NOTE: The provided figures may be useful and beneficial



NOTE: The provided figures may be useful and beneficial & you should consider including them in your learning log. Keep up the good work & be an Intentional Learner.

Chapter 26

1. In changing from an RNA world to today’s DNA world, genetic information must have flowed from RNA to DNA. After reviewing Figure 17.3 & Figure 18.10, suggest how this could have occurred. Is such a flow a common occurrence today?

2. Your measurements indicate that a fossilized skull you unearthed has a carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio about 1/32 that of the skulls of present-day animals. What is the approximate age of the fossilized skull. Show your work!

3. Figure 26.8 indicates that many animals became extinct in the Permian mass extinction….in fact, 96% of marine animal species. Explain why the red curve only shows a 50% drop in the number of families at that time.

4. The first appearance of free oxygen in the atmosphere likely triggered a massive wave of extinction among the prokaryotes of the time. Why?

5. Describe the rise in multicellularity during the evolution of organisms.

Chapter 27

1. Suggest a hypothesis to explain why the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts resemble those of cyanobacteria. Refer to Figure 6.18.

2. Describe what you might eat for a typical meal if humans, like cyanobacteria, could fix nitrogen.

3. Use Table 27.2 and your text to describe how the domains differ from each other?

4. Explain at least 5 different ways that prokaryotes have affected you positively today.

Chapter 28

1. Summarize the role of endosymbiosis in the eukaryotic evolution of plants and animals. Please consider both primary and secondary endosymbiosis.

2. Are the morphological differences between sporozoites, merozoites, and gametocytes in Figure 28.11 caused by different genomes or by differences in gene expression?

3. From Figure 28.21, are the sperm in 5 genetically identical to one another? Are they genetically identical to the egg in 6? Explain.

4. Would you expect the plastid DNA of photosynthetic diinoflagellates, diatoms, and golden algae to be more similar to the nuclear DNA of plants (domain Eukarya) or to the chromosomal DNA of cyanobacteria (domain Bacteria)? Explain.

5. Justify the claim that photosynthetic protists are among the biosphere’s most important organisms.

Chapter 29

1. What would the human life cycle look like if we had alternations of generations? Assume that the multicellular diploid stage is similar in form to an adult human.

2. Explain the evidence that leads us to think that plants have evolved from green algae.

Chapter 31

1. Suppose a certain fungus is a mutualist that lives within an insect host, yet its ancestors were parasites that grew in and on the insect’s body. What derived traits might you find in this mutualistic fungus?

2. If fungi had colonized land before plants, where might the fungi have lived? What might they have used for food?

3. How might life on Earth differ from what we know today if no mutualistic relationships between fungi and other organisms had ever evolved?

4. Explain at least 5 different ways that fungi have affected you positively today.

Chapter 32

1. Suppose the most recent ancestor of both fungi and animals lived 1 billion years ago. If the first fungi lived 990 million years ago, would animals also have been alive at that time? Explain.

2. Compare three aspects of the early development of an octopus and a rhesus monkey.

3. Compare & contrast the animal phylogenies depicted in Figures 32.10 & 32.11.

Chapter 33

1. Write a brief description including the developmental pattern of the following animal phyla. Give two examples for each phyla.

Porifera Rotifera Annelida Chordata

Cnidaria Nematoda Arthropoda

Platyhelminthes Mollusks

2. Using Figure 33.11, consider that snails eat algae, whose growth is stimulated by nutrients found in fertilizer. How would the contamination of irrigation water with fertilizer likely affect the occurrence of schistosomiasis?

3. Explain how the molluscan foot in gastropods and the excurrent siphon in cephalopods represent descent with modification.

4. Describe 4 adaptations that have enabled insects to thrive on land.

Chapter 34

1. You are a chordate, yet you lack most of the main derived characters of chordates. Explain.

2. Describe key adaptations of aquatic gnathostomes.

3. Describe the origin of tetrapods and identify some of their key derived traits.

4. Scientists think that amphibian populations may provide an early warning system of environmental problems. What features of amphibians might make them particularly sensitive to environmental problems?

5. Describe 3 key amniote adaptations for life on land.

6. Contrast montremes, marsupials & placentals in terms of how they bear their young.

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