Ygd2Fsa2luZyBzcGVlZCBpbiBsYXRlIG1pZGxpZmUgd2l0aCBtb3J0

YWxpdHk6IHJlc3VsdHMgZnJvbSB0aGUgV2hpdGVoYWxsIElJIGNvaG9ydCBzdHVkeTwvdGl0bGU+

PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5BZ2UgKERvcmRyKTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+

QWdlIChEb3JkcmVjaHQsIE5ldGhlcmxhbmRzKTwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFnZSAoRG9yZHIpPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFn

ZXM+OTQzLTUyPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjM1PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGVk

aXRpb24+MjAxMi8wMy8wMTwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5Cb2R5IE1hc3MgSW5kZXg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2FyZGlvdmFzY3Vs

YXIgRGlzZWFzZXMvIG1vcnRhbGl0eS9waHlzaW9wYXRob2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

Q2F1c2Ugb2YgRGVhdGgvdHJlbmRzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNocm9uaWMgRGlzZWFzZTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Rm9sbG93LVVwIFN0dWRp

ZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGVhbHRoIEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhl

YWx0aCBTdGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SG9uZyBLb25nL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5NaWRkbGUgQWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5SZXRyb3NwZWN0aXZlIFN0dWRpZXM8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmlzayBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNvY2lhbCBD

bGFzczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYWxraW5nLyBwaHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTM8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdW48L2RhdGU+

PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xNTc0LTQ2NDcgKEVsZWN0cm9uaWMpPC9pc2JuPjxh

Y2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjIyMzYxOTk2PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48Y3VzdG9t

Mj5QTUMzNjM2NDAyPC9jdXN0b20yPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDA3L3Mx

MTM1Ny0wMTItOTM4Ny05PC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNl

LXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xh

bmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DZXNhcmk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTAzNDwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bMiw0XTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDM0PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjEzODY2NzY0NDciPjEwMzQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PkNlc2FyaSwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktyaXRjaGV2c2t5LCBTLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+UGVubmlueCwgQi4gVy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk5pY2tsYXMsIEIuIEouPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaW1vbnNpY2ssIEUuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZXdtYW4sIEEuIEIu

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5UeWxhdnNreSwgRi4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJyYWNoLCBK

LiBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2F0dGVyZmllbGQsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5CYXVl

ciwgRC4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlZpc3NlciwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJ1Ymlu

LCBTLiBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFycmlzLCBULiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGFo

b3IsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVw

YXJ0bWVudCBvZiBBZ2luZyBhbmQgR2VyaWF0cmljIFJlc2VhcmNoLCBDb2xsZWdlIG9mIE1lZGlj

aW5lLCBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb24gQWdpbmcsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgRmxvcmlkYSwgR2FpbmVzdmls

bGUsIEZsb3JpZGEgMzI2MDgsIFVTQS4gbWNlc2FyaUBhZ2luZy51ZmwuZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJl

c3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+UHJvZ25vc3RpYyB2YWx1ZSBvZiB1c3VhbCBnYWl0IHNwZWVkIGlu

IHdlbGwtZnVuY3Rpb25pbmcgb2xkZXIgcGVvcGxlLS1yZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gdGhlIEhlYWx0aCwg

QWdpbmcgYW5kIEJvZHkgQ29tcG9zaXRpb24gU3R1ZHk8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+Sm91cm5hbCBvZiB0

aGUgQW1lcmljYW4gR2VyaWF0cmljcyBTb2NpZXR5PC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwv

YWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjE2NzUtODA8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTM8

L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjEwPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAwNS8wOS8yNzwvZWRpdGlvbj48

a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWNjZWxlcmF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjdGl2aXRp

ZXMgb2YgRGFpbHkgTGl2aW5nL2NsYXNzaWZpY2F0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZWQ8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdpbmcvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9k

eSBDb21wb3NpdGlvbi8gcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db2hvcnQgU3R1ZGll

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2FpdC8gcGh5c2lv

bG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qcm9nbm9zaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmVmZXJlbmNlIFZhbHVl

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TdGF0aXN0aWNzIGFzIFRvcGljPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlN1cnZpdmFsIEFuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8

L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5PY3Q8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNi

bj4wMDAyLTg2MTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAwMi04NjE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNz

aW9uLW51bT4xNjE4MTE2NTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMt

cmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjExMTEvai4xNTMyLTU0MTUuMjAwNS41MzUwMS54PC9lbGVjdHJvbmlj

LXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFi

YXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0

ZT48QXV0aG9yPkVsYmF6PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMzU8L1Jl

Y051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzU8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48

a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAi

IHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NjY3NzY2NyI+MTAzNTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlw

ZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RWxiYXosIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TYWJpYSwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPkJydW5uZXIsIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaGlwbGV5LCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+TWFybW90LCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2l2aW1ha2ksIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5TaW5naC1NYW5vdXgsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxh

dXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+SU5TRVJNLCBVNzA4LCBOZXVyb2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neSwgNzUwMTMsIFBhcmlz

LCBGcmFuY2UuIGFsZXhpcy5lbGJhekB1cG1jLmZyPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0

bGU+QXNzb2NpYXRpb24gb2Ygd2Fsa2luZyBzcGVlZCBpbiBsYXRlIG1pZGxpZmUgd2l0aCBtb3J0

YWxpdHk6IHJlc3VsdHMgZnJvbSB0aGUgV2hpdGVoYWxsIElJIGNvaG9ydCBzdHVkeTwvdGl0bGU+

PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5BZ2UgKERvcmRyKTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+

QWdlIChEb3JkcmVjaHQsIE5ldGhlcmxhbmRzKTwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFnZSAoRG9yZHIpPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFn

ZXM+OTQzLTUyPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjM1PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGVk

aXRpb24+MjAxMi8wMy8wMTwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5Cb2R5IE1hc3MgSW5kZXg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2FyZGlvdmFzY3Vs

YXIgRGlzZWFzZXMvIG1vcnRhbGl0eS9waHlzaW9wYXRob2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

Q2F1c2Ugb2YgRGVhdGgvdHJlbmRzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNocm9uaWMgRGlzZWFzZTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Rm9sbG93LVVwIFN0dWRp

ZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGVhbHRoIEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhl

YWx0aCBTdGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SG9uZyBLb25nL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5NaWRkbGUgQWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5SZXRyb3NwZWN0aXZlIFN0dWRpZXM8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmlzayBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNvY2lhbCBD

bGFzczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYWxraW5nLyBwaHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTM8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdW48L2RhdGU+

PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xNTc0LTQ2NDcgKEVsZWN0cm9uaWMpPC9pc2JuPjxh

Y2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjIyMzYxOTk2PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48Y3VzdG9t

Mj5QTUMzNjM2NDAyPC9jdXN0b20yPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDA3L3Mx

MTM1Ny0wMTItOTM4Ny05PC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNl

LXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xh

bmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [2,4]. There is, however, an increasing body of research suggesting that how people think about aging can affect how they age.Aging is an automatic category by which humans naturally define each other. Along with other automatic categories, such as race and gender, it is subject to group biases such that humans in one age, race or gender group define those in other groups more negatively than those in their own group. The negative beliefs about other groups are referred to as stereotypes. Unlike race and gender, however, age is not a stable category but rather humans are part of different age cohorts throughout life. How, so, do people reconcile the negative stereotypes elicited about older age groups when they are younger with their own experiences when they themselves become part of an older age cohort? Becca Levy proposes that these negative stereotypes do not change or disappear but become internalised such that people who held negative stereotypes about older people when they were younger hold those beliefs to be true to themselves as they age ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Levy</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>1068</RecNum><DisplayText>[5]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1068</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1402930967">1068</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Levy, B. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stereotype Embodiment A Psychosocial Approach to Aging</title><secondary-title>Current Directions in Psychological Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Current Directions in Psychological Science</full-title></periodical><pages>332-336</pages><volume>18</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>0963-7214</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]. Negative stereotypes originally held about other people therefore become negative self-perceptions of aging in later life. Further workmay explain the cognitive mechanism behind this as older adults who are either primed with negative stereotypes about aging, or who already hold implicit negative views of aging, show decreased self-perception, in the form of self-esteem, when reminded of the similarities between themselves and other older adults ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weiss</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1074</RecNum><DisplayText>[6]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1074</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1412551360">1074</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weiss, David</author><author>Sassenberg, Kai</author><author>Freund, Alexandra M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>When feeling different pays off: How older adults can counteract negative age-related information</title><secondary-title>Psychology and aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Aging</full-title><abbr-1>Psychology and aging</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1140</pages><volume>28</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1939-1498</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]. Unsurprisingly, a number of studies have illustrated the negative effects of holding negative perceptions of aging on factors of psychological well-being including life satisfaction and mood PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TbG9tb3dpdHo8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk5PC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+Mzk5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pls2LThdPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVj

b3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjM5OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxMzMzNjMyNTczIj4zOTk8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PlNsb21vd2l0eiwgTC4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlBldGVyc29uLCBPLiBXLjwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+VGhvbXNvbiwgUy4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5CYXlsb3IgU2Nob29sIG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBIb3VzdG9uLCBUZXhhcywg

VVNBLjwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkNvbnZlcnRpbmcgZW56eW1lIGluaGli

aXRpb24gYW5kIHRoZSBnbG9tZXJ1bGFyIGhlbW9keW5hbWljIHJlc3BvbnNlIHRvIGdseWNpbmUg

aW4gZGlhYmV0aWMgcmF0czwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5KIEFtIFNvYyBOZXBocm9s

PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIHRoZSBBbWVyaWNhbiBTb2Np

ZXR5IG9mIE5lcGhyb2xvZ3kgOiBKQVNOPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+

PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBTb2MgTmVwaHJvbDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwg

b2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIFNvY2lldHkgb2YgTmVwaHJvbG9neSA6IEpBU048L2FiYnItMT48L3Bl

cmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogQW0gU29jIE5lcGhyb2w8L2Z1

bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIHRoZSBBbWVyaWNhbiBTb2NpZXR5IG9mIE5lcGhy

b2xvZ3kgOiBKQVNOPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+MTQ0Ny01NDwvcGFn

ZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4xMDwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NzwvbnVtYmVyPjxlZGl0aW9uPjE5OTkvMDcv

MTU8L2VkaXRpb24+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFuZ2lvdGVuc2luLUNvbnZlcnRpbmcgRW56

eW1lIEluaGliaXRvcnMvKnBoYXJtYWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BbmltYWxzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhcGlsbGFyaWVzL2RydWcgZWZmZWN0cy9waHlzaW9wYXRob2xvZ3k8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGlhYmV0ZXMgTWVsbGl0dXMsIEV4cGVyaW1lbnRhbC8qZHJ1ZyB0

aGVyYXB5LypwaHlzaW9wYXRob2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RW5hbGFwcmlsL3BoYXJt

YWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HbG9tZXJ1bGFyIEZpbHRyYXRpb24gUmF0ZS9kcnVn

IGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2x5Y2luZS8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5LaWRuZXkgR2xvbWVydWx1cy8qYmxv

b2Qgc3VwcGx5LypkcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5OZXBocm9ucy9ibG9vZCBzdXBwbHkvZHJ1ZyBlZmZlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlByZXNzdXJlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJhdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmF0

cywgV2lzdGFyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJlbmFsIENpcmN1bGF0aW9uL2RydWcgZWZmZWN0

czwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk5PC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0ZXM+

PGRhdGU+SnVsPC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTA0Ni02NjczIChQcmlu

dCkmI3hEOzEwNDYtNjY3MyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTA0MDUyMDA8

L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHdvcmstdHlwZT5SZXNlYXJjaCBTdXBwb3J0LCBOb24tVS5TLiBHb3Ym

YXBvczt0JiN4RDtSZXNlYXJjaCBTdXBwb3J0LCBVLlMuIEdvdiZhcG9zO3QsIE5vbi1QLkguUy48

L3dvcmstdHlwZT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5sbS5u

aWguZ292L3B1Ym1lZC8xMDQwNTIwMDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48bGFuZ3Vh

Z2U+ZW5nPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdXJtPC9BdXRo

b3I+PFllYXI+MjAwODwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMjQ8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVt

YmVyPjEwMjQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJw

eGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NDE5Mjcz

NiI+MTAyNDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGlj

bGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+V3VybSwgU3Vz

YW5uZTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+VG9tYXNpaywgTWFydGluIEo8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRl

c2NoLVLDtm1lciwgQ2xlbWVuczwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0

bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TZXJpb3VzIGhlYWx0aCBldmVudHMgYW5kIHRoZWlyIGltcGFjdCBvbiBjaGFu

Z2VzIGluIHN1YmplY3RpdmUgaGVhbHRoIGFuZCBsaWZlIHNhdGlzZmFjdGlvbjogVGhlIHJvbGUg

b2YgYWdlIGFuZCBhIHBvc2l0aXZlIHZpZXcgb24gYWdlaW5nPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPkV1cm9wZWFuIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgQWdlaW5nPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+

PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+RXVyb3BlYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBBZ2Vpbmc8L2Z1bGwt

dGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xMTctMTI3PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjU8L3ZvbHVt

ZT48bnVtYmVyPjI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2Ju

PjE2MTMtOTM3MjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRo

b3I+V2Vpc3M8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTA3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTA3NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBw

PSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0

YW1wPSIxNDEyNTUxMzYwIj4xMDc0PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9

IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1

dGhvcj5XZWlzcywgRGF2aWQ8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNhc3NlbmJlcmcsIEthaTwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+RnJldW5kLCBBbGV4YW5kcmEgTTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XaGVuIGZlZWxpbmcgZGlmZmVyZW50IHBheXMgb2ZmOiBIb3cg

b2xkZXIgYWR1bHRzIGNhbiBjb3VudGVyYWN0IG5lZ2F0aXZlIGFnZS1yZWxhdGVkIGluZm9ybWF0

aW9uPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlBzeWNob2xvZ3kgYW5kIGFnaW5nPC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbCBBZ2luZzwv

ZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlBzeWNob2xvZ3kgYW5kIGFnaW5nPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xMTQwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI4PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj40PC9udW1i

ZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTM8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xOTM5LTE0OTg8L2lzYm4+

PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TbG9tb3dpdHo8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTk5PC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+Mzk5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pls2LThdPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVj

b3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjM5OTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxMzMzNjMyNTczIj4zOTk8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PlNsb21vd2l0eiwgTC4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlBldGVyc29uLCBPLiBXLjwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+VGhvbXNvbiwgUy4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+

PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5CYXlsb3IgU2Nob29sIG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBIb3VzdG9uLCBUZXhhcywg

VVNBLjwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkNvbnZlcnRpbmcgZW56eW1lIGluaGli

aXRpb24gYW5kIHRoZSBnbG9tZXJ1bGFyIGhlbW9keW5hbWljIHJlc3BvbnNlIHRvIGdseWNpbmUg

aW4gZGlhYmV0aWMgcmF0czwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5KIEFtIFNvYyBOZXBocm9s

PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIHRoZSBBbWVyaWNhbiBTb2Np

ZXR5IG9mIE5lcGhyb2xvZ3kgOiBKQVNOPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+

PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBTb2MgTmVwaHJvbDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwg

b2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIFNvY2lldHkgb2YgTmVwaHJvbG9neSA6IEpBU048L2FiYnItMT48L3Bl

cmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogQW0gU29jIE5lcGhyb2w8L2Z1

bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIHRoZSBBbWVyaWNhbiBTb2NpZXR5IG9mIE5lcGhy

b2xvZ3kgOiBKQVNOPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+MTQ0Ny01NDwvcGFn

ZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4xMDwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NzwvbnVtYmVyPjxlZGl0aW9uPjE5OTkvMDcv

MTU8L2VkaXRpb24+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFuZ2lvdGVuc2luLUNvbnZlcnRpbmcgRW56

eW1lIEluaGliaXRvcnMvKnBoYXJtYWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BbmltYWxzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhcGlsbGFyaWVzL2RydWcgZWZmZWN0cy9waHlzaW9wYXRob2xvZ3k8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGlhYmV0ZXMgTWVsbGl0dXMsIEV4cGVyaW1lbnRhbC8qZHJ1ZyB0

aGVyYXB5LypwaHlzaW9wYXRob2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RW5hbGFwcmlsL3BoYXJt

YWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HbG9tZXJ1bGFyIEZpbHRyYXRpb24gUmF0ZS9kcnVn

IGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2x5Y2luZS8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5LaWRuZXkgR2xvbWVydWx1cy8qYmxv

b2Qgc3VwcGx5LypkcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5OZXBocm9ucy9ibG9vZCBzdXBwbHkvZHJ1ZyBlZmZlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlByZXNzdXJlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJhdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UmF0

cywgV2lzdGFyPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJlbmFsIENpcmN1bGF0aW9uL2RydWcgZWZmZWN0

czwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTk5PC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0ZXM+

PGRhdGU+SnVsPC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTA0Ni02NjczIChQcmlu

dCkmI3hEOzEwNDYtNjY3MyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTA0MDUyMDA8

L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHdvcmstdHlwZT5SZXNlYXJjaCBTdXBwb3J0LCBOb24tVS5TLiBHb3Ym

YXBvczt0JiN4RDtSZXNlYXJjaCBTdXBwb3J0LCBVLlMuIEdvdiZhcG9zO3QsIE5vbi1QLkguUy48

L3dvcmstdHlwZT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5sbS5u

aWguZ292L3B1Ym1lZC8xMDQwNTIwMDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48bGFuZ3Vh

Z2U+ZW5nPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdXJtPC9BdXRo

b3I+PFllYXI+MjAwODwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMjQ8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVt

YmVyPjEwMjQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJw

eGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NDE5Mjcz

NiI+MTAyNDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGlj

bGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+V3VybSwgU3Vz

YW5uZTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+VG9tYXNpaywgTWFydGluIEo8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRl

c2NoLVLDtm1lciwgQ2xlbWVuczwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0

bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5TZXJpb3VzIGhlYWx0aCBldmVudHMgYW5kIHRoZWlyIGltcGFjdCBvbiBjaGFu

Z2VzIGluIHN1YmplY3RpdmUgaGVhbHRoIGFuZCBsaWZlIHNhdGlzZmFjdGlvbjogVGhlIHJvbGUg

b2YgYWdlIGFuZCBhIHBvc2l0aXZlIHZpZXcgb24gYWdlaW5nPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPkV1cm9wZWFuIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgQWdlaW5nPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+

PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+RXVyb3BlYW4gSm91cm5hbCBvZiBBZ2Vpbmc8L2Z1bGwt

dGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xMTctMTI3PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjU8L3ZvbHVt

ZT48bnVtYmVyPjI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2Ju

PjE2MTMtOTM3MjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRo

b3I+V2Vpc3M8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEzPC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MTA3NDwvUmVjTnVtPjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTA3NDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBw

PSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0

YW1wPSIxNDEyNTUxMzYwIj4xMDc0PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9

IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1

dGhvcj5XZWlzcywgRGF2aWQ8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNhc3NlbmJlcmcsIEthaTwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+RnJldW5kLCBBbGV4YW5kcmEgTTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1

dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5XaGVuIGZlZWxpbmcgZGlmZmVyZW50IHBheXMgb2ZmOiBIb3cg

b2xkZXIgYWR1bHRzIGNhbiBjb3VudGVyYWN0IG5lZ2F0aXZlIGFnZS1yZWxhdGVkIGluZm9ybWF0

aW9uPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPlBzeWNob2xvZ3kgYW5kIGFnaW5nPC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbCBBZ2luZzwv

ZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlBzeWNob2xvZ3kgYW5kIGFnaW5nPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xMTQwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI4PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj40PC9udW1i

ZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTM8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xOTM5LTE0OTg8L2lzYm4+

PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [6-8]. Interestingly, however, a growing body of research is indicating that negative aging perceptions may not only affect psychological well-being as people age but also physical health. A number of studies have shown that holding negative perceptions of aging at baseline are associated with a decrease in self-reported performance in activities of daily living (ADLs), increased number of illnesses, decreased self-reported physical function, self-rated health and increased risk of mortality PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZW50dXJlbGxpPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVh

cj48UmVjTnVtPjg2MTwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bOS0xM108L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODYxPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9

IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3Rh

bXA9IjEzNDY5MjYzNTMiPjg2MTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJK

b3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRo

b3I+VmVudHVyZWxsaSwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkxhbnphLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRo

b3I+TXV0aSwgRS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNjaGVuYSwgRi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+

PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5EZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIE5ldXJvbG9naWNhbCBh

bmQgVmlzdWFsIFNjaWVuY2VzLCBGYWN1bHR5IG9mIEV4ZXJjaXNlIGFuZCBTcG9ydCBTY2llbmNl

LCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIFZlcm9uYSwgVmlhIEYuIENhc29yYXRpIDQzLCBWZXJvbmEsIEl0YWx5

LiBtYXNzaW1vLnZlbnR1cmVsbGlAdW5pdnIuaXQ8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRs

ZT5Qb3NpdGl2ZSBlZmZlY3RzIG9mIHBoeXNpY2FsIHRyYWluaW5nIGluIGFjdGl2aXR5IG9mIGRh

aWx5IGxpdmluZy1kZXBlbmRlbnQgb2xkZXIgYWR1bHRzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PkV4cCBBZ2luZyBSZXM8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPkV4cGVyaW1lbnRhbCBh

Z2luZyByZXNlYXJjaDwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl

PkV4cCBBZ2luZyBSZXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5FeHBlcmltZW50YWwgYWdpbmcgcmVz

ZWFyY2g8L2FiYnItMT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkV4

cCBBZ2luZyBSZXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5FeHBlcmltZW50YWwgYWdpbmcgcmVzZWFy

Y2g8L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xOTAtMjA1PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1l

PjM2PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAxMC8wMy8wOTwvZWRpdGlv

bj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWN0aXZpdGllcyBvZiBEYWlseSBMaXZpbmc8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZCwgODAgYW5kIG92ZXI8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QW5hbHlzaXMgb2Yg

VmFyaWFuY2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QXJtPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFzc2lzdGVk

IExpdmluZyBGYWNpbGl0aWVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvZ25pdGlvbi9waHlzaW9sb2d5

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvZ25pdGlvbiBEaXNvcmRlcnMvcHJldmVudGlvbiAmYW1wOyBj

b250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV4ZXJjaXNlLyBwaHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPkZlYXNpYmlsaXR5IFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZyYWlsIEVsZGVybHkvIHN0YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFtcDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRh

dGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2VyaWF0cmljIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQvIG1ldGhvZHMvc3RhdGlz

dGljcyAmYW1wOyBudW1lcmljYWwgZGF0YTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TW90b3IgQWN0aXZpdHkvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TXVzY2xlIFN0cmVuZ3RoL3BoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TmV1cm9wc3ljaG9s

b2dpY2FsIFRlc3RzL3N0YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFtcDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRhdGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+UmFuZ2Ugb2YgTW90aW9uLCBBcnRpY3VsYXIvcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TaG91bGRlciBKb2ludDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XaGVlbGNoYWlyczwva2V5d29y

ZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEwPC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+QXBy

PC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTA5Ni00NjU3IChFbGVjdHJvbmljKSYj

eEQ7MDM2MS0wNzNYIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4yMDIwOTQyMTwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwODAv

MDM2MTA3MzEwMDM2MTM3NzE8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJh

c2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwv

bGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+TGV2eTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy

PjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4xMDIzPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDIz

PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBi

NXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzODQxOTI1NTEiPjEwMjM8

L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkxldnksIEIuIFIuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TbGFkZSwgTS4gRC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkthc2wsIFMuIFYuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBF

cGlkZW1pb2xvZ3kgYW5kIFB1YmxpYyBIZWFsdGgsIFlhbGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBTY2hvb2wgb2Yg

TWVkaWNpbmUsIDYwIENvbGxlZ2UgU3RyZWV0LCBOZXcgSGF2ZW4sIENUIDA2NTIwLTgwMzQsIFVT

QS4gYmVjY2EubGV2eUB5YWxlLmVkdTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkxvbmdp

dHVkaW5hbCBiZW5lZml0IG9mIHBvc2l0aXZlIHNlbGYtcGVyY2VwdGlvbnMgb2YgYWdpbmcgb24g

ZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBoZWFsdGg8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBCIFBz

eWNob2wgU2NpIFNvYyBTY2k8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBqb3VybmFs

cyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xvZ2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNv

Y2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl

PkogR2Vyb250b2wgQiBQc3ljaG9sIFNjaSBTb2MgU2NpPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+VGhl

IGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQiwgUHN5Y2hvbG9naWNhbCBzY2llbmNl

cyBhbmQgc29jaWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNh

bD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEIgUHN5Y2hvbCBTY2kgU29jIFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT48YWJici0xPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xv

Z2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGlj

YWw+PHBhZ2VzPlA0MDktMTc8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTc8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8L251

bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDAyLzA4LzI5PC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5BZHVs

dDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2UgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2luZy8g

cHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BdHRpdHVkZSB0byBIZWFsdGg8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBTdGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxvbmdpdHVkaW5hbCBTdHVkaWVzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlkZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UXVhbGl0eSBvZiBMaWZlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlF1ZXN0aW9ubmFp

cmVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNlbGYgQ2FyZS8gcHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TZWxmIENvbmNlcHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFsIEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRpbWUgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVz

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48

ZGF0ZT5TZXA8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xMDc5LTUwMTQgKFByaW50

KSYjeEQ7MTA3OS01MDE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMjE5ODA5OTwv

YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PHJlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj5OTE08

L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj48bGFuZ3VhZ2U+ZW5nPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WaWF0b25vdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+

PFJlY051bT43MDc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjcwNzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngw

cHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzM4NDU3MTE0Ij43MDc8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24t

a2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlZpYXRvbm91LCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RHJh

bWUsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Kb2xseSwgRC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk1vcnJvbmUs

IEkuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MYW5nLCBQLiBPLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Vm9pc2luLCBU

LjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Qm95ZXIsIEYuIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TY2h3ZWJlbCwg

Ry48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNvbW1lLCBELjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QmxhbmNoYXJkLCBG

LjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Tm92ZWxsYSwgSi4gTC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250

cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5Vbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIFJlaW1zIENoYW1wYWduZS1BcmRl

bm5lLCBGYWN1bHR5IG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBSZWltcywgRnJhbmNlLjwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0

aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlByZWRpY3RvcnMgb2YgcmFwaWQgY29nbml0aXZlIGRlY2xpbmUgYW1vbmcg

ZGVtZW50ZWQgc3ViamVjdHMgYWdlZCA3NSBvciBtb3JlOiAoJmFwb3M7U3VqZXQgQWdlIEZyYWdp

bGUtLUV2YWx1YXRpb24gZXQgU3VpdmkmYXBvczsgQ29ob3J0LVNBRkVTKTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29u

ZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnQgSiBHZXJpYXRyIFBzeWNoaWF0cnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0

LXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgam91cm5hbCBvZiBnZXJpYXRyaWMgcHN5Y2hpYXRyeTwvYWx0

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludCBKIEdlcmlhdHIgUHN5

Y2hpYXRyeTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgam91cm5hbCBvZiBnZXJp

YXRyaWMgcHN5Y2hpYXRyeTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1

bGwtdGl0bGU+SW50IEogR2VyaWF0ciBQc3ljaGlhdHJ5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+SW50

ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBqb3VybmFsIG9mIGdlcmlhdHJpYyBwc3ljaGlhdHJ5PC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQt

cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NzA5LTE1PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJl

cj43PC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAwOS8wMS8xNjwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdv

cmQ+QWN0aXZpdGllcyBvZiBEYWlseSBMaXZpbmcvKnBzeWNob2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4MCBhbmQgb3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5EZW1lbnRpYS8qZGlhZ25vc2lzL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neS9wc3ljaG9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpc2Vhc2UgUHJvZ3Jlc3Npb248L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZyYW5jZS9lcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2Vy

aWF0cmljIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGVhbHRoIFN0YXR1cyBJbmRpY2F0

b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk5ldXJvcHN5Y2hvbG9naWNhbCBUZXN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Q

cmVkaWN0aXZlIFZhbHVlIG9mIFRlc3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNldmVyaXR5IG9mIEls

bG5lc3MgSW5kZXg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGltZSBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDk8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdWw8L2RhdGU+

PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xMDk5LTExNjYgKEVsZWN0cm9uaWMpJiN4RDswODg1

LTYyMzAgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjE5MTQ1NTc0PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjx3b3JrLXR5cGU+TXVsdGljZW50ZXIgU3R1ZHkmI3hEO1Jlc2VhcmNoIFN1cHBvcnQsIE5v

bi1VLlMuIEdvdiZhcG9zO3Q8L3dvcmstdHlwZT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5sbS5uaWguZ292L3B1Ym1lZC8xOTE0NTU3NDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11

cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTAwMi9ncHMuMjE4MzwvZWxl

Y3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9D

aXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VmFuZGV3b3VkZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT42MzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NjM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6

eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMzMjkzNTE2MSI+NjM8L2tleT48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU5XZWIi

IGRiLWlkPSJVQmpwMGdydHFoWUFBSHdNVGNNIj43Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYt

dHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxh

dXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VmFuZGV3b3VkZSwgTS4gRi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250

cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5Vbml2ZXJzaXRhaXIgQ2VudHJ1bSBHZXJpYXRyaWUsIFVu

aXZlcnNpdGVpdCBBbnR3ZXJwZW4sIFpOQSwgWmlla2VuaHVpc25ldHdlcmsgQW50d2VycGVuLCBC

ZWxnaXVtLiBtYXVyaXRzLnZhbmRld291ZGVAem5hLmJlPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48

dGl0bGU+TWFuYWdlbWVudCBvZiBwYXRpZW50cyB3aXRoIG1pbGQgY29nbml0aXZlIGltcGFpcm1l

bnQgYW5kIG1pbGQgdG8gbW9kZXJhdGUgZGVtZW50aWE8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

QWN0YSBDbGluIEJlbGc8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgY2xpbmljYSBC

ZWxnaWNhPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QWN0YSBD

bGluIEJlbGc8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5BY3RhIGNsaW5pY2EgQmVsZ2ljYTwvYWJici0x

PjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QWN0YSBDbGluIEJlbGc8

L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5BY3RhIGNsaW5pY2EgQmVsZ2ljYTwvYWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBl

cmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjkyLTk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NjQ8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjI8

L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDA5LzA1LzEzPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5B

Z2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJlaGF2aW9yIFRoZXJhcHkvIG1ldGhvZHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29nbml0aW9uIERpc29yZGVycy9jb21wbGljYXRpb25zLyB0aGVyYXB5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbWVudGlhL2NvbXBsaWNhdGlvbnMvIHRoZXJhcHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk5vb3Ryb3BpYyBBZ2VudHMvIHRoZXJhcGV1

dGljIHVzZTwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA5PC95ZWFyPjxwdWIt

ZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+TWFyLUFwcjwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjAwMDEt

NTUxMiAoUHJpbnQpJiN4RDswMDAxLTU1MTIgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjE5NDMyMDIxPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXBy

b3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1

YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPld1cm08L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3

PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzI2NTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzI2NTwvcmVj

LW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4

ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNDExNDE1ODEwIj4zMjY1PC9rZXk+

PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10

eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5XdXJtLCBTdXNhbm5lPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5UZXNjaC1Sw7ZtZXIsIENsZW1lbnM8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRvbWFzaWssIE1h

cnRpbiBKPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkxv

bmdpdHVkaW5hbCBmaW5kaW5ncyBvbiBhZ2luZy1yZWxhdGVkIGNvZ25pdGlvbnMsIGNvbnRyb2wg

YmVsaWVmcywgYW5kIGhlYWx0aCBpbiBsYXRlciBsaWZlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PlRoZSBKb3VybmFscyBvZiBHZXJvbnRvbG9neSBTZXJpZXMgQjogUHN5Y2hvbG9naWNhbCBTY2ll

bmNlcyBhbmQgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2VzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+VGhlIEpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIEdlcm9udG9sb2d5IFNlcmllcyBCOiBQ

c3ljaG9sb2dpY2FsIFNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBTb2NpYWwgU2NpZW5jZXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9w

ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz5QMTU2LVAxNjQ8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NjI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVt

YmVyPjM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjEwNzkt

NTAxNDwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZW50dXJlbGxpPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVh

cj48UmVjTnVtPjg2MTwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bOS0xM108L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pjxy

ZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+ODYxPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9

IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3Rh

bXA9IjEzNDY5MjYzNTMiPjg2MTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJK

b3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRo

b3I+VmVudHVyZWxsaSwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkxhbnphLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRo

b3I+TXV0aSwgRS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNjaGVuYSwgRi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+

PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5EZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIE5ldXJvbG9naWNhbCBh

bmQgVmlzdWFsIFNjaWVuY2VzLCBGYWN1bHR5IG9mIEV4ZXJjaXNlIGFuZCBTcG9ydCBTY2llbmNl

LCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIFZlcm9uYSwgVmlhIEYuIENhc29yYXRpIDQzLCBWZXJvbmEsIEl0YWx5

LiBtYXNzaW1vLnZlbnR1cmVsbGlAdW5pdnIuaXQ8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRs

ZT5Qb3NpdGl2ZSBlZmZlY3RzIG9mIHBoeXNpY2FsIHRyYWluaW5nIGluIGFjdGl2aXR5IG9mIGRh

aWx5IGxpdmluZy1kZXBlbmRlbnQgb2xkZXIgYWR1bHRzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PkV4cCBBZ2luZyBSZXM8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPkV4cGVyaW1lbnRhbCBh

Z2luZyByZXNlYXJjaDwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl

PkV4cCBBZ2luZyBSZXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5FeHBlcmltZW50YWwgYWdpbmcgcmVz

ZWFyY2g8L2FiYnItMT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkV4

cCBBZ2luZyBSZXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5FeHBlcmltZW50YWwgYWdpbmcgcmVzZWFy

Y2g8L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xOTAtMjA1PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1l

PjM2PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAxMC8wMy8wOTwvZWRpdGlv

bj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWN0aXZpdGllcyBvZiBEYWlseSBMaXZpbmc8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZCwgODAgYW5kIG92ZXI8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QW5hbHlzaXMgb2Yg

VmFyaWFuY2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QXJtPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFzc2lzdGVk

IExpdmluZyBGYWNpbGl0aWVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvZ25pdGlvbi9waHlzaW9sb2d5

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvZ25pdGlvbiBEaXNvcmRlcnMvcHJldmVudGlvbiAmYW1wOyBj

b250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkV4ZXJjaXNlLyBwaHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPkZlYXNpYmlsaXR5IFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZyYWlsIEVsZGVybHkvIHN0YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFtcDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRh

dGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2VyaWF0cmljIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQvIG1ldGhvZHMvc3RhdGlz

dGljcyAmYW1wOyBudW1lcmljYWwgZGF0YTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TW90b3IgQWN0aXZpdHkvIHBoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TXVzY2xlIFN0cmVuZ3RoL3BoeXNpb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TmV1cm9wc3ljaG9s

b2dpY2FsIFRlc3RzL3N0YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFtcDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRhdGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+UmFuZ2Ugb2YgTW90aW9uLCBBcnRpY3VsYXIvcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TaG91bGRlciBKb2ludDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XaGVlbGNoYWlyczwva2V5d29y

ZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDEwPC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+QXBy

PC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTA5Ni00NjU3IChFbGVjdHJvbmljKSYj

eEQ7MDM2MS0wNzNYIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4yMDIwOTQyMTwvYWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwODAv

MDM2MTA3MzEwMDM2MTM3NzE8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJh

c2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwv

bGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+TGV2eTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy

PjIwMDI8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4xMDIzPC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDIz

PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBi

NXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEzODQxOTI1NTEiPjEwMjM8

L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwv

cmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkxldnksIEIuIFIuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TbGFkZSwgTS4gRC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkthc2wsIFMuIFYuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBF

cGlkZW1pb2xvZ3kgYW5kIFB1YmxpYyBIZWFsdGgsIFlhbGUgVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBTY2hvb2wgb2Yg

TWVkaWNpbmUsIDYwIENvbGxlZ2UgU3RyZWV0LCBOZXcgSGF2ZW4sIENUIDA2NTIwLTgwMzQsIFVT

QS4gYmVjY2EubGV2eUB5YWxlLmVkdTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkxvbmdp

dHVkaW5hbCBiZW5lZml0IG9mIHBvc2l0aXZlIHNlbGYtcGVyY2VwdGlvbnMgb2YgYWdpbmcgb24g

ZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBoZWFsdGg8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBCIFBz

eWNob2wgU2NpIFNvYyBTY2k8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBqb3VybmFs

cyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xvZ2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNv

Y2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxl

PkogR2Vyb250b2wgQiBQc3ljaG9sIFNjaSBTb2MgU2NpPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+VGhl

IGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQiwgUHN5Y2hvbG9naWNhbCBzY2llbmNl

cyBhbmQgc29jaWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNh

bD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEIgUHN5Y2hvbCBTY2kgU29jIFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT48YWJici0xPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xv

Z2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGlj

YWw+PHBhZ2VzPlA0MDktMTc8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTc8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8L251

bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDAyLzA4LzI5PC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5BZHVs

dDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2UgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2luZy8g

cHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BdHRpdHVkZSB0byBIZWFsdGg8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBTdGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxvbmdpdHVkaW5hbCBTdHVkaWVzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlkZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UXVhbGl0eSBvZiBMaWZlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlF1ZXN0aW9ubmFp

cmVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNlbGYgQ2FyZS8gcHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5TZWxmIENvbmNlcHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFsIEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRpbWUgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVz

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48

ZGF0ZT5TZXA8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xMDc5LTUwMTQgKFByaW50

KSYjeEQ7MTA3OS01MDE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xMjE5ODA5OTwv

YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PHJlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj5OTE08

L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj48bGFuZ3VhZ2U+ZW5nPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29y

ZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WaWF0b25vdTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+

PFJlY051bT43MDc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjcwNzwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngw

cHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxMzM4NDU3MTE0Ij43MDc8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24t

a2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPlZpYXRvbm91LCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RHJh

bWUsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Kb2xseSwgRC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk1vcnJvbmUs

IEkuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MYW5nLCBQLiBPLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Vm9pc2luLCBU

LjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Qm95ZXIsIEYuIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TY2h3ZWJlbCwg

Ry48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNvbW1lLCBELjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QmxhbmNoYXJkLCBG

LjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Tm92ZWxsYSwgSi4gTC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250

cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5Vbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIFJlaW1zIENoYW1wYWduZS1BcmRl

bm5lLCBGYWN1bHR5IG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBSZWltcywgRnJhbmNlLjwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0

aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPlByZWRpY3RvcnMgb2YgcmFwaWQgY29nbml0aXZlIGRlY2xpbmUgYW1vbmcg

ZGVtZW50ZWQgc3ViamVjdHMgYWdlZCA3NSBvciBtb3JlOiAoJmFwb3M7U3VqZXQgQWdlIEZyYWdp

bGUtLUV2YWx1YXRpb24gZXQgU3VpdmkmYXBvczsgQ29ob3J0LVNBRkVTKTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29u

ZGFyeS10aXRsZT5JbnQgSiBHZXJpYXRyIFBzeWNoaWF0cnk8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0

LXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgam91cm5hbCBvZiBnZXJpYXRyaWMgcHN5Y2hpYXRyeTwvYWx0

LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkludCBKIEdlcmlhdHIgUHN5

Y2hpYXRyeTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgam91cm5hbCBvZiBnZXJp

YXRyaWMgcHN5Y2hpYXRyeTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1

bGwtdGl0bGU+SW50IEogR2VyaWF0ciBQc3ljaGlhdHJ5PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+SW50

ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBqb3VybmFsIG9mIGdlcmlhdHJpYyBwc3ljaGlhdHJ5PC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQt

cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NzA5LTE1PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJl

cj43PC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAwOS8wMS8xNjwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdv

cmQ+QWN0aXZpdGllcyBvZiBEYWlseSBMaXZpbmcvKnBzeWNob2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4MCBhbmQgb3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5EZW1lbnRpYS8qZGlhZ25vc2lzL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neS9wc3ljaG9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpc2Vhc2UgUHJvZ3Jlc3Npb248L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZyYW5jZS9lcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2Vy

aWF0cmljIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGVhbHRoIFN0YXR1cyBJbmRpY2F0

b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk5ldXJvcHN5Y2hvbG9naWNhbCBUZXN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Q

cmVkaWN0aXZlIFZhbHVlIG9mIFRlc3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNldmVyaXR5IG9mIEls

bG5lc3MgSW5kZXg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGltZSBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5

d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDk8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdWw8L2RhdGU+

PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xMDk5LTExNjYgKEVsZWN0cm9uaWMpJiN4RDswODg1

LTYyMzAgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjE5MTQ1NTc0PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjx3b3JrLXR5cGU+TXVsdGljZW50ZXIgU3R1ZHkmI3hEO1Jlc2VhcmNoIFN1cHBvcnQsIE5v

bi1VLlMuIEdvdiZhcG9zO3Q8L3dvcmstdHlwZT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0

cDovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5sbS5uaWguZ292L3B1Ym1lZC8xOTE0NTU3NDwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11

cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTAwMi9ncHMuMjE4MzwvZWxl

Y3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9D

aXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VmFuZGV3b3VkZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT42MzwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+NjM8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6

eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTMzMjkzNTE2MSI+NjM8L2tleT48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU5XZWIi

IGRiLWlkPSJVQmpwMGdydHFoWUFBSHdNVGNNIj43Njwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYt

dHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxh

dXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VmFuZGV3b3VkZSwgTS4gRi48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250

cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5Vbml2ZXJzaXRhaXIgQ2VudHJ1bSBHZXJpYXRyaWUsIFVu

aXZlcnNpdGVpdCBBbnR3ZXJwZW4sIFpOQSwgWmlla2VuaHVpc25ldHdlcmsgQW50d2VycGVuLCBC

ZWxnaXVtLiBtYXVyaXRzLnZhbmRld291ZGVAem5hLmJlPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48

dGl0bGU+TWFuYWdlbWVudCBvZiBwYXRpZW50cyB3aXRoIG1pbGQgY29nbml0aXZlIGltcGFpcm1l

bnQgYW5kIG1pbGQgdG8gbW9kZXJhdGUgZGVtZW50aWE8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

QWN0YSBDbGluIEJlbGc8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgY2xpbmljYSBC

ZWxnaWNhPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QWN0YSBD

bGluIEJlbGc8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5BY3RhIGNsaW5pY2EgQmVsZ2ljYTwvYWJici0x

PjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+QWN0YSBDbGluIEJlbGc8

L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5BY3RhIGNsaW5pY2EgQmVsZ2ljYTwvYWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBl

cmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjkyLTk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NjQ8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjI8

L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDA5LzA1LzEzPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5B

Z2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJlaGF2aW9yIFRoZXJhcHkvIG1ldGhvZHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+Q29nbml0aW9uIERpc29yZGVycy9jb21wbGljYXRpb25zLyB0aGVyYXB5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlbWVudGlhL2NvbXBsaWNhdGlvbnMvIHRoZXJhcHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk5vb3Ryb3BpYyBBZ2VudHMvIHRoZXJhcGV1

dGljIHVzZTwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA5PC95ZWFyPjxwdWIt

ZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+TWFyLUFwcjwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjAwMDEt

NTUxMiAoUHJpbnQpJiN4RDswMDAxLTU1MTIgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVt

PjE5NDMyMDIxPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXBy

b3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1

YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPld1cm08L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3

PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNOdW0+MzI2NTwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MzI2NTwvcmVj

LW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4

ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNDExNDE1ODEwIj4zMjY1PC9rZXk+

PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10

eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5XdXJtLCBTdXNhbm5lPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5UZXNjaC1Sw7ZtZXIsIENsZW1lbnM8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRvbWFzaWssIE1h

cnRpbiBKPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkxv

bmdpdHVkaW5hbCBmaW5kaW5ncyBvbiBhZ2luZy1yZWxhdGVkIGNvZ25pdGlvbnMsIGNvbnRyb2wg

YmVsaWVmcywgYW5kIGhlYWx0aCBpbiBsYXRlciBsaWZlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PlRoZSBKb3VybmFscyBvZiBHZXJvbnRvbG9neSBTZXJpZXMgQjogUHN5Y2hvbG9naWNhbCBTY2ll

bmNlcyBhbmQgU29jaWFsIFNjaWVuY2VzPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+VGhlIEpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIEdlcm9udG9sb2d5IFNlcmllcyBCOiBQ

c3ljaG9sb2dpY2FsIFNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBTb2NpYWwgU2NpZW5jZXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9w

ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz5QMTU2LVAxNjQ8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NjI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVt

YmVyPjM8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAwNzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjEwNzkt

NTAxNDwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [9-13]. Aside from mortality and illness, however, these outcomes are self-reported, subjective assessments of function which may be confounded by the subjective nature of perceptions of aging. One more recent study showed that older adults with negative perceptions of aging exhibited decline in a composite measure of objective physical function over 16 years ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sargent-Cox</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1071</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1071</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411752287">1071</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sargent-Cox, Kerry A</author><author>Anstey, Kaarin J</author><author>Luszcz, Mary A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The relationship between change in self-perceptions of aging and physical functioning in older adults</title><secondary-title>Psychology and aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Aging</full-title><abbr-1>Psychology and aging</abbr-1></periodical><pages>750</pages><volume>27</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1939-1498</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]. Furthermore, the study clarified that negative perceptions of aging were a stronger predictor of declining physical function than physical function was of perceptions of aging. We sought to expand upon the work of Sargent-Cox and colleagues by investigating whether specific aspects of perceptions of aging are associated with decline in a physical health measure. Perceptions of aging encompass a range of cognitions including emotional responses to aging, feelings of control, and expectations for health, behavioural or social changes. The studies to date used uni-dimensional measures of aging perceptions which encompass these cognitions within the scale but which cannot separate the components to examine their independent effects on health. We thus investigated the impact of perceptions of aging using the short form of the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ) which includes 5 domains: the saliency of aging in one’s thoughts, emotional reactions to aging, expectations for positive consequences, feelings of control and expectations for negative consequences. In addition, we used a specific and simple measure of walking speed that it is commonly used in clinical settings. The Timed Up-And-Go task is a strong correlate of frailty which is a state of vulnerability to stressors and one of the biggest predictors of disability, hospitalisation and nursing home admission in older adults PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Qb2RzaWFkbG88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkxPC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+MTAzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bMTUsMTZdPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48

cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFw

cD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVz

dGFtcD0iMTM4NjY4MDUzOCI+MTAzNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+UG9kc2lhZGxvLCBELjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UmljaGFyZHNvbiwgUy48L2F1dGhv

cj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5EaXZpc2lvbiBvZiBHZXJp

YXRyaWNzLCBSb3lhbCBWaWN0b3JpYSBIb3NwaXRhbCwgTWNHaWxsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHksIE1vbnRy

ZWFsLCBRdWViZWMsIENhbmFkYS48L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgdGlt

ZWQgJnF1b3Q7VXAgJmFtcDsgR28mcXVvdDs6IGEgdGVzdCBvZiBiYXNpYyBmdW5jdGlvbmFsIG1v

YmlsaXR5IGZvciBmcmFpbCBlbGRlcmx5IHBlcnNvbnM8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+Sm91cm5hbCBvZiB0

aGUgQW1lcmljYW4gR2VyaWF0cmljcyBTb2NpZXR5PC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwv

YWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjE0Mi04PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjM5PC92

b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MTk5MS8wMi8wMTwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWN0aXZpdGllcyBvZiBEYWlseSBMaXZpbmc8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4MCBhbmQgb3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5DYW5lczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVt

YW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UGFya2luc29uIERp

c2Vhc2UvcGh5c2lvcGF0aG9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRpbWUgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYWxraW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5

OTE8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5GZWI8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48

aXNibj4wMDAyLTg2MTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAwMi04NjE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xOTkxOTQ2PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48cmVtb3RlLWRh

dGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5l

bmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNhdnZhPC9BdXRob3I+

PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMzA8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVy

PjEwMzA8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFk

dDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NDc3ODMwOSI+

MTAzMDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUi

PjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U2F2dmEsIEcuIE0u

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb25vZ2h1ZSwgTy4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhvcmdhbiwg

Ri48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk8mYXBvcztSZWdhbiwgQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNyb25p

biwgSC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktlbm55LCBSLiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2Nv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPlRoZSBJcmlzaCBMb25naXR1ZGluYWwgU3R1ZHkgb24g

QWdlaW5nLCBUcmluaXR5IENvbGxlZ2UgRHVibGluLCBMaW5jb2xuIEdhdGUsIER1YmxpbiwgUmVw

dWJsaWMgb2YgSXJlbGFuZC4gZ2VvcmdlLnNhdnZhQHRjZC5pZTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPlVzaW5nIHRpbWVkIHVwLWFuZC1nbyB0byBpZGVudGlmeSBmcmFpbCBtZW1iZXJz

IG9mIHRoZSBvbGRlciBwb3B1bGF0aW9uPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250

b2wgQSBCaW9sIFNjaSBNZWQgU2NpPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5UaGUgam91

cm5hbHMgb2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBt

ZWRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0

bGU+SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBBIEJpb2wgU2NpIE1lZCBTY2k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5UaGUg

am91cm5hbHMgb2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFu

ZCBtZWRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48

ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEEgQmlvbCBTY2kgTWVkIFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJi

ci0xPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEEsIEJpb2xvZ2ljYWwgc2Np

ZW5jZXMgYW5kIG1lZGljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXM8L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdl

cz40NDEtNjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NDwvbnVtYmVyPjxlZGl0

aW9uPjIwMTIvMDkvMTk8L2VkaXRpb24+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjdGl2aXRpZXMgb2Yg

RGFpbHkgTGl2aW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZSBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZCwgODAgYW5kIG92ZXI8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+RGlzYWJpbGl0eSBFdmFsdWF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZhdGlndWU8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZyYWlsIEVsZGVybHkvIHN0

YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFtcDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRhdGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2FpdDwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HZXJpYXRyaWMgQXNzZXNzbWVudC9tZXRob2RzL3N0YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFt

cDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRhdGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGFuZCBTdHJlbmd0aDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SXJlbGFuZC9lcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3k8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Nb2JpbGl0eSBMaW1pdGF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlBzeWNob21vdG9yIFBlcmZvcm1hbmNlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJPQyBDdXJ2ZTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TZXZlcml0eSBvZiBJbGxuZXNzIEluZGV4PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPldhbGtpbmc8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2VpZ2h0IExvc3M8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3

b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMzwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPkFwcjwvZGF0ZT48

L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE3NTgtNTM1WCAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykmI3hEOzEwNzkt

NTAwNiAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjI5ODc3OTY8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDkzL2dlcm9uYS9n

bHMxOTA8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+

TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Qb2RzaWFkbG88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTkxPC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+MTAzNjwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD5bMTUsMTZdPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48

cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzY8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFw

cD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVz

dGFtcD0iMTM4NjY4MDUzOCI+MTAzNjwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+UG9kc2lhZGxvLCBELjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UmljaGFyZHNvbiwgUy48L2F1dGhv

cj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5EaXZpc2lvbiBvZiBHZXJp

YXRyaWNzLCBSb3lhbCBWaWN0b3JpYSBIb3NwaXRhbCwgTWNHaWxsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHksIE1vbnRy

ZWFsLCBRdWViZWMsIENhbmFkYS48L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgdGlt

ZWQgJnF1b3Q7VXAgJmFtcDsgR28mcXVvdDs6IGEgdGVzdCBvZiBiYXNpYyBmdW5jdGlvbmFsIG1v

YmlsaXR5IGZvciBmcmFpbCBlbGRlcmx5IHBlcnNvbnM8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+Sm91cm5hbCBvZiB0

aGUgQW1lcmljYW4gR2VyaWF0cmljcyBTb2NpZXR5PC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlv

ZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpv

dXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBBbSBHZXJpYXRyIFNvYzwvZnVsbC10

aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEdlcmlhdHJpY3MgU29jaWV0eTwv

YWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjE0Mi04PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjM5PC92

b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MTk5MS8wMi8wMTwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5

d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWN0aXZpdGllcyBvZiBEYWlseSBMaXZpbmc8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4MCBhbmQgb3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5DYW5lczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVt

YW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UGFya2luc29uIERp

c2Vhc2UvcGh5c2lvcGF0aG9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRpbWUgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5XYWxraW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5

OTE8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5GZWI8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48

aXNibj4wMDAyLTg2MTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAwMi04NjE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNj

ZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xOTkxOTQ2PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48cmVtb3RlLWRh

dGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5l

bmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPlNhdnZhPC9BdXRob3I+

PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMzA8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVy

PjEwMzA8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFk

dDJhcGI1cnNzeGVmMHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NDc3ODMwOSI+

MTAzMDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUi

PjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+U2F2dmEsIEcuIE0u

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb25vZ2h1ZSwgTy4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhvcmdhbiwg

Ri48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk8mYXBvcztSZWdhbiwgQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNyb25p

biwgSC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktlbm55LCBSLiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2Nv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPlRoZSBJcmlzaCBMb25naXR1ZGluYWwgU3R1ZHkgb24g

QWdlaW5nLCBUcmluaXR5IENvbGxlZ2UgRHVibGluLCBMaW5jb2xuIEdhdGUsIER1YmxpbiwgUmVw

dWJsaWMgb2YgSXJlbGFuZC4gZ2VvcmdlLnNhdnZhQHRjZC5pZTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPlVzaW5nIHRpbWVkIHVwLWFuZC1nbyB0byBpZGVudGlmeSBmcmFpbCBtZW1iZXJz

IG9mIHRoZSBvbGRlciBwb3B1bGF0aW9uPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250

b2wgQSBCaW9sIFNjaSBNZWQgU2NpPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5UaGUgam91

cm5hbHMgb2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBt

ZWRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0

bGU+SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBBIEJpb2wgU2NpIE1lZCBTY2k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5UaGUg

am91cm5hbHMgb2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmllcyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFu

ZCBtZWRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48

ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEEgQmlvbCBTY2kgTWVkIFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJi

ci0xPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEEsIEJpb2xvZ2ljYWwgc2Np

ZW5jZXMgYW5kIG1lZGljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXM8L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdl

cz40NDEtNjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT42ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NDwvbnVtYmVyPjxlZGl0

aW9uPjIwMTIvMDkvMTk8L2VkaXRpb24+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjdGl2aXRpZXMgb2Yg

RGFpbHkgTGl2aW5nPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZSBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPkFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZCwgODAgYW5kIG92ZXI8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+RGlzYWJpbGl0eSBFdmFsdWF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZhdGlndWU8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZyYWlsIEVsZGVybHkvIHN0

YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFtcDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRhdGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2FpdDwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HZXJpYXRyaWMgQXNzZXNzbWVudC9tZXRob2RzL3N0YXRpc3RpY3MgJmFt

cDsgbnVtZXJpY2FsIGRhdGE8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGFuZCBTdHJlbmd0aDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SXJlbGFuZC9lcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3k8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Nb2JpbGl0eSBMaW1pdGF0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlBzeWNob21vdG9yIFBlcmZvcm1hbmNlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJPQyBDdXJ2ZTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TZXZlcml0eSBvZiBJbGxuZXNzIEluZGV4PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPldhbGtpbmc8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+V2VpZ2h0IExvc3M8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3

b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMzwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPkFwcjwvZGF0ZT48

L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE3NTgtNTM1WCAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykmI3hEOzEwNzkt

NTAwNiAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjI5ODc3OTY8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDkzL2dlcm9uYS9n

bHMxOTA8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+

TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [15,16]. We thus sought to investigate which of the five domains of aging perceptions encompassed within the B-APQ could predict longitudinal decline in performance on the TUG task in a population representative sample of older adults. We hypothesised that negative emotional responses to aging, feelings of lack of control and negative expectations would predict decline in performance while positive responses and feelings of control would be protective. We did not make a directional hypothesis for the saliency of aging related thoughts.MethodsSampleThe Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) is a large prospective cohort study of the social, economic and health circumstances of community-dwelling older people in Ireland. Analyses are based on the first wave of data collected between January 2009 and July 2011 and follow-up data collected between March and December 2012. The mean time difference between interviews was 744.12 days (24 months) (inter-quartile range = 114). The Irish Geodirectory - a listing of all residential addresses in the Republic of Ireland - was used as a sampling frame to randomly select households in which individuals aged 50+ lived. The full procedure has been described in detail elsewhere ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kearney</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>950</RecNum><DisplayText>[17]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>950</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1350483947">950</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kearney, P. M.</author><author>Cronin, H.</author><author>O&apos;Regan, C.</author><author>Kamiya, Y.</author><author>Savva, G. M.</author><author>Whelan, B.</author><author>Kenny, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. patricia.kearney@ucc.ie</auth-address><titles><title>Cohort profile: the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing</title><secondary-title>Int J Epidemiol</secondary-title><alt-title>International journal of epidemiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Epidemiol</full-title><abbr-1>International journal of epidemiology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Int J Epidemiol</full-title><abbr-1>International journal of epidemiology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>877-84</pages><volume>40</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Aging</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Epidemiologic Research Design</keyword><keyword>Health Status</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Ireland/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Longitudinal Studies</keyword><keyword>Questionnaires</keyword><keyword>Social Environment</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1464-3685 (Electronic)&#xD;0300-5771 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21810894</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1093/ije/dyr116</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]. Household residents aged 50 or over and their spouses/partners (of any age) were eligible to participate in the study. The response rate was 62% leading to a final sample size of 8,504 participants. Ethical approval was obtained from the Trinity College Dublin Research Ethics Committee and all participants provided written informed consent. The study design has been described in detail elsewhere ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kearney</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>950</RecNum><DisplayText>[17]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>950</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1350483947">950</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kearney, P. M.</author><author>Cronin, H.</author><author>O&apos;Regan, C.</author><author>Kamiya, Y.</author><author>Savva, G. M.</author><author>Whelan, B.</author><author>Kenny, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. patricia.kearney@ucc.ie</auth-address><titles><title>Cohort profile: the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing</title><secondary-title>Int J Epidemiol</secondary-title><alt-title>International journal of epidemiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Epidemiol</full-title><abbr-1>International journal of epidemiology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Int J Epidemiol</full-title><abbr-1>International journal of epidemiology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>877-84</pages><volume>40</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/08/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Aging</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Epidemiologic Research Design</keyword><keyword>Health Status</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Ireland/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Longitudinal Studies</keyword><keyword>Questionnaires</keyword><keyword>Social Environment</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1464-3685 (Electronic)&#xD;0300-5771 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21810894</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1093/ije/dyr116</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]. Briefly, data collection involved (i) a computer-assisted personal interview carried out by trained social interviewers that included detailed questions on socio-demographics, wealth, health, lifestyle, social support and participation and use of health and social care (ii) a self-completion questionnaire which included questions about perceptions of aging, social networks and social participation (iii) a health assessment carried out by research nurses. Participants who were unwilling or unable to attend a health assessment in a designated health centre were offered a home-based health assessment. In wave 2 the computer-assisted personal interview and key elements of the health assessment were combined into a home interview and assessment carried out by trained interviewers.In total, 8,175 individuals aged 50 years and over were interviewed at baseline (N=8,504 includes partners younger than 50) and 5,895 (72%) of these individuals also completed a health assessment. Follow up data for wave 2 was available for 6,995 (86%) participants of which 78 (.01%) were proxy interviews and were thus not included in the sample for this analysis. Follow up data was unavailable for 1,180 (14%) participants due to death (n=205); refusal (n=809) or no contact (n=166). We also had a number of missing data values which are outlined in table 2. Exclusion criteria for the present analysis included a doctor’s diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (N=35), a history of stroke (N=91) or an MMSE of < 18 (N=20) at baseline or between waves 1 and 2. Our final sample included participants who had completed both a wave 1 health assessment and a wave 2 follow up, who had returned the self-completion questionnaire and who did not meet any of the exclusion criteria. The final sample size was 4,803 (for a flow chart of sample selection see figure 1).Data CollectionCovariatesAll covariates were measured at baseline and at wave 2. Longitudinal analyses controlled for change in covariates between waves.Age, gender, employment and education were obtained by self-report. Education was categorised as having completed some or all of primary schooling, having completed some or all of secondary schooling or having completed any third level education or higher. Global cognition was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Folstein</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>304</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>304</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tspvraewv95taeep5txptvp99xaf0zs0xatp">304</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Folstein, M. F.</author><author>Folstein, S. E.</author><author>McHugh, P. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>&quot;Mini-mental state&quot;. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician</title><secondary-title>J Psychiatr Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Psychiatr Research</full-title></periodical><pages>189-198</pages><volume>12</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>alzheimers</keyword><keyword>brain</keyword><keyword>clinical</keyword><keyword>cognitive</keyword><keyword>dementia</keyword><keyword>human</keyword><keyword>mci</keyword><keyword>mmse</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1975</year></dates><isbn>0022-3956</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;[18]. Chronic conditions were ascertained by self-report of a doctor’s diagnosis and included: joint problems, cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, lung disease, asthma, arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, peptic ulcer, liver disease, varicose ulcer, alcohol or substance abuse, chronic pain and incontinence. Number of chronic conditions were included in this analysis. Basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs and IADLs) were collected through self-report. Participants were asked “Because of a health or memory problem, do you have any difficulty doing any of the activities on this card?” They were then shown a card listing 6 basic ADLs including dressing, walking across a room, bathing or showering, eating, getting in and out of bed and using the toilet. An ADL disability was defined as difficulty in at least one of the activities listed on the card. Participants were then asked the same question and given a second card listing instrumental ADLs (IADLs) including preparing a hot meal, doing household chores, shopping for groceries, making telephone calls, taking medications and managing money. An IADL disability was defined as difficulty in at least one of these tasks. The level of disability with each activity was not assessed. For cross-sectional analyses participants were classified into 4 categories: no disability, ADL only, IADL only or both ADL and IADL. For longitudinal analyses we assessed change in disability between waves. Due to the small numbers in groups when change in disability was categorised into both ADLs and IADLs we collated the information and assessed 4 levels: no disability in wave 1 or wave 2, stable level of disability in wave 2, reduced level of disability since wave 1, any new disability in wave 2. Participants were also asked to record all of the medications taken on a regular basis and interviewers saw the packages to confirm. A continuous count of the different medications was used in this analysis as this reflects both the possible effects of medications themselves and underlying comorbidity. Depressive mood was assessed through the 20 item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Radloff</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>1048</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1048</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1389703444">1048</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Radloff, Lenore Sawyer</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population</title><secondary-title>Applied psychological measurement</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Applied psychological measurement</full-title></periodical><pages>385-401</pages><volume>1</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1977</year></dates><isbn>0146-6216</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]. Cronbach’s alpha for the 20 items in this sample showed good internal consistency (α=0.87). Self-rated health was assessed with the question: “In general, compared to other people your age, would you say your health is…excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?” Participants were also asked if they were past or current smokers. Timed Up-and-Go The Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) task was measured in both waves. Participants were asked to rise from a chair (seat height 46cm), walk 3m at a normal pace, turn around, walk back to the chair and sit down again ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Podsiadlo</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>1036</RecNum><DisplayText>[15]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1036</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1386680538">1036</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Podsiadlo, D.</author><author>Richardson, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Geriatrics, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>The timed &quot;Up &amp; Go&quot;: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons</title><secondary-title>J Am Geriatr Soc</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Geriatr Soc</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Am Geriatr Soc</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>142-8</pages><volume>39</volume><number>2</number><edition>1991/02/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Activities of Daily Living</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Canes</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Parkinson Disease/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Walking</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1991</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-8614 (Print)&#xD;0002-8614 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>1991946</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]. The time taken from the command “Go” to when the participant was sitting with their back resting against the back of the chair was recorded using a stopwatch. TUG was assessed using the same procedure in the home assessment and in wave 2. Researchers in the home assessments in wave 2 sought and conducted the test using a hard-backed chair that matched the health centre chair as closely as possible in height (46cm). TUG is a measure of walking speed, balance and coordination ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Podsiadlo</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>1036</RecNum><DisplayText>[15]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1036</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1386680538">1036</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Podsiadlo, D.</author><author>Richardson, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Geriatrics, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>The timed &quot;Up &amp; Go&quot;: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons</title><secondary-title>J Am Geriatr Soc</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Geriatr Soc</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Am Geriatr Soc</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>142-8</pages><volume>39</volume><number>2</number><edition>1991/02/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Activities of Daily Living</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Canes</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Parkinson Disease/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Walking</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1991</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-8614 (Print)&#xD;0002-8614 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>1991946</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]. Higher scores on the TUG task (in seconds) indicate slower walking speed.Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ)The short form of the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ) comprises 17 Likert scale items that ask participants to rate their level of agreement with questions about the aging experience and their expectations about aging in the future. The model was based on Leventhal’s self-regulation model of ill health which proposes that the way people think about their own health or illness can be categorised into different themes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Barker</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1041</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1041</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1386959031">1041</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barker, M.</author><author>O&apos;Hanlon, A.</author><author>McGee, H. M.</author><author>Hickey, A.</author><author>Conroy, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Psychology, Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. maja.barker@</auth-address><titles><title>Cross-sectional validation of the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire: a multidimensional instrument for assessing self-perceptions of aging</title><secondary-title>BMC Geriatr</secondary-title><alt-title>BMC geriatrics</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMC Geriatr</full-title><abbr-1>BMC geriatrics</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>BMC Geriatr</full-title><abbr-1>BMC geriatrics</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>9</pages><volume>7</volume><edition>2007/04/28</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Aging/ psychology</keyword><keyword>Cross-Sectional Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Perception</keyword><keyword>Questionnaires/ standards</keyword><keyword>Self Concept</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>1471-2318 (Electronic)&#xD;1471-2318 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17462094</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC1868732</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1186/1471-2318-7-9</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]. The questions are categorised into 5 domains: timeline (e.g. “I am conscious of getting older all of the time”); positive consequences (e.g. “As I get older I continue to grow as a person”); positive control (e.g. “As I get older there is much I can do to maintain my independence”); negative consequences and control (e.g. “Slowing down with age is not something I can control”); and emotional representations (e.g. “I get depressed when I think about getting older”) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sexton</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1064</RecNum><DisplayText>[21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1064</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1397667190">1064</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sexton, E.</author><author>King-Kallimanis, B. L.</author><author>Morgan, K.</author><author>McGee, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. eithnesexton@rcsi.ie.</auth-address><titles><title>Development of the Brief Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ): a confirmatory factor analysis approach to item reduction</title><secondary-title>BMC Geriatr</secondary-title><alt-title>BMC geriatrics</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMC Geriatr</full-title><abbr-1>BMC geriatrics</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>BMC Geriatr</full-title><abbr-1>BMC geriatrics</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>44</pages><volume>14</volume><number>1</number><edition>2014/04/11</edition><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1471-2318 (Electronic)&#xD;1471-2318 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24716631</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1186/1471-2318-14-44</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]. Participants rated their level of agreement with each statement as strongly disagree, disagree, neither, agree or strongly agree (range 1-5). The score for each of the five domains was calculated as the average rating of questions within each domain. Cronbach’s alpha showed good internal consistency for each of the domains (Timeline α = 0.75; Positive Control α = 0.85; Negative Control and Consequences α = 0.80; Positive Consequences α = 0.77; Emotional Representations α = 0.75).Statistical AnalysisDescriptive statistics were first ascertained for all main variables. TUG time had a skewed distribution which was best corrected with a log transformation. Rather than conducting the analysis on a log-transformed TUG variable, which would have provided output only in the log scale, we conducted a linear regression analysis with a link log function as this allows the predictor to act on the log of the outcome variable while providing marginal mean output in the original scale. This allows for easier interpretation of results. To test the effect of aging perceptions on change in TUG speed we estimated a second linear regression with follow-up TUG as the outcome, controlling for TUG at baseline as well as all baseline covariates and change in covariates between waves. To better understand the effect of aging perceptions on TUG time we estimated and plotted marginal mean scores of the TUG for five points of the Aging Perceptions scale (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) which represent the level of agreement with the domain (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neither, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree). Marginal means represent the mean in the outcome variable after accounting for the confounding effect of all variables which have been controlled for in the model.Attrition weights were used due to differences between respondents who participated in both wave 1 and 2 and respondents who participated only in wave 1 on key variables (see table 2). Attrition weights were calculated as the inverse of the probability that the respondent participated in wave 2 given their participation in wave 1 and their survival up to wave 2. We calculated this using logistic regression in which the dependent variable was whether a respondent had returned in wave 2 or dropped out of the study and the independent variables were multiple measures taken at baseline to try to explain the probability of attrition including measures of baseline mood, cognitive function, physical health, health behaviours and sociodemographic factors. This is multiplied by an initial inverse probability weight reflecting the probability that a member of the Irish population aged 50 years and older participated in the study. This method has previously been reported as an appropriate strategy to minimise bias due to attrition in survey data ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kessler</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>3320</RecNum><DisplayText>[22]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3320</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1413282496">3320</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kessler, Ronald C</author><author>Little, Roderick JA</author><author>Groves, Robert M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Advances in strategies for minimizing and adjusting for survey nonresponse</title><secondary-title>Epidemiologic Reviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Epidemiologic reviews</full-title></periodical><pages>192-204</pages><volume>17</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1995</year></dates><isbn>0193-936X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22].Sensitivity AnalysesWe conducted a number of sensitivity analyses to check the validity of our findings. We had small numbers of missing data in our outcome and covariate variables (<1%) but around 5% of cases for the APQ domains were missing (for numbers see Figure 1). We thus imputed the missing APQ scores using multiple chained imputations. The imputed scores were calculated based on non-missing APQ questions, TUG speed, age, sex and disability.As a further sensitivity analysis we conducted two further regression analyses which accounted for residual confounding due to measurement error in the baseline TUG measure. Controlling for baseline measures in regression is known to be difficult due to the day-to-day variation within people when taking measures such as walking speed ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dugravot</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>984</RecNum><DisplayText>[23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>984</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1361182191">984</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dugravot, Aline</author><author>Guéguen, Alice</author><author>Kivimaki, Mika</author><author>Vahtera, Jussi</author><author>Shipley, Martin</author><author>Marmot, Michael G</author><author>Singh-Manoux, Archana</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Socioeconomic position and cognitive decline using data from two waves: what is the role of the wave 1 cognitive measure?</title><secondary-title>Journal of epidemiology and community health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of epidemiology and community health</full-title></periodical><pages>675-680</pages><volume>63</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1470-2738</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]. For the first check we assessed measurement error of the TUG using a second dataset - the Irish data for the Study of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data – which has been described in detail elsewhere ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>B?rsch-Supan</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1028</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1028</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1384545759">1028</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>B?rsch-Supan, Axel</author><author>Hank, Karsten</author><author>Jürges, Hendrik</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A new comprehensive and international view on ageing: introducing the ‘Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe’</title><secondary-title>European Journal of Ageing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>European Journal of Ageing</full-title></periodical><pages>245-253</pages><volume>2</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1613-9372</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]. This sample included 77 participants who had 2 TUG measures taken with a median lag between assessments of 88 days (IQR 70-104). . We then estimated a linear regression using the covariant measurement error (cme) package in Stata 12.1 which estimates the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable after accounting for the known measurement error of the dependent variable ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rabe-Hesketh</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1029</RecNum><DisplayText>[25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1029</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1384546270">1029</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia</author><author>Skrondal, Anders</author><author>Pickles, Andrew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Maximum likelihood estimation of generalized linear models with covariate measurement error</title><secondary-title>Stata Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Stata Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>386-411</pages><volume>3</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>1536-867X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]. As there was a 2-6 month gap in measures in the SHARE data we could not control for the possibility that true changes in health accounted for some of the changes in TUG measures rather than purely measurement error. A previous study found that test-retest reliability for the TUG in a sample similar to ours was .97 when the measures were taken within the same day ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Steffen</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3314</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3314</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411416137">3314</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Steffen, Teresa M</author><author>Hacker, Timothy A</author><author>Mollinger, Louise</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Age-and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up &amp; Go Test, and gait speeds</title><secondary-title>Physical therapy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Physical therapy</full-title></periodical><pages>128-137</pages><volume>82</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2002</year></dates><isbn>0031-9023</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]. We thus conducted a second analysis in which we used errors-in-variables regression (EIVREG in Stata V12.1) which is a similar analysis to the covariant measurement error package but which allows input of previous report test-retest reliability coefficients. It has previously been reported to be an appropriate method of analyses of this kind ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dugravot</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>984</RecNum><DisplayText>[23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>984</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1361182191">984</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dugravot, Aline</author><author>Guéguen, Alice</author><author>Kivimaki, Mika</author><author>Vahtera, Jussi</author><author>Shipley, Martin</author><author>Marmot, Michael G</author><author>Singh-Manoux, Archana</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Socioeconomic position and cognitive decline using data from two waves: what is the role of the wave 1 cognitive measure?</title><secondary-title>Journal of epidemiology and community health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of epidemiology and community health</full-title></periodical><pages>675-680</pages><volume>63</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1470-2738</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23].Finally, we conducted a regression analysis using a change score of TUG time between wave 1 and wave 2 as the dependent variable, both as a sensitivity analysis and in order to calculate marginal mean change in TUG adjusted for all covariates. We conducted a number of further sensitivity analyses including adjustment for type as well as number of chronic conditions and medication. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata version 12.1.ResultsOf 5,895 participants who had completed a health assessment and returned in wave 1, 4,944 also completed self-completion questionnaire in wave 1 and a health assessment in wave 2. After exclusion criteria had been implemented and cases with missing data removed the final sample size was 3,913 as illustrated by figure 1. Mean baseline age of this sample was 62.8 (9.0) years, 54.6% of the sample were female and 35.1% had a third level education. Mean TUG speed in wave 1 was 8.9 (3.0) seconds and 2 years later, in wave 2, was 9.8 (3.9) seconds. Full demographic details are presented in table 1 including the difference in key variables between participants who returned for wave 2 (N=4,803), those who died between waves (N=205) and those who were not followed up due to refusal to participate (N=809) or inability to contact them (N=166). Also included is the number of missing data values for each variable. Table 1 illustrates the bivariate correlations between individual domains of the B-APQ and continuous variables. Table 3 shows the results of the cross-sectional analysis: model 1 indicates the association between the domains of perceptions of aging and walking speed without adjustment for covariates; Model 2 indicates the relationship after adjusting for socio-demographic variables and Model 3 displays the results for the fully adjusted model. All five domains of aging perceptions remained statistically significantly associated with walking speed after full adjustment. The emotional representations and positive control domains were associated with quicker time in the TUG (Emotional representations: B = -.01 (95% CI: -.02, -.0003); Positive control: B=-.01 (95% CI: -.02, -.001)). The timeline (B=.03 (95% CI: .02, .04)), negative control and consequences (B=.02 (95% CI: .01, .03)) and, surprisingly, the positive consequences (B=.01 (95% CI: .002, .02)) domains were associated with slower TUG times.Table 4 shows the results of the longitudinal analysis. Model 1 indicates the association between the domains of perceptions of aging and walking speed without adjustment for covariates; Model 2 indicates the relationship after adjusting for socio-demographic variables and Model 3 displays the results for the fully adjusted model including change in covariates between waves. The only domain which was statistically significantly associated with change in walking speed was the negative control and consequences domain (B=.03 (95% CI: .01, .05)) which was associated with an increase in time taken to complete the TUG task. Figure 2 displays the marginal mean scores in TUG time in wave 2 by five points along the scale. This represents a difference of approximately 1 second in time taken to complete the task between those who strongly disagreed with the negative control and consequences domain and those who strongly agreed with it. We also reran the analysis with change in TUG as the outcome variable which estimated a within-person marginal mean decline of 1.38 seconds (95% CI: .99, 1.76) over two years in those who strongly agreed with the domain versus a decline of .54 seconds (95% CI: .21, .87) for those who did not.Finally, we ran a number of sensitivity analyses to check our results. We have included the results of these as supporting information. The multiple imputation model increased our sample size to N=4461. The results were unchanged– namely that the negative control and consequences domain was statistically significantly associated with slower TUG speed at wave 2 (B=.08 (95% CI: .03, .12) (Table S1 in File S1). The marginal means indicated a slightly stronger relationship in the imputed model with participants who strongly disagreed with the domain taking an average of 8.27 seconds to complete the TUG task and adults who strongly agreed with the scale taking 11.18 seconds to complete. We have also included the results of the measurement error analyses in the appendix section (Table S2 in File S1), our findings remained unchanged. We also re-ran all above analyses adjusted for category rather than number of medication (specifically sedative load) and type rather than number of chronic conditions. These changes did not alter our findings and thus we have not presented the data here.DiscussionMiddle aged and older people who express stronger beliefs in the lack of control and negative consequences of aging have a greater decline in walking speed over 2 years than those who do not. This relationship is not explained by baseline physical function, age, gender, years of education, chronic disease, disability, medication, depressed mood, global cognition or changes in health status over the period. Furthermore, this effect is seen in a relatively healthy cohort free of stroke, dementia and Parkinson’s disease and with an average age of 62.8 years. One previous study showed that general negative perceptions of aging were associated with decline in objectively measured physical function ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sargent-Cox</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1071</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1071</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411752287">1071</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sargent-Cox, Kerry A</author><author>Anstey, Kaarin J</author><author>Luszcz, Mary A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The relationship between change in self-perceptions of aging and physical functioning in older adults</title><secondary-title>Psychology and aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Aging</full-title><abbr-1>Psychology and aging</abbr-1></periodical><pages>750</pages><volume>27</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1939-1498</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]. Our work expands upon this study to suggest that it is specifically feelings of control and expectations for negative consequences in people’s perceptions of aging which affects decline in walking speed. The saliency of thoughts about aging or the negative emotions associated with aging beliefs do not appear to have an effect. This corroborates previous work by Levy and colleagues who found that the association between self-perceptions of aging and self-reported physical function was partially mediated by perceived control PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZXZ5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48UmVj

TnVtPjEwMjM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+WzEwXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48

cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDIzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEz

ODQxOTI1NTEiPjEwMjM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5h

bCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkxl

dnksIEIuIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TbGFkZSwgTS4gRC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkth

c2wsIFMuIFYuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+

RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBFcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3kgYW5kIFB1YmxpYyBIZWFsdGgsIFlhbGUgVW5pdmVy

c2l0eSBTY2hvb2wgb2YgTWVkaWNpbmUsIDYwIENvbGxlZ2UgU3RyZWV0LCBOZXcgSGF2ZW4sIENU

IDA2NTIwLTgwMzQsIFVTQS4gYmVjY2EubGV2eUB5YWxlLmVkdTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPkxvbmdpdHVkaW5hbCBiZW5lZml0IG9mIHBvc2l0aXZlIHNlbGYtcGVyY2VwdGlv

bnMgb2YgYWdpbmcgb24gZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBoZWFsdGg8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBCIFBzeWNob2wgU2NpIFNvYyBTY2k8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRp

dGxlPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xvZ2ljYWwg

c2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250b2wgQiBQc3ljaG9sIFNjaSBTb2MgU2NpPC9mdWxsLXRp

dGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+VGhlIGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQiwgUHN5Y2hv

bG9naWNhbCBzY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgc29jaWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2Fs

PjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEIgUHN5Y2hvbCBTY2kgU29j

IFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2Vy

aWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xvZ2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWJici0x

PjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPlA0MDktMTc8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTc8L3ZvbHVt

ZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDAyLzA4LzI5PC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jk

cz48a2V5d29yZD5BZHVsdDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2UgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5BZ2luZy8gcHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BdHRpdHVkZSB0byBI

ZWFsdGg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBT

dGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxvbmdpdHVk

aW5hbCBTdHVkaWVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlk

ZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UXVhbGl0eSBvZiBMaWZlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlF1ZXN0aW9ubmFpcmVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNlbGYgQ2FyZS8gcHN5Y2hvbG9n

eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TZWxmIENvbmNlcHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFs

IEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRpbWUgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3ll

YXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5TZXA8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4x

MDc5LTUwMTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MTA3OS01MDE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9u

LW51bT4xMjE5ODA5OTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PHJlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFz

ZS1wcm92aWRlcj5OTE08L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj48bGFuZ3VhZ2U+ZW5nPC9s

YW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZXZ5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMjwvWWVhcj48UmVj

TnVtPjEwMjM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+WzEwXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48

cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDIzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBk

Yi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjEz

ODQxOTI1NTEiPjEwMjM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5h

bCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkxl

dnksIEIuIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TbGFkZSwgTS4gRC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkth

c2wsIFMuIFYuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+

RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBFcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3kgYW5kIFB1YmxpYyBIZWFsdGgsIFlhbGUgVW5pdmVy

c2l0eSBTY2hvb2wgb2YgTWVkaWNpbmUsIDYwIENvbGxlZ2UgU3RyZWV0LCBOZXcgSGF2ZW4sIENU

IDA2NTIwLTgwMzQsIFVTQS4gYmVjY2EubGV2eUB5YWxlLmVkdTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPkxvbmdpdHVkaW5hbCBiZW5lZml0IG9mIHBvc2l0aXZlIHNlbGYtcGVyY2VwdGlv

bnMgb2YgYWdpbmcgb24gZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBoZWFsdGg8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBCIFBzeWNob2wgU2NpIFNvYyBTY2k8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRp

dGxlPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2VyaWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xvZ2ljYWwg

c2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250b2wgQiBQc3ljaG9sIFNjaSBTb2MgU2NpPC9mdWxsLXRp

dGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+VGhlIGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQiwgUHN5Y2hv

bG9naWNhbCBzY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgc29jaWFsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2Fs

PjxhbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEIgUHN5Y2hvbCBTY2kgU29j

IFNjaTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlRoZSBqb3VybmFscyBvZiBnZXJvbnRvbG9neS4gU2Vy

aWVzIEIsIFBzeWNob2xvZ2ljYWwgc2NpZW5jZXMgYW5kIHNvY2lhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWJici0x

PjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPlA0MDktMTc8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTc8L3ZvbHVt

ZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDAyLzA4LzI5PC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jk

cz48a2V5d29yZD5BZHVsdDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2UgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48

a2V5d29yZD5BZ2luZy8gcHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BdHRpdHVkZSB0byBI

ZWFsdGg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBT

dGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxvbmdpdHVk

aW5hbCBTdHVkaWVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlk

ZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UXVhbGl0eSBvZiBMaWZlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPlF1ZXN0aW9ubmFpcmVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNlbGYgQ2FyZS8gcHN5Y2hvbG9n

eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TZWxmIENvbmNlcHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U29jaWFs

IEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRpbWUgRmFjdG9yczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDI8L3ll

YXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5TZXA8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4x

MDc5LTUwMTQgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MTA3OS01MDE0IChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9u

LW51bT4xMjE5ODA5OTwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PHJlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFz

ZS1wcm92aWRlcj5OTE08L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj48bGFuZ3VhZ2U+ZW5nPC9s

YW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [10]. There is a large body of literature which illustrates the influence of perceived control on health outcomes including cardiovascular disease, depression and functional abilities ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lachman</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1060</RecNum><DisplayText>[27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1060</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1395923406">1060</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lachman, Margie E</author><author>Neupert, Shevaun D</author><author>Agrigoroaei, Stefan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The relevance of control beliefs for health and aging</title><secondary-title>Handbook of the psychology of aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Handbook of the psychology of aging</full-title></periodical><pages>175-190</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]. Some of the mechanisms thought to explain the relationship between perceived control and health include feelings of decreased self-efficacy, reduced health behaviours and increased stress reactivity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lachman</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1060</RecNum><DisplayText>[27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1060</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1395923406">1060</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lachman, Margie E</author><author>Neupert, Shevaun D</author><author>Agrigoroaei, Stefan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The relevance of control beliefs for health and aging</title><secondary-title>Handbook of the psychology of aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Handbook of the psychology of aging</full-title></periodical><pages>175-190</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]. As it appears from our work and Levy et al.’s previous study that control may play an important role in aging perceptions, it is likely that some of the same mechanisms are at play. Here we outline two potential mechanisms which may explain why it is specifically the elements of control beliefs and expectations for negative consequences in aging perceptions that appear to affect decline in objective physical function. We will discuss health behaviours and psychological responses including coping mechanisms.Health BehavioursPrevious work has shown that those who blame ‘old age’ as the reason for a chronic condition over any other cause show a decrease in health maintenance behaviours such as having a nutritious diet, participating in exercise, visiting health professionals and getting consistent levels of sleep ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stewart</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1013</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1013</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1379424512">1013</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stewart, T. L.</author><author>Chipperfield, J. G.</author><author>Perry, R. P.</author><author>Weiner, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. t_stewart@umanitoba.ca</auth-address><titles><title>Attributing illness to &apos;old age:&apos; consequences of a self-directed stereotype for health and mortality</title><secondary-title>Psychol Health</secondary-title><alt-title>Psychology &amp; health</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Health</full-title><abbr-1>Psychology &amp; health</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Psychol Health</full-title><abbr-1>Psychology &amp; health</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>881-97</pages><volume>27</volume><number>8</number><edition>2011/12/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aging/ psychology</keyword><keyword>Attitude to Health</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease/ psychology</keyword><keyword>Death</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Health Status</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Internal-External Control</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mortality</keyword><keyword>Stereotyping</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1476-8321 (Electronic)&#xD;0887-0446 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22149693</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/08870446.2011.630735</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]. Stewart et al. suggested that as aging is uncontrollable, those who blame their condition on old age also see their health as uncontrollable and thus do not act even when the action may be beneficial. Our results indicate that even in a relatively healthy cohort, and after controlling for the presence of chronic conditions, it is the control and expectations for negative consequences aspects of aging perceptions which affect physical function. It is thus possible that these are the same people who blame any health deficits on ‘old age’ and who are less likely to stay physical active, maintain a healthy diet and visit the doctor. Previous work on aging perceptions has shown that adults with positive aging perceptions engage in more exercise, have healthier diets and are more likely to take medications as prescribed than those with negative perceptions regardless of health status PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdXJtPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj

TnVtPjMzMTY8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+WzI5LDMwXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zMzE2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjE0MTMyODI0MjQiPjMzMTY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

Pld1cm0sIFN1c2FubmU8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRvbWFzaWssIE1hcnRpbiBKPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5UZXNjaC1Sw7ZtZXIsIENsZW1lbnM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmli

dXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+T24gdGhlIGltcG9ydGFuY2Ugb2YgYSBwb3NpdGl2ZSB2aWV3

IG9uIGFnZWluZyBmb3IgcGh5c2ljYWwgZXhlcmNpc2UgYW1vbmcgbWlkZGxlLWFnZWQgYW5kIG9s

ZGVyIGFkdWx0czogQ3Jvc3Mtc2VjdGlvbmFsIGFuZCBsb25naXR1ZGluYWwgZmluZGluZ3M8L3Rp

dGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbG9neSBhbmQgSGVhbHRoPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0

bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbG9neSBhbmQgSGVhbHRo

PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+MjUtNDI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MjU8

L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjE8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVz

Pjxpc2JuPjA4ODctMDQ0NjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRl

PjxBdXRob3I+TGV2eTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42PC9SZWNOdW0+

PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9

IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0idnh6dHJ2MHNseDVkeG9lYXB6ZXZwd2VicHJ4ZngydDk1MjV2IiB0aW1lc3Rh

bXA9IjE0MTM1NDQ3OTgiPjY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PkxldnksIEIuIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NeWVycywgTC4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhv

cnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5EZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIEVwaWRlbWlvbG9n

eSBhbmQgUHVibGljIEhlYWx0aCwgWWFsZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5LCBOZXcgSGF2ZW4sIENUIDA2NTIw

LTgwMzQsIFVTQS4gYmVjY2EubGV2eUB5YWxlLmVkdTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRp

dGxlPlByZXZlbnRpdmUgaGVhbHRoIGJlaGF2aW9ycyBpbmZsdWVuY2VkIGJ5IHNlbGYtcGVyY2Vw

dGlvbnMgb2YgYWdpbmc8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJldiBNZWQ8L3NlY29uZGFy

eS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPlByZXZlbnRpdmUgbWVkaWNpbmU8L2FsdC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48cGFnZXM+NjI1LTk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+Mzk8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjM8L251bWJl

cj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4MCBhbmQg

b3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2luZy8qcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD4qQXR0aXR1ZGUgdG8gSGVhbHRoPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvaG9ydCBTdHVkaWVzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvbm5lY3RpY3V0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZlbWFsZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HZXJpYXRyaWMgQXNzZXNzbWVudDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qSGVh

bHRoIEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBTdGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxpbmVhciBNb2RlbHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+TG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWRkbGUgQWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NdWx0aXZhcmlhdGUgQW5h

bHlzaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UHJlZGljdGl2ZSBWYWx1ZSBvZiBUZXN0czwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5QcmltYXJ5IFByZXZlbnRpb24vbWV0aG9kczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5S

aXNrIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KlNlbGYgQ29uY2VwdDwva2V5d29yZD48

L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+U2VwPC9k

YXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MDA5MS03NDM1IChQcmludCkmI3hEOzAwOTEt

NzQzNSAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTUzMTMxMDQ8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9w

dWJtZWQvMTUzMTMxMDQ8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVz

b3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwMTYvai55cG1lZC4yMDA0LjAyLjAyOTwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJj

ZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XdXJtPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMDwvWWVhcj48UmVj

TnVtPjMzMTY8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+WzI5LDMwXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y

ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4zMzE2PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVO

IiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9

IjE0MTMyODI0MjQiPjMzMTY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

Pld1cm0sIFN1c2FubmU8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRvbWFzaWssIE1hcnRpbiBKPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5UZXNjaC1Sw7ZtZXIsIENsZW1lbnM8L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmli

dXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+T24gdGhlIGltcG9ydGFuY2Ugb2YgYSBwb3NpdGl2ZSB2aWV3

IG9uIGFnZWluZyBmb3IgcGh5c2ljYWwgZXhlcmNpc2UgYW1vbmcgbWlkZGxlLWFnZWQgYW5kIG9s

ZGVyIGFkdWx0czogQ3Jvc3Mtc2VjdGlvbmFsIGFuZCBsb25naXR1ZGluYWwgZmluZGluZ3M8L3Rp

dGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbG9neSBhbmQgSGVhbHRoPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0

bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbG9neSBhbmQgSGVhbHRo

PC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+MjUtNDI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MjU8

L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjE8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVz

Pjxpc2JuPjA4ODctMDQ0NjwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRl

PjxBdXRob3I+TGV2eTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT42PC9SZWNOdW0+

PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj42PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9

IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0idnh6dHJ2MHNseDVkeG9lYXB6ZXZwd2VicHJ4ZngydDk1MjV2IiB0aW1lc3Rh

bXA9IjE0MTM1NDQ3OTgiPjY8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PkxldnksIEIuIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NeWVycywgTC4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhv

cnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5EZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIEVwaWRlbWlvbG9n

eSBhbmQgUHVibGljIEhlYWx0aCwgWWFsZSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5LCBOZXcgSGF2ZW4sIENUIDA2NTIw

LTgwMzQsIFVTQS4gYmVjY2EubGV2eUB5YWxlLmVkdTwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRp

dGxlPlByZXZlbnRpdmUgaGVhbHRoIGJlaGF2aW9ycyBpbmZsdWVuY2VkIGJ5IHNlbGYtcGVyY2Vw

dGlvbnMgb2YgYWdpbmc8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UHJldiBNZWQ8L3NlY29uZGFy

eS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPlByZXZlbnRpdmUgbWVkaWNpbmU8L2FsdC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48cGFnZXM+NjI1LTk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+Mzk8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjM8L251bWJl

cj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4MCBhbmQg

b3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2luZy8qcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29y

ZD4qQXR0aXR1ZGUgdG8gSGVhbHRoPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvaG9ydCBTdHVkaWVzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNvbm5lY3RpY3V0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZlbWFsZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HZXJpYXRyaWMgQXNzZXNzbWVudDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qSGVh

bHRoIEJlaGF2aW9yPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBTdGF0dXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxpbmVhciBNb2RlbHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+TG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWRkbGUgQWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NdWx0aXZhcmlhdGUgQW5h

bHlzaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UHJlZGljdGl2ZSBWYWx1ZSBvZiBUZXN0czwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5QcmltYXJ5IFByZXZlbnRpb24vbWV0aG9kczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5S

aXNrIEFzc2Vzc21lbnQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KlNlbGYgQ29uY2VwdDwva2V5d29yZD48

L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDA0PC95ZWFyPjxwdWItZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+U2VwPC9k

YXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MDA5MS03NDM1IChQcmludCkmI3hEOzAwOTEt

NzQzNSAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MTUzMTMxMDQ8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHA6Ly93d3cubmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9w

dWJtZWQvMTUzMTMxMDQ8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3VybHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVz

b3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwMTYvai55cG1lZC4yMDA0LjAyLjAyOTwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJj

ZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [29,30]. These types of health behaviours are activities which are carried out through the lifespan and not just in older age. It seems unlikely, therefore, that people with negative perceptions of aging make a conscious decision to stop engaging in health maintenance as soon as they reach a certain age. Instead, attentional and confirmatory biases likely reinforce negative perceptions as they age and result in a gradual removal from activities. Psychologically, humans work towards stability in their world view and will give more credence and attention to information which confirms an attitude than to information which disproves it ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Glasman</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2072</RecNum><DisplayText>[31]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2072</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411412503">2072</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Glasman, L. R.</author><author>Albarracin, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. lglasman@mcw.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: a meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation</title><secondary-title>Psychol Bull</secondary-title><alt-title>Psychological bulletin</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Bull</full-title><abbr-1>Psychological bulletin</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Psychol Bull</full-title><abbr-1>Psychological bulletin</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>778-822</pages><volume>132</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>*Attitude</keyword><keyword>Behavior/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Cognition/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mental Recall/physiology</keyword><keyword>Models, Psychological</keyword><keyword>Motivation</keyword><keyword>Predictive Value of Tests</keyword><keyword>Psychological Tests</keyword><keyword>Students/psychology</keyword><keyword>Time</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0033-2909 (Print)&#xD;0033-2909 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16910754</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[31]. Adults who have negative perceptions of aging will therefore look for information which confirms that aging is unpleasant. For example, an older adult who believes that severe physical decline is immediately inevitable will have an attentional bias towards the information which confirms this point of view. If they go for a walk and feel more tired than usual after it they will likely attribute this to ‘old age’ rather than considering alternative explanations such as a lack of sleep or a busy week. The negative response to the walk on this occasion may be taken as a sign that walking will always be unpleasant from now on and they will gradually disengage from the activity. As their sedentary behaviour will result in real threats to health, their negative beliefs will be confirmed and the behavioural risks will increase Psychological Factors and Coping MechanismsThe pathway between negative perceptions of aging and declining physical function may not be limited to behavioural explanations but also to psychological responses. We might have expected that the negative emotions elicited by holding negative perceptions of aging would affect walking speed. After all, the effects of depression on walking speed are well documented PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdWNobmVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwNDI8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+WzMyLDMzXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJl

Y29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDQyPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9

IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3Rh

bXA9IjEzODY5NTk5MDMiPjEwNDI8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0i

Sm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0

aG9yPkJ1Y2huZXIsIEQuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DcmVzcywgTS4gRS48L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPkVzc2VsbWFuLCBQLiBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TWFyZ2hlcml0YSwgQS4gSi48

L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPmRlIExhdGV1ciwgQi4gSi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNhbXBiZWxs

LCBBLiBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+V2FnbmVyLCBFLiBILjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgSGVhbHRoIFNlcnZpY2Vz

LCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIFdhc2hpbmd0b24sIFNlYXR0bGUsIFVTQS4gYnVjaG5lckB1Lndhc2hp

bmd0b24uZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+RmFjdG9ycyBhc3NvY2lhdGVk

IHdpdGggY2hhbmdlcyBpbiBnYWl0IHNwZWVkIGluIG9sZGVyIGFkdWx0czwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29u

ZGFyeS10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEEgQmlvbCBTY2kgTWVkIFNjaTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+VGhlIGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQSwgQmlvbG9n

aWNhbCBzY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgbWVkaWNhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxw

ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250b2wgQSBCaW9sIFNjaSBNZWQgU2NpPC9mdWxs

LXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+VGhlIGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQSwgQmlv

bG9naWNhbCBzY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgbWVkaWNhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNh

bD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBBIEJpb2wgU2NpIE1lZCBT

Y2k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5UaGUgam91cm5hbHMgb2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmll

cyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBtZWRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9h

bHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+TTI5Ny0zMDI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTE8L3ZvbHVtZT48

bnVtYmVyPjY8L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4xOTk2LzExLzAxPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48

a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZWQsIDgwIGFuZCBvdmVyPC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnaW5nLyBwc3ljaG9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlcHJlc3Npb24v

cHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2Fp

dDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IZWFsdGggU3RhdHVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFu

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJlZ3Jlc3Npb24gQW5h

bHlzaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NjwveWVhcj48cHViLWRh

dGVzPjxkYXRlPk5vdjwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjEwNzktNTAwNiAo

UHJpbnQpJiN4RDsxMDc5LTUwMDYgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjg5MTQ1

MDI8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+

TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+RGVtYWtha29zPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwv

WWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMzc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzc8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVm

MHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NjY5MTUwMSI+MTAzNzwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlw

ZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RGVtYWtha29zLCBQLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+Q29vcGVyLCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFtZXIsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv

cj5kZSBPbGl2ZWlyYSwgQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhhcmR5LCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRo

b3I+QnJlZXplLCBFLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRy

ZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgRXBpZGVtaW9sb2d5IGFuZCBQdWJsaWMgSGVhbHRoLCBVbml2ZXJz

aXR5IENvbGxlZ2UgTG9uZG9uLCBMb25kb24sIFVuaXRlZCBLaW5nZG9tLiBwLmRlbWFrYWtvc0B1

Y2wuYWMudWs8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgYmlkaXJlY3Rpb25hbCBh

c3NvY2lhdGlvbiBiZXR3ZWVuIGRlcHJlc3NpdmUgc3ltcHRvbXMgYW5kIGdhaXQgc3BlZWQ6IGV2

aWRlbmNlIGZyb20gdGhlIEVuZ2xpc2ggTG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWR5IG9mIEFnZWluZyAoRUxT

QSk8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UExvUyBPbmU8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0

LXRpdGxlPlBsb1Mgb25lPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0

bGU+UExvUyBPbmU8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5QbG9TIG9uZTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+UExvUyBPbmU8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFi

YnItMT5QbG9TIG9uZTwvYWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPmU2ODYzMjwvcGFn

ZXM+PHZvbHVtZT44PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj43PC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAxMy8wNy8y

MzwvZWRpdGlvbj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE5MzItNjIw

MyAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykmI3hEOzE5MzItNjIwMyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+MjM4NzQ2OTg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxjdXN0b20yPlBNQzM3MDY0

MDY8L2N1c3RvbTI+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEzNzEvam91cm5hbC5wb25l

LjAwNjg2MzI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlk

ZXI+TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdWNobmVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk5NjwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjEwNDI8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+WzMyLDMzXTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJl

Y29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4xMDQyPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9

IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0icHhhZHQyYXBiNXJzc3hlZjBwYXByeDBwenh2enh2cGZ2ZHQwIiB0aW1lc3Rh

bXA9IjEzODY5NTk5MDMiPjEwNDI8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0i

Sm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0

aG9yPkJ1Y2huZXIsIEQuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DcmVzcywgTS4gRS48L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPkVzc2VsbWFuLCBQLiBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TWFyZ2hlcml0YSwgQS4gSi48

L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPmRlIExhdGV1ciwgQi4gSi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNhbXBiZWxs

LCBBLiBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+V2FnbmVyLCBFLiBILjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48

L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgSGVhbHRoIFNlcnZpY2Vz

LCBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIFdhc2hpbmd0b24sIFNlYXR0bGUsIFVTQS4gYnVjaG5lckB1Lndhc2hp

bmd0b24uZWR1PC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+RmFjdG9ycyBhc3NvY2lhdGVk

IHdpdGggY2hhbmdlcyBpbiBnYWl0IHNwZWVkIGluIG9sZGVyIGFkdWx0czwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29u

ZGFyeS10aXRsZT5KIEdlcm9udG9sIEEgQmlvbCBTY2kgTWVkIFNjaTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxl

PjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+VGhlIGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQSwgQmlvbG9n

aWNhbCBzY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgbWVkaWNhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWx0LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxw

ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogR2Vyb250b2wgQSBCaW9sIFNjaSBNZWQgU2NpPC9mdWxs

LXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+VGhlIGpvdXJuYWxzIG9mIGdlcm9udG9sb2d5LiBTZXJpZXMgQSwgQmlv

bG9naWNhbCBzY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgbWVkaWNhbCBzY2llbmNlczwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNh

bD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBHZXJvbnRvbCBBIEJpb2wgU2NpIE1lZCBT

Y2k8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5UaGUgam91cm5hbHMgb2YgZ2Vyb250b2xvZ3kuIFNlcmll

cyBBLCBCaW9sb2dpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBtZWRpY2FsIHNjaWVuY2VzPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9h

bHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+TTI5Ny0zMDI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NTE8L3ZvbHVtZT48

bnVtYmVyPjY8L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4xOTk2LzExLzAxPC9lZGl0aW9uPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48

a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZWQsIDgwIGFuZCBvdmVyPC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnaW5nLyBwc3ljaG9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRlcHJlc3Npb24v

cHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+R2Fp

dDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5IZWFsdGggU3RhdHVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFu

czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJlZ3Jlc3Npb24gQW5h

bHlzaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk5NjwveWVhcj48cHViLWRh

dGVzPjxkYXRlPk5vdjwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjEwNzktNTAwNiAo

UHJpbnQpJiN4RDsxMDc5LTUwMDYgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjg5MTQ1

MDI8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+

TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9y

ZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+RGVtYWtha29zPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwv

WWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjEwMzc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMzc8L3JlYy1u

dW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJweGFkdDJhcGI1cnNzeGVm

MHBhcHJ4MHB6eHZ6eHZwZnZkdDAiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTM4NjY5MTUwMSI+MTAzNzwva2V5Pjwv

Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlw

ZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+RGVtYWtha29zLCBQLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+Q29vcGVyLCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFtZXIsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv

cj5kZSBPbGl2ZWlyYSwgQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhhcmR5LCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRo

b3I+QnJlZXplLCBFLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRy

ZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgRXBpZGVtaW9sb2d5IGFuZCBQdWJsaWMgSGVhbHRoLCBVbml2ZXJz

aXR5IENvbGxlZ2UgTG9uZG9uLCBMb25kb24sIFVuaXRlZCBLaW5nZG9tLiBwLmRlbWFrYWtvc0B1

Y2wuYWMudWs8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgYmlkaXJlY3Rpb25hbCBh

c3NvY2lhdGlvbiBiZXR3ZWVuIGRlcHJlc3NpdmUgc3ltcHRvbXMgYW5kIGdhaXQgc3BlZWQ6IGV2

aWRlbmNlIGZyb20gdGhlIEVuZ2xpc2ggTG9uZ2l0dWRpbmFsIFN0dWR5IG9mIEFnZWluZyAoRUxT

QSk8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+UExvUyBPbmU8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0

LXRpdGxlPlBsb1Mgb25lPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0

bGU+UExvUyBPbmU8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFiYnItMT5QbG9TIG9uZTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9k

aWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+UExvUyBPbmU8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PGFi

YnItMT5QbG9TIG9uZTwvYWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPmU2ODYzMjwvcGFn

ZXM+PHZvbHVtZT44PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj43PC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+MjAxMy8wNy8y

MzwvZWRpdGlvbj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMzwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE5MzItNjIw

MyAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykmI3hEOzE5MzItNjIwMyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1u

dW0+MjM4NzQ2OTg8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxjdXN0b20yPlBNQzM3MDY0

MDY8L2N1c3RvbTI+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEzNzEvam91cm5hbC5wb25l

LjAwNjg2MzI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlk

ZXI+TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwvbGFuZ3VhZ2U+

PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [32,33]. Surprisingly, however, although depressed mood was associated with decline in TUG performance, the effect of aging perceptions remained significant after controlling for depression. Furthermore, the emotional representations domain of the B-APQ was not statistically significantly associated with change in TUG in the longitudinal models. Stress is a potential biological mediator of this effect. Feelings of a lack of control and expectations for negative events are individually associated with increased stress responses both psychologically and physiologically ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lachman</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1060</RecNum><DisplayText>[27,34]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1060</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1395923406">1060</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lachman, Margie E</author><author>Neupert, Shevaun D</author><author>Agrigoroaei, Stefan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The relevance of control beliefs for health and aging</title><secondary-title>Handbook of the psychology of aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Handbook of the psychology of aging</full-title></periodical><pages>175-190</pages><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Lupien</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>3225</RecNum><record><rec-number>3225</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411415693">3225</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lupien, SJ</author><author>Gaudreau, S</author><author>Tchiteya, BM</author><author>Maheu, F</author><author>Sharma, S</author><author>Nair, NPV</author><author>Hauger, RL</author><author>McEwen, BS</author><author>Meaney, MJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stress-Induced Declarative Memory Impairment in Healthy Elderly Subjects: Relationship to Cortisol Reactivity 1</title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism</full-title></periodical><pages>2070-2075</pages><volume>82</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><isbn>0021-972X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[27,34]. When a stressful event occurs it activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which results in spikes in cortisol secretion. Over-activity of this process and resulting sustained high levels of cortisol are damaging to muscle mass ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Peeters</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>3317</RecNum><DisplayText>[35]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1413282427">3317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peeters, GMEE</author><author>Van Schoor, NM</author><author>Van Rossum, EFC</author><author>Visser, M</author><author>Lips, PTAM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The relationship between cortisol, muscle mass and muscle strength in older persons and the role of genetic variations in the glucocorticoid receptor</title><secondary-title>Clinical endocrinology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical endocrinology</full-title></periodical><pages>673-682</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>1365-2265</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[35]. Thus older adults who believe that negative consequences are forthcoming and inevitable, and who believe that they have no control over events, likely experience increased stress and spikes in cortisol secretion which may reduce muscle mass as they age resulting in slower walking speed. Control beliefs can take two forms: primary control is the belief that behaviours will generate desired effects while secondary control is the belief that one can shape one’s cognitive, emotional or motivation responses to events in the environment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sneed</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>3267</RecNum><DisplayText>[36]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411415815">3267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sneed, Joel R</author><author>Whitbourne, Susan Krauss</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Models of the aging self</title><secondary-title>Journal of Social Issues</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Social Issues</full-title></periodical><pages>375-388</pages><volume>61</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1540-4560</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[36]. Primary control decreases with age while secondary control increases ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sneed</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>3267</RecNum><DisplayText>[36]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411415815">3267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sneed, Joel R</author><author>Whitbourne, Susan Krauss</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Models of the aging self</title><secondary-title>Journal of Social Issues</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Social Issues</full-title></periodical><pages>375-388</pages><volume>61</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1540-4560</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[36]. Older adults become continuously better at shaping their response to the environment. These coping strategies include selecting and adapting relevant goals in the face of adverse change. For example, an older adult who used to go to the gym daily but who develops a serious illness which prevents them from going could either give up the goal of fitness or could adapt it such that they may aim to be able to walk up a flight of stairs once a day instead. Previous work has shown that older adults with positive perceptions of aging are better at using these goal adaption strategies in the face of serious health events and have higher life satisfaction as a result ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wurm</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1024</RecNum><DisplayText>[8]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1024</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1384192736">1024</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wurm, Susanne</author><author>Tomasik, Martin J</author><author>Tesch-R?mer, Clemens</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Serious health events and their impact on changes in subjective health and life satisfaction: The role of age and a positive view on ageing</title><secondary-title>European Journal of Ageing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>European Journal of Ageing</full-title></periodical><pages>117-127</pages><volume>5</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>1613-9372</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]. Previous work has also shown that older adults primed with negative stereotypes about aging are more likely to dissociate themselves from their peer group ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weiss</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1075</RecNum><DisplayText>[37]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1075</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1412552503">1075</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weiss, David</author><author>Lang, Frieder R</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“They” are old but “I” feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age</title><secondary-title>Psychology and aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Aging</full-title><abbr-1>Psychology and aging</abbr-1></periodical><pages>153</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1939-1498</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[37]. Although this protects self-esteem in the short-term it may also have damaging psychological effects as part of the identity is essentially rejected. Weiss and colleagues suggest that age dissociation may prevent people from reaching important developmental stages in older age such as advance preparation for potential adverse events ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weiss</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1075</RecNum><DisplayText>[37]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1075</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1412552503">1075</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weiss, David</author><author>Lang, Frieder R</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“They” are old but “I” feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age</title><secondary-title>Psychology and aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychol Aging</full-title><abbr-1>Psychology and aging</abbr-1></periodical><pages>153</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1939-1498</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[37]. This may be related to goal adaptation such that older adults who hold negative perceptions about aging, and who dissociate themselves from their age group as a result, may initially be less likely to prepare themselves for potential adverse events and then less willing to use goal adaptation strategies if adverse events do occur. We thus propose that those adults with positive perceptions of aging are better able to use adaptive strategies to overcome difficulties and are therefore less likely to experience the surge in psychological and physiological stress responses that can affect physical function. It is curious that we did not see a protective effect of the positive control or positive consequences domains on walking speed considering there was a detrimental effect of negative control and consequences. Having examined the individual questions within the domains, however, we suspect that this may be due to the nature of the questions. The positive consequences domain includes statements such as “As I get older I get wiser” which may tap into a different construct than beliefs in the inevitability of physical decline. Similarly, the positive control domain is mostly constructed of questions about the quality of relationships (e.g. “The quality of my relationships with others in later life depends on me”) which, particularly with close family and friends, may not be expected to decline merely due to age.Strengths and LimitationsThe strength of this study lies in its large, population representative sample and longitudinal data collection. The extent of the measures collected also allowed us to control for a large number of potential confounders which might otherwise explain the association between aging perceptions and physical outcomes, although it is possible that some unmeasured confounding remained. There was some attrition between waves and those who refused at wave 2 had slower walking speed and stronger beliefs in the negative perceptions of aging than those who participated in both waves. However, we attempted to control for the confounding effects of this using attrition weights.One potential limitation of our study is the missing data values spread across variables. These were small numbers for the majority of variables (for example N=1 for education and N=7 for age) but larger for the aging perceptions domains. This is likely due to the nature of the self-completion questionnaire which respondents had to fill in and return to the study themselves. Missing data values were more likely in adults who were older, less educated and less physically able. These, however, are the same variables which the attrition weights attempt to control for and thus some bias due to missing values will have been removed while controlling for attrition although additional confounding may remain. We also imputed the missing data for the aging perceptions domains based on multiple chained imputations but did not find any difference in our results. In fact, the results were slightly stronger in the multiple imputation model suggested that our original model may be conservative. A second limitation is that we only had one measure of aging perceptions at baseline and not at follow-up. This allowed us to assess the independent effect of aging perceptions on TUG speed at wave 2 but not vice versa. It is thus still possible that there could be a reverse causality with an already declining walking speed prior to wave 1 affecting perceptions of aging. We will, however, be taking measures of aging perceptions in future waves of TILDA and thus will be able to update the analysis at a later date in order to assess the change in aging perceptions against change in walking speed.This study provides evidence for the damaging role of negative perceptions of aging on an objective health outcome and highlights the need for awareness of these potentially modifiable effects. Two previous studies have explored the possibility of changing attitudes towards aging in order to change behaviour (in both cases physical activity). The first study included attribution retraining and physical activity classes in combination. Participants were taught that becoming sedentary is not an inevitable part of aging and that failure to be physically active should be attributed to controllable causes rather than to old age. 3 weeks after the intervention participants were walking more and had increased expectations for aging ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sarkisian</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>3318</RecNum><DisplayText>[39]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3318</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1413282431">3318</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sarkisian, Catherine A</author><author>Prohaska, Thomas R</author><author>Davis, Connie</author><author>Weiner, Bernard</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pilot test of an attribution retraining intervention to raise walking levels in sedentary older adults</title><secondary-title>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Geriatr Soc</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1842-1846</pages><volume>55</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>1532-5415</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[39]. The second study was a randomised controlled trial in which adults were categorised into a ‘physical activity only’ or a ‘physical activity with views on aging’ group. The latter group were engaged in sessions which challenged misconceptions about aging and taught participants to recognise and challenge their own automatic negative thoughts. They found that those in the latter group had higher rates of physical activity at follow up than those in the ‘physical activity only’ group PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Xb2xmZjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4yMTUxPC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pls0MF08L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+

PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjE1MTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIg

ZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIx

NDExNDEzNDQxIj4yMTUxPC9rZXk+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOV2ViIiBkYi1pZD0iIj4wPC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBl

Pjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Xb2xmZiwgSi4gSy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0

aG9yPldhcm5lciwgTC4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlppZWdlbG1hbm4sIEouIFAuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XdXJtLCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0

aC1hZGRyZXNzPmEgR2VybWFuIENlbnRyZSBvZiBHZXJvbnRvbG9neSAsIEJlcmxpbiAsIEdlcm1h

bnkuPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2hhdCBkbyB0YXJnZXRpbmcgcG9zaXRp

dmUgdmlld3Mgb24gYWdlaW5nIGFkZCB0byBhIHBoeXNpY2FsIGFjdGl2aXR5IGludGVydmVudGlv

biBpbiBvbGRlciBhZHVsdHM/IFJlc3VsdHMgZnJvbSBhIHJhbmRvbWlzZWQgY29udHJvbGxlZCB0

cmlhbDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Qc3ljaG9sIEhlYWx0aDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbG9neSAmYW1wOyBoZWFsdGg8L2FsdC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5Qc3ljaG9sIEhlYWx0aDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJi

ci0xPlBzeWNob2xvZ3kgJmFtcDsgaGVhbHRoPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVy

aW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5Qc3ljaG9sIEhlYWx0aDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlBz

eWNob2xvZ3kgJmFtcDsgaGVhbHRoPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+OTE1

LTMyPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI5PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj44PC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+

MjAxNC8wMi8yNTwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5BZ2luZy8qcHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qQXR0aXR1ZGU8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZvbGxvdy1VcCBTdHVkaWVzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBQcm9tb3Rpb24vKm1ldGhvZHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Kk1vdG9y

IEFjdGl2aXR5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk91dGNvbWUgQXNzZXNzbWVudCAoSGVhbHRoIENh

cmUpPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNlZGVudGFyeSBMaWZlc3R5bGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+YWdlIHN0ZXJlb3R5cGVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPm9sZCBhZ2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+cGh5c2ljYWwgYWN0aXZpdHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+cmFuZG9taXNlZCBjb250

cm9sbGVkIHRyYWlsPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnNlbGYtcGVyY2VwdGlvbnMgb2YgYWdlaW5n

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnZpZXdzIG9uIGFnZWluZzwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxk

YXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDE0PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MDg4Ny0wNDQ2PC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjI0NTU5MjEwPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25p

Yy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTA4MC8wODg3MDQ0Ni4yMDE0Ljg5NjQ2NDwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1y

ZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PHJlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj5OTE08L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFz

ZS1wcm92aWRlcj48bGFuZ3VhZ2U+ZW5nPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmRO

b3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Xb2xmZjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4yMTUxPC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0Pls0MF08L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+

PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjE1MTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIg

ZGItaWQ9InB4YWR0MmFwYjVyc3N4ZWYwcGFwcngwcHp4dnp4dnBmdmR0MCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIx

NDExNDEzNDQxIj4yMTUxPC9rZXk+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOV2ViIiBkYi1pZD0iIj4wPC9rZXk+PC9m

b3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBl

Pjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5Xb2xmZiwgSi4gSy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0

aG9yPldhcm5lciwgTC4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlppZWdlbG1hbm4sIEouIFAuPC9hdXRo

b3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XdXJtLCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0

aC1hZGRyZXNzPmEgR2VybWFuIENlbnRyZSBvZiBHZXJvbnRvbG9neSAsIEJlcmxpbiAsIEdlcm1h

bnkuPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+V2hhdCBkbyB0YXJnZXRpbmcgcG9zaXRp

dmUgdmlld3Mgb24gYWdlaW5nIGFkZCB0byBhIHBoeXNpY2FsIGFjdGl2aXR5IGludGVydmVudGlv

biBpbiBvbGRlciBhZHVsdHM/IFJlc3VsdHMgZnJvbSBhIHJhbmRvbWlzZWQgY29udHJvbGxlZCB0

cmlhbDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5Qc3ljaG9sIEhlYWx0aDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPjxhbHQtdGl0bGU+UHN5Y2hvbG9neSAmYW1wOyBoZWFsdGg8L2FsdC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxl

cz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5Qc3ljaG9sIEhlYWx0aDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJi

ci0xPlBzeWNob2xvZ3kgJmFtcDsgaGVhbHRoPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxhbHQtcGVy

aW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5Qc3ljaG9sIEhlYWx0aDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlBz

eWNob2xvZ3kgJmFtcDsgaGVhbHRoPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+OTE1

LTMyPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI5PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj44PC9udW1iZXI+PGVkaXRpb24+

MjAxNC8wMi8yNTwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5BZ2luZy8qcHN5Y2hvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qQXR0aXR1ZGU8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZvbGxvdy1VcCBTdHVkaWVzPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkhlYWx0aCBQcm9tb3Rpb24vKm1ldGhvZHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Kk1vdG9y

IEFjdGl2aXR5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk91dGNvbWUgQXNzZXNzbWVudCAoSGVhbHRoIENh

cmUpPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNlZGVudGFyeSBMaWZlc3R5bGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdv

cmQ+YWdlIHN0ZXJlb3R5cGVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPm9sZCBhZ2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+cGh5c2ljYWwgYWN0aXZpdHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+cmFuZG9taXNlZCBjb250

cm9sbGVkIHRyYWlsPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnNlbGYtcGVyY2VwdGlvbnMgb2YgYWdlaW5n

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnZpZXdzIG9uIGFnZWluZzwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxk

YXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDE0PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MDg4Ny0wNDQ2PC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nl

c3Npb24tbnVtPjI0NTU5MjEwPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25p

Yy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTA4MC8wODg3MDQ0Ni4yMDE0Ljg5NjQ2NDwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1y

ZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PHJlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj5OTE08L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFz

ZS1wcm92aWRlcj48bGFuZ3VhZ2U+ZW5nPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmRO

b3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [40]. These studies highlight the promising possibility of changing behaviour through changing perceptions of aging. Both studies used a dual model in which general misconceptions of aging were challenged at the same time as changing individual’s attributions about their own experiences of aging. It would be interesting to know which of these components were more effective in changing behaviour and what elements of perceptions of aging they acted upon. For example, it would be interesting to know whether the participants felt more in control of their health, more hopeful about the future or just thought about aging less. Future research could also explore whether the behaviour and attitude change results were long-lasting and what factors determine this. Sarkisian and colleagues, in the 2007 study, found that participants reported improved mood, decreased pain, improved energy and improved sleep following the intervention but they were only followed up for a further 3 weeks. Bodily states and physical perceptions are known to be important predictors of evaluation and attitude formation so it would be interesting to determine whether the improved bodily states of participants changed their experience of how old they felt and resulting in improved self-perceptions of aging in general ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bohner</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>2132</RecNum><DisplayText>[41]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2132</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxadt2apb5rssxef0paprx0pzxvzxvpfvdt0" timestamp="1411413213">2132</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bohner, G.</author><author>Dickel, N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. gerd.bohner@uni-bielefeld.de</auth-address><titles><title>Attitudes and attitude change</title><secondary-title>Annu Rev Psychol</secondary-title><alt-title>Annual review of psychology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annu Rev Psychol</full-title><abbr-1>Annual review of psychology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Annu Rev Psychol</full-title><abbr-1>Annual review of psychology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>391-417</pages><volume>62</volume><keywords><keyword>*Attitude</keyword><keyword>*Cognition</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Models, Psychological</keyword><keyword>*Persuasive Communication</keyword><keyword>*Social Behavior</keyword><keyword>Social Environment</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>1545-2085 (Electronic)&#xD;0066-4308 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20809791</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[41].In conclusion, slow walking speed, a good marker of overall health among older people, is often seen as a physical, and sometimes inevitable, consequence of old age. Our study indicates that psychological factors, specifically attitudes to aging, could play a significant role in determining the development of this physical symptom.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the participants in the study, members of the TILDA research team, study nurses, and administrators. Funding: Funding for TILDA was gratefully received from the Atlantic Philanthropies, the Irish Government, and Irish Life plc in the form of a charitable gift. This paper was funded by the Health Research Board [Grant number: HRA_PHS/2011/26]Data: Full dataset available at the Irish Social Sciences Data Archive (ISSDA) (), based at the UCD Geary Institute, Ireland.References ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1. Maurois A (2007) An Art of Living: SpiralPress.2. Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Penninx BW, Nicklas BJ, Simonsick EM, et al. (2005) Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people--results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 1675-1680.3. White DK, Neogi T, Nevitt MC, Peloquin CE, Zhu Y, et al. (2013) Trajectories of gait speed predict mortality in well-functioning older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 68: 456-464.4. Elbaz A, Sabia S, Brunner E, Shipley M, Marmot M, et al. (2013) Association of walking speed in late midlife with mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study. Age (Dordr) 35: 943-952.5. Levy BR (2009) Stereotype Embodiment A Psychosocial Approach to Aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science 18: 332-336.6. Weiss D, Sassenberg K, Freund AM (2013) When feeling different pays off: How older adults can counteract negative age-related information. Psychology and aging 28: 1140.7. Slomowitz LA, Peterson OW, Thomson SC (1999) Converting enzyme inhibition and the glomerular hemodynamic response to glycine in diabetic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 10: 1447-1454.8. Wurm S, Tomasik MJ, Tesch-R?mer C (2008) Serious health events and their impact on changes in subjective health and life satisfaction: The role of age and a positive view on aging. European Journal of Aging 5: 117-127.9. Venturelli M, Lanza M, Muti E, Schena F (2010) Positive effects of physical training in activity of daily living-dependent older adults. Exp Aging Res 36: 190-205.10. Levy BR, Slade MD, Kasl SV (2002) Longitudinal benefit of positive self-perceptions of aging on functional health. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 57: P409-417.11. Viatonou S, Drame M, Jolly D, Morrone I, Lang PO, et al. (2009) Predictors of rapid cognitive decline among demented subjects aged 75 or more: ('Sujet Age Fragile--Evaluation et Suivi' Cohort-SAFES). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 24: 709-715.12. Vandewoude MF (2009) Management of patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate dementia. Acta Clin Belg 64: 92-99.13. Wurm S, Tesch-R?mer C, Tomasik MJ (2007) Longitudinal findings on aging-related cognitions, control beliefs, and health in later life. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 62: P156-P164.14. Sargent-Cox KA, Anstey KJ, Luszcz MA (2012) The relationship between change in self-perceptions of aging and physical functioning in older adults. Psychology and aging 27: 750.15. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S (1991) The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 39: 142-148.16. Savva GM, Donoghue OA, Horgan F, O'Regan C, Cronin H, et al. (2013) Using timed up-and-go to identify frail members of the older population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 68: 441-446.17. Kearney PM, Cronin H, O'Regan C, Kamiya Y, Savva GM, et al. (2011) Cohort profile: the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Int J Epidemiol 40: 877-884.18. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Research 12: 189-198.19. Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied psychological measurement 1: 385-401.20. Barker M, O'Hanlon A, McGee HM, Hickey A, Conroy RM (2007) Cross-sectional validation of the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire: a multidimensional instrument for assessing self-perceptions of aging. BMC Geriatr 7: 9.21. Sexton E, King-Kallimanis BL, Morgan K, McGee H (2014) Development of the Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ): a confirmatory factor analysis approach to item reduction. BMC Geriatr 14: 44.22. Kessler RC, Little RJ, Groves RM (1995) Advances in strategies for minimizing and adjusting for survey nonresponse. Epidemiologic Reviews 17: 192-204.23. Dugravot A, Guéguen A, Kivimaki M, Vahtera J, Shipley M, et al. (2009) Socioeconomic position and cognitive decline using data from two waves: what is the role of the wave 1 cognitive measure? Journal of epidemiology and community health 63: 675-680.24. B?rsch-Supan A, Hank K, Jürges H (2005) A new comprehensive and international view on aging: introducing the ‘Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe’. European Journal of Aging 2: 245-253.25. Rabe-Hesketh S, Skrondal A, Pickles A (2003) Maximum likelihood estimation of generalized linear models with covariate measurement error. Stata Journal 3: 386-411.26. Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L (2002) Age-and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Physical therapy 82: 128-137.27. Lachman ME, Neupert SD, Agrigoroaei S (2010) The relevance of control beliefs for health and aging. Handbook of the psychology of aging: 175-190.28. Stewart TL, Chipperfield JG, Perry RP, Weiner B (2012) Attributing illness to 'old age:' consequences of a self-directed stereotype for health and mortality. Psychol Health 27: 881-897.29. Wurm S, Tomasik MJ, Tesch-R?mer C (2010) On the importance of a positive view on aging for physical exercise among middle-aged and older adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Psychology and Health 25: 25-42.30. Levy BR, Myers LM (2004) Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging. Prev Med 39: 625-629.31. Glasman LR, Albarracin D (2006) Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: a meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation. Psychol Bull 132: 778-822.32. Buchner DM, Cress ME, Esselman PC, Margherita AJ, de Lateur BJ, et al. (1996) Factors associated with changes in gait speed in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51: M297-302.33. Demakakos P, Cooper R, Hamer M, de Oliveira C, Hardy R, et al. (2013) The bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and gait speed: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). PLoS One 8: e68632.34. Lupien S, Gaudreau S, Tchiteya B, Maheu F, Sharma S, et al. (1997) Stress-Induced Declarative Memory Impairment in Healthy Elderly Subjects: Relationship to Cortisol Reactivity 1. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 82: 2070-2075.35. Peeters G, Van Schoor N, Van Rossum E, Visser M, Lips P (2008) The relationship between cortisol, muscle mass and muscle strength in older persons and the role of genetic variations in the glucocorticoid receptor. Clinical endocrinology 69: 673-682.36. Sneed JR, Whitbourne SK (2005) Models of the aging self. Journal of Social Issues 61: 375-388.37. Weiss D, Lang FR (2012) “They” are old but “I” feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age. Psychology and aging 27: 153.38. Tanaka M, Shigihara Y, Watanabe Y (2011) Central inhibition regulates motor output during physical fatigue. Brain Res 1412: 37-43.39. Sarkisian CA, Prohaska TR, Davis C, Weiner B (2007) Pilot test of an attribution retraining intervention to raise walking levels in sedentary older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55: 1842-1846.40. Wolff JK, Warner LM, Ziegelmann JP, Wurm S (2014) What do targeting positive views on aging add to a physical activity intervention in older adults? Results from a randomised controlled trial. Psychol Health 29: 915-932.41. Bohner G, Dickel N (2011) Attitudes and attitude change. Annu Rev Psychol 62: 391-417.42. Freijy T, Kothe EJ (2013) Dissonance‐based interventions for health behaviour change: A systematic review. British journal of health psychology 18: 310-337.43. Schauss SL, Chase PN, Hawkins RP (1997) Environment-behavior relations, behavior therapy and the process of persuasion and attitude change. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 28: 31-40.44. Slater MD, Rouner D (2002) Entertainment—education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory 12: 173-191.45. Meisner BA (2012) A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 67: 13-17.Figures Legends:Figure 1. Flow Chart. Flow Chart Indicating Participants Remaining From Waves 1 – 2.Figure 2. Marginal Mean Timed Up-And-Go. Marginal Mean Timed Up-And-Go in Seconds by Level of Agreement with the Negative Control and Consequences Domain of Aging Perceptions. Supporting Information Figures Legends:Table S1. Multiple Imputation. Multivariate linear regression analysis in which approximately 5% of the APQ values have been imputed using multiple chained imputations. Indicates the relationship between baseline perceptions of aging and walking speed 2 years later.Table S2. Measurement Error. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicating the relationship between baseline perceptions of aging and walking speed 2 years later adjusted for test-retest reliability.TablesTable 1. Correlations abTCaPCaNCCaPCqaERaTUG timeAgeChronic DiseaseMedicationsDepressed MoodTC1PC-0.07***1NCC0.55***-0.13***1PCq-0.05***0.32***-0.13***1ER0.5***-0.07***0.54***-0.11***1TUG time0.24***-0.1***0.26***-0.05***0.13***1Age0.23***-0.09***0.32***-0.11***0.05***0.42***1Chronic disease0.19***-0.03*0.25***-0.03*0.18***0.28***0.3***1Medications0.22***-0.05***0.26***-0.07***0.16***0.31***0.41***0.45***1Depressed Mood0.22***-0.03*0.24***-0.08***0.34***0.12***-0.03*0.23***0.17***1MMSE-0.18***0.1***-0.25***0.06***-0.12***-0.29***-0.32***-0.12***-0.18***-0.08***Bivariate Correlation Between Domains of the Short-Form Aging Perceptions Questionnaire and allcontinuous covariates.a***p < .001, **p < .01, * p < .05.b TC = Timeline Chronic; PC = Positive Control; NCC = Negative Control and Consequences; PCq = Positive Consequences; ER = Emotional RepresentationsMean (SD) or %Variable (Possible Range)Total Sample N=4803DeadN = 205Refused/No Follow Up N = 975Age62.8 (9.0)Missing = 773.9 (11.2)***64.3 (10.2)***Sex (female)54.6% (N=2,624)Missing = 043.4% (N=89)**55.8% (N=544)Education (third level)35.1% (N = 1,685)Missing = 116.2% (N=33)***22.5% (N=219)***TUG time 18.9 (3.0)Missing = 3213.5 (7.1)***9.5 (3.3)***TUG time 29.8 (3.9)Missing = 85NANANo. of Chronic Diseases1.4 (1.4)Missing = 302.0 (1.5)***1.3 (1.4)DisabilityNo disabilityIADL onlyADL onlyIADL and ADLMissing = 090.03% (N=479)2.33% (N=112)5.00% (N=240)2.64% (N=127)No. of Medications2.5 (2.6)Missing = 254.4 (3.3)***2.4 (2.6)***Depression (CES-D) (0-60)8.0 (6.3)Missing = 587.1 (7.4)**6.2 (7.7)**MMSE (0-30)28.5 (1.8)Missing = 126.1 (3.5)***27.6 (2.8)***Domains of APQTimeline (0-5)2.4 (.8)Missing = 2172.9 (1.1)***2.5 (.87)*Positive Control (0-5)4.0 (.6)Missing = 1474.0 (.69)3.8 (.77)***Negative Control and Consequences (0-5)2.8 (.7)Missing = 2773.4 (.85)***3.0 (.80)***Positive Consequences (0-5)3.8 (.7)Missing = 1773.7 (.80)3.7 (.72)***Emotional (0-5)2.3 (.8)Missing = 1852.4 (.87)2.4 (.83)*Table 2. Descriptive StatisticsabCharacteristics of the total sample compared to participants who died following wave 1 and those who refused follow up.a***p < .001, **p < .01, * p < .05. Statistical significance was calculated using one way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. bTUG = Timed Up-and-Go task; CES-D = Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; APQ = Aging Perceptions Questionnaire. Table 3. Cross-Sectional Relationshipab Timed Up and Go (seconds)Model 1Model 2Model 3Coefficients and 95% Confidence IntervalsTimeline0.05*** (0.04,0.06)0.04*** (0.03,0.04)0.03*** (0.02,0.04)Positive Control-0.02** (-0.03,-0.01)-0.01* (-0.02,-0.00)-0.01** (-0.02,-0.001)Negative Control and Consequences0.08*** (0.07,0.09)0.03*** (0.02,0.04)0.02*** (0.01,0.03)Positive Consequences-0.0004 (-0.01,0.01)0.01 (-0.0004,0.02)0.01* (0.002, .02)Emotional Representations-0.03*** (-0.04,-0.02)-0.005 (-0.01,0.005)-0.01* (-0.02,-0.0003)Age0.01*** (0.01,0.01)0.01*** (0.01,0.01)GenderComparison: Male0.01* (0.001,0.03)0.01 (-0.01,0.02)Education:Comparison: Primary Secondary-0.03*** (-0.05,-0.02)-0.005 (-0.02,0.01) Third/higher-0.06*** (-0.07,-0.04)-0.02* (-0.04,-0.00)Number of chronic diseases0.01*** (.01,0.02)DisabilityComparison: none IADL only0.05* (0.01,0.08) ADL only0.09*** (0.06,0.12) IADL and ADL0.28*** (0.24,0.32)No. of medications0.01*** (0.01,0.01)Depressed mood0.001* (0.0001,0.002)MMSE-0.01*** (-0.02,-0.01)Multivariate Regression Model with Coefficients and 95% Confidence Intervals Indicating Relationship between TUG speed and Perceptions of Aging Cross-Sectionally.a 95% confidence intervals in brackets. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. bADL = Activities of Daily living; IADL = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.Table 4. Longitudinal Relationshipab Wave 2 Timed Up and Go (seconds)Model 1Model 2Model 3Coefficients and 95% Confidence IntervalsTimeline0.02 (-0.004,0.04)0.01 (-0.01,0.03)0.003 (-0.02,0.02)Positive Control-0.05 (-0.02,0.01)0.001 (-0.01,0.01)0.001 (-0.01,0.01)Negative Control and Consequences0.09*** (0.06,0.12)0.06*** (0.03,0.09)0.03* (0.01,0.05)Positive Consequences0.01 (-0.02,0.03)0.01 (-0.01,0.03)0.01 (-0.01,0.02)Emotional Representations-0.03** (-0.06,-0.01)-0.01 (-0.04,0.01)-0.01 (-0.03,0.001)Timed Up and Go at baseline0.05*** (0.05,0.05)0.05*** (0.05,0.05)0.05*** (0.04,0.05)Age0.01*** (0.003,0.01)0.004*** (0.003,0.01)GenderComparison: Male0.04** (0.01,0.06)0.02* (0.005,0.04)EducationComparison: Primary Secondary-0.02 (-0.06,0.01)0.01 (-0.02,0.04) Third/higher-0.02 (-0.05,0.01)0.01 (-0.02,0.05)Depressed Mood (baseline)0.001 (-0.001,0.003)Depressed Mood (change)0.004** (0.001,0.01)No. of chronic diseases (baseline)0.01* (0.002,0.03)No. of chronic diseases (change)0.02** (0.01,0.04)DisabilityComparison: none Ongoing disability0.23*** (0.15,0.36) Reduced disability0.10** (0.03,0.14) New disability0.12** (0.04,0.19)Number of reported medications (baseline)0.005 (-0.002,0.01)No. of medications (change)0.005 (-0.0001,0.01)MMSE (baseline)-0.02** (-0.02,-0.01)MMSE (change)-0.01 (-0.02,0.0001)Multivariate linear regression analysis indicating the relationship between baseline perceptions of aging and walking speed 2 years later.a 95% confidence intervals in brackets. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001b MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download