Erba volant – Le piante sono bestie complicate
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Relative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs. Yoo, Kyung Mi; Lee, Choong Hwan; Lee, Hyungjae; Moon, BoKyung; Lee, Chang Yong. Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA. Food Chemistry (2007), Volume Date 2008, 106(3), 929-936. Publisher: Elsevier B.V., CODEN: FOCHDJ ISSN: 0308-8146. Journal written in English. CAN 148:32373 AN 2007:1038854 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Many studies have been carried out on bioactivities of individual herbs, however, no collective study on their comparative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities against oxidative damage has been reported. We selected 17 common com. herbs and studied their relative phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, and cytoprotective activities on gap-junction intercellular communication and antioxidative enzymes in vitro under the same conditions. Total polyphenol content ranged from 464 to 870 gallic acid equiv. (GAE) mg/100 g and total flavonoid content from 212 to 494 catechin equiv. (CE) mg/100 g. Among the samples, chamomile, rosehip, hawthorn, lemon verbena, and green tea contained relatively high total phenolics (769-844 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoids (400-4 mg CE/100 g). Chamomile also showed the highest antioxidant activity with 960 mg/100 g of vitamin C equiv. (VCE), followed by hawthorn (929 mg VCE/100 g) and black tea (916 mg VCE/100 g). Total phenolic and total flavonoids showed a higher correlation with antioxidant activity. Most of herbs enhanced cell viability and showed protective effects against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells. Furthermore, herbs used in this study showed higher protective effect on gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) as compared to gallic acid and catechin, and also enhanced activity of the antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in a dose-dependent manner.
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The antimutagenic activity of the major flavonoids of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis): Some dose-response effects on mutagen activation-flavonoid interactions. Snijman, Petra W.; Swanevelder, Sonja; Joubert, Elizabeth; Green, Ivan R.; Gelderblom, Wentzel C. A. Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, S. Afr. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis (2007), 631(2), 111-123. Publisher: Elsevier B.V., CODEN: MRGMFI ISSN: 1383-5718. Journal written in English. CAN 147:291381 AN 2007:687427 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The antimutagenic properties of the most prevalent flavonoids in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) were compared in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay using tester strains TA98 and TA100 with, resp., 2-acetamido-fluorene (2-AAF) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) as mutagens in the presence of metabolic activation. The flavonoids included the dihydrochalcones aspalathin and nothofagin and their flavone analogs, orientin and isoorientin, and vitexin and isovitexin, resp., as well as luteolin, chrysoeriol, (+)-catechin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside and rutin. Flavonoid-mutagen interactions ranged from antimutagenic, comutagenic and promutagenic to mutagenic, while dose-response effects were mutagen-specific and ranged from typical to atypical including biphasic and threshold effects. Aspalathin and nothofagin and their structural flavonoid analogs displayed moderate antimutagenic properties while luteolin and to some extent, chrysoeriol, showed activities comparable to those of the green tea flavonoid (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Apart from their mutagenic and promutagenic properties, quercetin and isoquercitrin exhibited concn.-dependent comutagenic and/or antimutagenic effects against 2-AAF- and AFB1-induced mutagenesis. Different structural parameters known to affect the antimutagenic properties of flavonoids include their hydrophilic or lipophilic nature due to the extent of hydroxylation and O-methylation, glycosylation on the A and B rings, the C4-keto group and the C2-C3 double bond. The C ring does not appear to be a prerequisite when comparing for the antimutagenic activity of the dihydrochalchones when compared of the dihydrochalcones with the structural flavone analogs.
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Augmentation of antigen-specific antibody production and IL-10 generation with a fraction from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea. Ichiyama, Kenji; Tai, Akihiro; Yamamoto, Itaru. Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama, Japan. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (2007), 71(2), 598-602. Publisher: Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry, CODEN: BBBIEJ ISSN: 0916-8451. Journal written in English. CAN 146:294114 AN 2007:289181 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea was extd. with boiling water. The aq. ext. was chromatographed in a Diaion HP20 column eluted stepwise with water, 25%, 50% and 75% (vol./vol.) aq. methanol, and 100% methanol. The water eluate (fraction A) showed an augmenting effect on antiovalbumin (anti-OVA) IgM prodn. in OVA-stimulated murine splenocytes in vitro. Fraction A also showed a strong augmenting effect on interleukin-10 generation in murine splenocytes. Furthermore, continuous ingestion of fraction A was found to increase the anti-OVA IgM level in the sera of OVA-immunized mice.
Bibliographic Information
Selective bronchodilatory effect of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) and its flavonoid, chrysoeriol. Khan, Arif-ullah; Gilani, Anwarul Hassan. Dept. of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Pak. European Journal of Nutrition (2006), 45(8), 463-469. Publisher: Steinkopff Verlag, CODEN: EJNUFZ ISSN: 1436-6207. Journal written in English. CAN 146:357960 AN 2007:203331 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) is commonly used for hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The aq. ext. of Rooibos tea (RT) was studied for the possible bronchodilator, antispasmodic and blood pressure lowering activities in an attempt to rationalize some of its medicinal uses. Isolated tissue prepns., such as rabbit jejunum, aorta and guinea-pig trachea and atria were set up in appropriate physiol. salt solns. and aerated with carbogen. For in vivo studies rats were anesthetized with pentothal sodium and blood pressure was measured through carotid artery cannulation. In jejunum, RT caused a concn.-dependent relaxation of low K+ (25 mM)-induced contractions, with mild effect on the contractions induced by high K+ (80 mM). In presence of glibenclamide, the relaxation of low K+-induced contractions was prevented. Similarly, cromakalim caused glibenclamide-sensitive inhibition of low K+, but not of high K+, while verapamil did not differentiate in its inhibitory effect on contractions produced by the two concns. of K+. Like in jejunum, RT caused glibenclamide-sensitive relaxation of low K+-induced contractions in trachea and aorta, but with a 20 times higher potency in trachea. In atria, RT was least potent with weak inhibitory effect on atrial force and rate of contractions. RT caused a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure in rats under anesthesia. Among the tested pure compds. of Rooibos, chrysoeriol showed selective bronchodilator effect. Chrysoeriol (luteolin 3'-Me ether) is a bioactive flavonoid known for antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, and free radical scavenging activities. These results indicate that the bronchodilator, antispasmodic and blood pressure lowering effects of Rooibos tea are mediated predominantly through KATP channel activation with the selective bronchodilatory effect.
This study provides a sound mechanistic basis for the wide medicinal use of Rooibos tea, with the therapeutic potential to be developed for congestive respiratory ailments.
Bibliographic Information
A review of the bioactivity of South African herbal teas: rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia). McKay, Diane L.; Blumberg, Jeffrey B. USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. Phytotherapy Research (2007), 21(1), 1-16. Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., CODEN: PHYREH ISSN: 0951-418X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 147:233491 AN 2007:198615 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) are popular tisanes in their native South Africa and have a growing worldwide market. Both herbal teas are used traditionally for medicinal purposes and are rich in polyphenols with rooibos a rare source of the dietary dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin. The principal polyphenols in honeybush include the xanthone mangiferin and the flavonones hesperitin and isokuranetin. Despite their divergent phytochem. and nutrient compns., rooibos and honeybush share potent antioxidant and antimutagenic activities in vitro. Animal model studies indicate both herbal teas possess potent antioxidant, immune-modulating and chemopreventive actions. However, human studies of rooibos are limited and of honeybush are absent. No adverse effects of rooibos or honeybush consumption as tisanes have been reported.
Bibliographic Information
Production and quality aspects of rooibos tea and related products. A review. Joubert, Elizabeth; Schulz, Hartwig. ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality (2006), 80(2), 138-144. Publisher: Druckerei und Verlag Liddy Halm, CODEN: JABFAJ ISSN: 1613-9216. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 147:210348 AN 2007:153937 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review. Use of the herbal tea, rooibos, made from the indigenous South African fynbos plant, Aspalathus linearis spp. linearis, has shown tremendous growth on the international markets since the 1990s. From a small beginning in 1904, solely depended on wild harvesting, the industry has developed out of the selected and cultivated Nortier type, leading to improved quality. Traditional rooibos is processed, entailing an oxidn. ("fermn.") step, essential to develop the characteristic sweetish flavor and red-brown color. Higher antioxidant levels for unfermented rooibos resulted in the development of green rooibos and exts. enriched in aspalathin, a potent antioxidant unique to rooibos. Major markets for rooibos exts. are ready-to-drink iced teas and cosmetic products.
Bibliographic Information
Fluoride levels in various tea-based beverages of Japan and in Chinese tea infusions. Shimmura, Tetsuo; Nagase, Hirofumi; Aratani, Tetsuo; Kagamimori, Sadanobu. Toyama Institute of Health, Japan. Toyama-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (2006), Volume Date 2005, 29 152-156. Publisher: Toyama-ken Eisei Kenkyusho, CODEN: TEKNEQ ISSN: 0917-0707. Journal written in Japanese. CAN 146:120773 AN 2006:1307773 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Com. tea-based beverages (75 samples including 30 samples of green tea, 2 samples of parched green tea, 16 samples of oolong tea, 7 samples of black tea, 5 samples of barley tea, etc.) and infusions of Chinese tea (28 samples in the traditional 6 classification groups) were analyzed for fluoride. The high levels of fluoride were detected in oolong tea beverages (av. 1.13 mg F/L) followed by green tea beverages (av. 0.92 mg F/L). Almost no fluoride was detected in beverages of barley tea, rooibos tea, and guava tea. Infusions of oolong tea (6 samples), black tea (6 samples), green tea (4 samples), and tan tea (9 samples including pu-erh tea) contained av. 1.09, 0.90, 0.81, and 0.84 mg F/L, resp.
Bibliographic Information
Antispasmodic effects of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) is mediated predominantly through K+-channel activation. Gilani, Anwarul Hassan; Khan, Arif-ullah; Ghayur, Muhammad N.; Ali, Syed Faizan; Herzig, Joachim W. Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Pak. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (2006), 99(5), 365-373. Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., CODEN: BCPTBO ISSN: 1742-7835. Journal written in English. CAN 146:93163 AN 2006:1305823 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea has been widely used for abdominal spasm and diarrhoea. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible mechanism for its use in such ailments. Its aq. ext. (RT) at 0.3 - 10 mg/mL produced relaxation of spontaneous and low K+ (25 mM)-induced contractions of rabbit jejunum, with weak effect on high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions. In the presence of glibenclamide, relaxation of low K+-induced contractions was prevented. Cromakalim inhibited contractions induced by low K+, but not high K+, while verapamil did not differentiate in its inhibitory effect on contractions produced by the two concns. of K+. RT also exhibited antidiarrhoeal and antisecretory activities in mice. The spasmolytic effect was concd. in org. fractions. Its constituents, chrysoeriol, orientin and vitexin showed a similar pattern of spasmolytic effects to the ext., while rutin was more like verapamil. So Rooibos tea possesses a combination of dominant KATP channel activation and weak Ca++ antagonist mechanisms and hence justifies its use in hyperactive gastrointestinal disorders.
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A comparative study on the antimutagenic properties of aqueous extracts of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), different Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) and Camellia sinensis teas. van der Merwe, J. D.; Joubert, E.; Richards, E. S.; Manley, M.; Snijman, P. W.; Marnewick, J. L.; Gelderblom, W. C. A. Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis (2006), 611(1-2), 42-53. Publisher: Elsevier B.V., CODEN: MRGMFI ISSN: 1383-5718. Journal written in English. CAN 146:68342 AN 2006:1239749 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Antimutagenic activity of aq. exts. of the South African herbal teas, Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) was compared with that of Camellia sinensis (black, oolong and green) teas in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay using aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) as mutagens. The present study presents the first investigation on antimutagenic properties of C. subternata, C. genistoides and C. sessiliflora. The herbal teas demonstrated protection against both mutagens in the presence of metabolic activation, with the exception of "unfermented" (green/unoxidized) C. genistoides against 2-AAF, which either protected or enhanced mutagenesis depending on the concn. Antimutagenic activity of "fermented" (oxidized) rooibos was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that of Camellia sinensis teas against AFB1, while for 2-AAF it was less (P < 0.05) than that of black tea and similar (P > 0.05) to that of oolong and green teas. Antimutagenic activity of unfermented C. intermedia and C. subternata exhibited a similar protection as fermented rooibos against AFB1. Against 2-AAF, fermented rooibos exhibited similar protective properties than unfermented C. intermedia and C. sessiliflora. Unfermented rooibos was less effective than the C. sinensis teas and fermented rooibos, but had similar (P > 0.05) antimutagenicity to that of fermented C. sessiliflora against AFB1 and fermented C. subternata against 2-AAF. Fermented C. intermedia and C. genistoides exhibited the lowest protective effect against 2-AAF, while fermented C. intermedia exhibited the lowest protection when utilizing AFB1 as mutagen. Aspalathin and mangiferin, major polyphenols in rooibos and Cyclopia spp., resp., exhibited weak to moderate protective effects when compared to the major green tea catechin, (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Antimutagenic activity of selected herbal tea phenolic compds. indicated that they contribute towards (i) obsd. antimutagenic activity of the aq. exts.
against both mutagens and (ii) enhancement of the mutagenicity of 2-AAF by unfermented C. genistoides. Antimutagenic activity of the South African herbal teas was mutagen-specific, affected by fermn. and plant material, presumably due to changes and variation in phenolic compn.
Bibliographic Information
In Situ Flavonoid Analysis by FT-Raman Spectroscopy: Identification, Distribution, and Quantification of Aspalathin in Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). Baranska, Malgorzata; Schulz, Hartwig; Joubert, Elizabeth; Manley, Marena. Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Institute of Plant Analysis, Quedlinburg, Germany. Analytical Chemistry (2006), 78(22), 7716-7721. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: ANCHAM ISSN: 0003-2700. Journal written in English. CAN 146:41224 AN 2006:1049377 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
FT-Raman spectroscopy was used for the first time for in situ identification of aspalathin and quantification of the dihyrochalcones in dried, green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). With the support of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, characteristic key bands of aspalathin, the main flavonoid and antioxidant occurring in rooibos, were localized and identified in the spectra obtained from various plant samples. Application of Raman mapping revealed the spatial distribution of this valuable dihydrochalcone within the intact dried leaves. Based on the spectral data and ref. HPLC values, reliable multivariate calibration models were developed for quantification of aspalathin, nothofagin, and the combined dihydrochalcone contents of dried, green rooibos.
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Quantification of the major phenolic compounds, soluble solid content and total antioxidant activity of green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) by near infrared spectroscopy. Manley, Marena; Joubert, Elizabeth; Botha, Mariza. Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, S. Afr. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (2006), 14(4), 213-222. Publisher: NIR Publications, CODEN: JNISEI ISSN: 0967-0335. Journal written in English. CAN 145:460732 AN 2006:984893 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Near IR (NIR) spectroscopy was used to develop calibration models to predict aspalathin, nothofagin and dihydrochalcone contents of dried, green rooibos plant material, as well as to predict the aspalathin content of the resp. water exts. Calibration models were also developed to predict the total polyphenol content (TPC), sol. solid content (SSC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the water exts. Results showed that NIR spectroscopy can effectively predict the aspalathin content of dried, green rooibos with a std. error of prediction (SEP) and coeff. of detn. (r2) of 0.45 g 100 g-1 and 0.85, resp. and the dihydrochalcone content of rooibos with an SEP of 0.49 g 100 g-1 and r2 of 0.87. After extending the aspalathin content range of the sample set, by adding varying amts. of a dried rooibos ext. powder with high concns. of aspalathin (15.95 g 100-1) and nothofagin (1.94 g 100 g-1) to some samples, slightly less accurate, but more robust, models were obtained for the aspalathin (SEP = 0.53 g 100 g-1; r2 = 0.87) and dihydrochalcone (SEP = 0.57 g 100 g-1; r2 = 0.88) contents. The NIR calibration model developed for nothofagin content (SEP = 0.10 g 100 g-1; r2 = 0.71) (extended range: SEP = 0.10 g 100 g-1; r2 = 0.77) of dried, green rooibos is suitable for screening purposes. The current transmittance NIR calibration models developed for aspalathin content, TPC, SSC and the TAA of green rooibos water exts. did not give acceptable results.
Bibliographic Information
Tea flavanols inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and increase nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells. Persson, Ingrid A.-L.; Josefsson, Martin; Persson, Karin; Andersson, Rolf G. G. Department of Medicine and Care, Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoeping University, Swed. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (2006), 58(8), 1139-1144. Publisher: Pharmaceutical Press, CODEN: JPPMAB ISSN: 0022-3573. Journal written in English. CAN 145:284657 AN 2006:956389 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A diversity of pharmacol. effects on the cardiovascular system have been reported for Camellia sinensis: antioxidative, antiproliferative and anti-angiogenic activity, and nitric oxide synthase activation. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the connection between tea and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and nitric oxide (NO) might be an explanation of the pharmacol. effects of tea on the cardiovascular system. Cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical veins (HUVEC) were incubated with exts. of Japanese Sencha (green tea), Indian Assam Broken Orange Pekoe (black tea) and Rooibos tea, resp. The main flavanols and purine alkaloids in green and black tea were examd. for their effects on ACE and NO. After incubation with green tea, black tea and Rooibos tea for 10 min, a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of ACE activity in HUVEC was seen with the green tea and the black tea. No significant effect on ACE was seen with the Rooibos tea. After 10-min incubation with (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a dose-dependent inhibition of ACE activity in HUVEC was seen for all four tea catechins. After 24-h incubation, a significantly increased dose-dependent effect on NO prodn. in HUVEC was seen for the green tea, the black tea and the Rooibos tea. After 24-h incubation with (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a dose-dependent increased NO prodn. in HUVEC was seen. In conclusion, tea exts. from C. sinensis may have the potential to prevent and protect against cardiovascular disease.
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Phytoestrogens from Aspalathus linearis. Shimamura, Naomi; Miyase, Toshio; Umehara, Kaoru; Warashina, Tsutomu; Fujii, Satoshi. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2006), 29(6), 1271-1274. Publisher: Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, CODEN: BPBLEO ISSN: 0918-6158. Journal written in English. CAN 145:351909 AN 2006:777599 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
From the leaves of Aspalathus linearis, 24 known compds. and a new one, aspalalinin (25), were isolated. The structures of the compds. were detd. mainly based on spectral evidence. The abs. configuration of aspalalinin was presented on the basis of X-ray anal. Each isolate was assessed for its estrogenic activity by an estrogen ELISA assay. Compds. 12, 15, and 24 showed the estrogenic activity.
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Simplified analysis of organic compounds in headspace and aqueous samples by high-capacity sample enrichment probe. Burger, Ben V.; Marx, Brenda; Le Roux, Maritha; Burger, Wina J. G. Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Journal of Chromatography, A (2006), 1121(2), 259-267. Publisher: Elsevier B.V., CODEN: JCRAEY ISSN: 0021-9673. Journal written in English. CAN 145:240474 AN 2006:631937 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A sample enrichment probe (SEP) consisting of a thin rod of an inert material and provided at one end with a short sleeve of polydimethylsilicone rubber was used for the high-capacity sample enrichment of analytes from gaseous and aq. samples for anal. by gas chromatog. (GC) and its hyphenated techniques. The silicone rubber was exposed to the anal. sample, after which the end of the rod carrying the silicone rubber was introduced into the injector and the analytes thermally desorbed and analyzed by GC. This technique is similar to, but differs from, solid-phase microextn. (SPME) in that a much larger vol. of the sorptive phase is employed, the sorptive phase is not introduced into the inlet of the GC via a needle and the injector is opened to the atm. for the introduction and removal of the SEP. In the detn. of volatile and semi-volatile org. compds. in gaseous and aq. media, the SEP technique gave results comparable with those obtained by the stir-bar-sorptive extn. (SBSE) and high-capacity sorption probe (HCSP) techniques. Implementation of the SEP technique requires only minor adaptations to the gas chromatograph and does not require any auxiliary thermal desorption and cryotrapping equipment.
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Mass spectrometric identification and quantification of glycosyl flavonoids, including dihydrochalcones with neutral loss scan mode. Kazuno, Saiko; Yanagida, Mitsuaki; Shindo, Noriko; Murayama, Kimie. Division of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Analytical Biochemistry (2005), 347(2), 182-192. Publisher: Elsevier, CODEN: ANBCA2 ISSN: 0003-2697. Journal written in English. CAN 144:124234 AN 2005:1252503 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The authors developed a strategy for detn. and quantification of glycosyl flavonoids using liq. chromatog.-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with neutral loss scan at 15 and 30 eV collision energy in the pos. ion mode. The fragmentation patterns of glycosyl flavonoids at 15 and 30 eV showed that fragmentation of sugar moiety depended on the type of glycosidic bond to aglycon, the site of C-glycosylation, and the type of aglycon. C-Glycosyl dihydrochalcones esp. stood out because they produced [M+H-162]+ even at 15 eV such as O-glycoside in spite of C-glycoside. C-Glycosides were classified according to (i) the intensity ratio A of [M+H-150]+ to [M+H-120]+ at 30 eV and (ii) the intensity ratio B of [M+H-120]+ at 15 eV to one at 30 eV. The 8-C-glycosides were A < 1 and B < 1, the 6-C-glycosides were A > 1 and B < 1, and the C-glycosyl dihydrochalcones were A > 1 and B .mchgt. 1. Therefore, the intensity ratios of the neutral loss scan of 120 and 150 Da at 30 eV and those of 120, 162, and 308 Da at 15 eV allowed sequential distinction among these three types of C-glycosides as well as between O- and C-glycosides. The authors' method was applied for anal. of Rooibos tea, and the identified glycosides could be quantified specifically by the selected reaction monitoring method.
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Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of aqueous extracts and crude polyphenolic fractions of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). Joubert, Elizabeth; Winterton, Paula; Britz, Trevor J.; Gelderblom, Wentzel C. A. ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2005), 53(26), 10260-10267. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 144:127893 AN 2005:1231459 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Unfermented rooibos tea is known to contain higher levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids than its fermented counterpart, making it the obvious choice for the prepn. of flavonoid-enriched fractions. Evaluation of aq. exts. and crude polyphenolic fractions of unfermented and fermented rooibos showed anti- and/or pro-oxidant activities, using a linoleic acid-Tween-buffer emulsion for lipid peroxidn. and the deoxyribose degrdn. assay, based on a Fenton reaction model system contg. FeCl3-EDTA and H2O2 for the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Except for the Et acetate fraction, with the highest total polyphenol (TP) content and offering the least protection presumably due to pro-oxidant activity, the inhibition of lipid peroxidn. by the samples correlated moderately with their TP content in a linear relationship (r = 0.896, P < 0.01). Using the deoxyribose degrdn. assay, the pro-oxidant activity of the aq. exts. and their crude polymeric fractions (0.1 mg/mL in the reaction mixt.) was linear with respect to their dihydrochalcone (aspalathin and nothofagin) (r = 0.977, P = 0.023) and flavonoid (r = 0.971, P = 0.029) content. Pro-oxidant activity was demonstrated for pure aspalathin. Using the same assay, but with ascorbate added to regenerate Fe3+ to Fe2+, the aq. ext. and crude polymeric fraction of fermented rooibos displayed hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Fermn. (i.e., oxidn.) of rooibos decreased the pro-oxidant activity of aq. exts., which was contributed to a decrease in their dihydrochalcone content. The in vitro pro-oxidant activity displayed by flavonoid-enriched fractions of rooibos demonstrates that one must be aware of the potential adverse biol. properties of potent antioxidant exts. utilized as dietary supplements.
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Actions of black tea and Rooibos on iron status of primary school children. Breet, Petronella; Kruger, H. Salome; Jerling, Johann C.; Oosthuizen, Welma. Potchefstroom Institute of Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, S. Afr. Nutrition Research (New York, NY, United States) (2005), 25(11), 983-994. Publisher: Elsevier Inc., CODEN: NTRSDC ISSN: 0271-5317. Journal written in English. CAN 144:35707 AN 2005:1209334 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
This study was to compare the effects of black tea and Rooibos on the iron status of primary school children. This parallel intervention trial included 175 children who were randomly allocated to receive 2 200-mL servings of either black tea or Rooibos daily with milk and sugar. The children received anthelminthic treatment (500 mg mebendazole) at baseline. Hb, hematocrit, serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin were measured, and total iron binding capacity and transferrin satn. were calcd. Dietary intakes were measured by means of 24-h dietary recalls, and anthropometric measurements were taken. A malnourished population in anthropometric indexes and nutrient intakes was identified. Biochem. markers of iron status also indicated a population at risk for iron depletion. Children in the black tea group had significantly higher Hb concns., and children in both groups had significantly higher mean corpuscular vol., transferrin, and total iron binding capacity after the intervention. Changes in biochem. parameters did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. During the intervention period, the changes in dietary intakes were similar in the black tea and the Rooibos groups but with increased heme iron intakes in the black tea group. Iron status markers seemed to improve from baseline to the end of the study in both of the study groups. One possible reason is the anthelminthic treatment the participants received when the study commenced.
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Rapid analysis of medicinal and aromatic plants by non-destructive vibrational spectroscopy methods. Schulz, H. Federal Centre of Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Analysis, Quedlinburg, Germany. Acta Horticulturae (2005), 679(Proceedings of WOCMAP III: The IIIrd World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2003), 181-187. Publisher: International Society for Horticultural Science, CODEN: AHORA2 ISSN: 0567-7572. Journal written in English. CAN 144:145774 AN 2005:579971 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
During the last years esp. Near-IR Spectroscopy (NIRS) was introduced as a very efficient and non-destructive anal. tool for the reliably detn. of secondary metabolites in medicinal and arom. plants. In this context, feasibility studies were performed in order to get a deeper insight regarding possible applications, but limits of NIR spectroscopy were also pointed out in this special field of research. Up to now, numerous NIR calibrations were developed to predict simultaneously the amt. of minor volatile as well as non-volatile substances in various tea drugs, medicinal herbs and arom. plants (e.g. Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha x piperita, Salvia officinalis, Origanum marjorana, Thymus vulgaris, Chamomilla recutita, Papaver somniferum, Rosmarinus officinalis Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Aspalathus linearis, Camellia sinensis). Since in principle NIRS measurements can also be performed on fresh plan material, it is possible to use this method for the prediction of the optimal harvest time or for the selection of individual genotypes directly in the field. Recently, special mid-IR technique (ATR/FT-IR) in combination with sophisticated chemometrical algorithms was also found to have some potential for direct plant anal. without the necessity to perform any clean-up procedures. In contrast to NIR measurements, the obsd. fundamental absorption bands occurring in the mid-IR (MIR) range can be related to concrete functional groups of the individual analyte mols. Furthermore, NIR-FT-Raman spectroscopy, which is to be seen as a complementary method to MIR, has already been applied to investigations of distinctive substances in several medicinal and arom. plants. Using Nd:YAG laser excitation at 1064 nm, various important plant substances were analyzed non-destructively and the obsd. "key Raman bands" were discussed with regard to the corresponding pure std. components (e.g. polyacetylenes, gentiopicroside, curcumin, cinnamyl aldehyde).
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Inhibition of tumour promotion in mouse skin by extracts of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), unique South African herbal teas. Marnewick, Jeanine; Joubert, Elizabeth; Joseph, Shamiel; Swanevelder, Sonja; Swart, Pieter; Gelderblom, Wentzel. PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, S. Afr. Cancer Letters (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2005), 224(2), 193-202. Publisher: Elsevier B.V., CODEN: CALEDQ ISSN: 0304-3835. Journal written in English. AN 2005:465341 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The modulating effect of ethanol/acetone (E/A) sol. fractions, prepd. from methanolic exts. of processed and unprocessed rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) as well as green (Camellia sinensis) teas was established in a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis assay. Topical application of the tea fractions prior to the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on ICR mouse skin initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) suppressed skin tumorigenesis significantly (P < 0.001) with the green tea E/A fraction exhibiting a 100% inhibition, unprocessed honeybush 90%, processed honeybush 84.2%, processed rooibos 75% and unprocessed rooibos 60%. The green tea fraction, with the highest flavanol/proanthocyanidin content, also exhibited the highest protective activity (99%) against hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidn., and completely inhibited skin tumor formation. Differences in the flavanol/proanthocyanidin and flavonol/flavone compn. and/or non polyphenolic constituents are likely to be important determinants in the inhibition of tumor promotion by the herbal tea E/A fractions in mouse skin.
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Antioxidants in rooibos tea: dihydrochalcone and flavonoid. Schmandke, Horst. Nuthetal, Germany. Ernaehrungs-Umschau (2005), 52(1), 18-20. Publisher: Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag Breidenstein GmbH, CODEN: ERUMAT ISSN: 0174-0008. Journal; General Review written in German. CAN 142:260189 AN 2005:161922 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review is given on antioxidant components of rooibos tea. Dihydrochalcone glycoside nothofagin, fifty mg aspalathin, and 9,1 mg flavonoids are contained in 1 g sol. dry matter. An extensive degrdn. takes place during the fermn. process resulting in a decrease of antioxidative capacity up to 50%. Chem. structure of the components and alterations by fermn. are described.
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Antioxidant scavenging potential of South African export herbal teas. Steenkamp, V.; Fernandes, A. C.; van Rensburg, C. E. J. Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, S. Afr. South African Journal of Botany (2004), 70(4), 660-663. Publisher: NISC Pty Ltd., CODEN: SAJBDD ISSN: 0254-6299. Journal written in English. CAN 143:265872 AN 2005:149535 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The flavonoid content as well as the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of water exts. of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgr.), honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey.) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), 3 South African herbal teas which are com. products exported world-wide, were investigated. The results indicated that the water exts. of rooibos exhibited the best scavenging activity for both the hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion followed by honeybush and then roselle. This seems to be due to the total flavonoid concn., which was the highest in rooibos and lowest in roselle.
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Antioxidant activity and protective effect on DNA strand scission of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Lee, Eun-Jung; Jang, Hae-Dong. Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon, S. Korea. BioFactors (2004), 21(1-4), 285-292. Publisher: IOS Press, CODEN: BIFAEU ISSN: 0951-6433. Journal written in English. AN 2004:1154091 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) was extd. by refluxing with water and 75% ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity and protective effect on DNA strand scission were investigated by using different antioxidant assay systems and DNA strand nicking assay, resp. 75% Ethanol ext. has higher content of total sol. phenolics and flavonoid than water ext. Antioxidant activities such as hydrogen donating capacity and scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide were higher in 75% ethanol ext. than in water ext. except the rate const. with hydroxyl radical. Peroxyl radical induced DNA strand scission was prevented by both 75% ethanol and water ext. and hydroxyl radical induced DNA strand scission was not. This result indicates that total sol. phenolics, specially flavonoid, of Rooibos tea are responsible for several kinds of antioxidant activities and preventive activity on peroxyl radical induced DNA strand scission.
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Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression by some edible African plants. Na, Hye-Kyung; Mossanda, Kensese S.; Lee, Ji-Yoon; Surh, Young-Joon. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, S. Korea. BioFactors (2004), 21(1-4), 149-153. Publisher: IOS Press, CODEN: BIFAEU ISSN: 0951-6433. Journal written in English. AN 2004:1154061 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Cancer bush (CB, Sutherlandia frutescens), Devil's claw (DEV, Harpagophytum procumbens), Rooibos tea (RT, Aspalathus linearis), and Bambara groundnut (BB, Vignea subterranean) have been used to treat some malignancies and inflammatory disorders in Africa. However, biochem. basis for chemopreventive effects of these medicinal plants remains unclear. An abnormally elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in pathogenesis and progression of carcinogenesis. In the present study, we found that the methanol exts. of CB, DEV, RT, and BB inhibited, to a different extent, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced COX-2 expression in human breast epithelial (MCF10A) cells and in mouse skin in vivo. To det. the mol. mechanism of COX-2 inhibition by the above medicinal plants, we examd. their effects on activation of NF-kB which is one of the major transcription factors responsible for regulating COX-2 expression. Methanol exts. of both CB and BB inhibited the DNA binding of NF-kB activated by TPA in MCF10A cells in a dose-dependent manner. Based on above findings, CB and BB are likely to inhibit TPA-induced COX-2 expression through suppression of DNA binding of NF-kB, which may contribute to the chemopreventive or chemoprotective activity of these African plants.
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Polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of Bulgarian medicinal plants. Ivanova, D.; Gerova, D.; Chervenkov, T.; Yankova, T. Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Medicine Varna, Varna, Bulg. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2005), 96(1-2), 145-150. Publisher: Elsevier Ireland Ltd., CODEN: JOETD7 ISSN: 0378-8741. Journal written in English. CAN 143:31961 AN 2004:1029294 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Exts. of 21 plants used in Bulgarian phytotherapy for the treatment of respiratory, gastrointestinal and other inflammatory disorders were screened in vitro for antioxidant activity and phenolic compds. content. Plant exts. were prepd. as herbal teas following the ethnic use. The water-phase TEAC (Trolox equiv. antioxidant capacity) of the teas were compared to that of the famous tea-like beverages mate, rooibos and honeybush, and to that of green and black tea, well known for their high antioxidant potential. The content of total phenolics in the teas was detd. spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calcd. as quercetin equiv. (QE). Seven Bulgarian medicinal plants were with high phenolics content and antioxidant properties: Pulmonaria officinalis L. (Boraginaceae) (TEAC 2.02ﾱ0.14 mM/QE 673.39ﾱ9.92 mM), Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) (TEAC 3.75ﾱ0.14 mM/QE 881.93ﾱ6.68 mM), Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae) (TEAC 3.76ﾱ0.5 mM/QE 702.29ﾱ6.82 mM), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) (TEAC 5.87ﾱ0.2 mM/QE 1653.61ﾱ11.52 mM), Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) (TEAC 4.06ﾱ0.31 mM/QE 1370.09ﾱ41.38 mM), Rubus sp. diversa (Rosaceae) (TEAC 4.23ﾱ0,12 mM/QE 608.95ﾱ5.95 mM), Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Anacardiaceae) (TEAC 7.05ﾱ0.19 mM/QE 923.33ﾱ14.19 mM). Therefore, Bulgarian herbs can be considered to be a rich source of water-sol. antioxidants and/or phenolic compds. as compared to studied foreign plants.
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Effect of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) extract on lipid peroxidation in vitamin E deficient rats. Hitomi, Eri; Nishikiori, Aiko; Matsumoto, Asumi; Moriguchi, Satoru; Kojo, Shousuke; Tokumaru, Sadako; Nakano, Masatoshi. Department of Human Nutrition, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, Japan. ITE Letters on Batteries, New Technologies & Medicine (2004), 5(1), 64-72. Publisher: ITE-Hohwa Inc., CODEN: ILBMF9 ISSN: 1531-2046. Journal written in English. CAN 141:88357 AN 2004:318952 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The effect of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) on lipid peroxidn. was investigated in vitamin E deficient rats. The rats were divided into three groups and each group was fed the control, vitamin E deficient {V.E (-)}, or vitamin E deficient diet supplemented with 3% rooibos tea ext. {V.E (-) +RT} for 8 wk. After 8 wk of feeding, a vitamin E deficient status was obsd. in both the V.E (-) and V.E (-) + RT groups. The TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) values in the V.E (-) group increased in the liver, small intestine, lung, testis and muscle compared to those in the control group, and those in the V.E (-) +RT group decreased or showed a decreasing tendency compared to the V.E (-) group. On days 28 and 50, the urinary TBARS values in the V.E (-) group increased compared to the control group and decreased to the control level in the V.E (-) + RT group. The tissues of the V.E (-) group showed a higher susceptibility to AAPH-induced lipid peroxidn. than those of the control group, and those of the V.E (-) + RT group showed a lower susceptibility than those of the V.E (-) group. The kidney glutathione peroxidase activity in the V.E (-) group increased compared to the control group and showed a decreasing tendency in the V.E (-) + RT group compared to the V.E (-) group. These results suggested that the dietary rooibos tea ext. suppressed the lipid peroxidn. in the vitamin E deficient rats.
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Ex vivo modulation of chemical-induced mutagenesis by subcellular liver fractions of rats treated with rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea, honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) tea, as well as green and black (Camellia sinensis) teas. Marnewick, J. L.; Batenburg, W.; Swart, P.; Joubert, E.; Swanevelder, S.; Gelderblom, W. C. A. PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, S. Afr. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis (2004), 558(1-2), 145-154. Publisher: Elsevier B.V., CODEN: MRGMFI ISSN: 1383-5718. Journal written in English. CAN 140:387221 AN 2004:129007 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Male Fischer rats were given unprocessed (not oxidized) and processed (oxidized) rooibos and honeybush teas as well as green and black teas as a sole source of drinking fluid for 10 wk, and sub cellular liver fractions were prepd. Cytosolic fractions of rats consuming the unprocessed herbal teas, green and black teas significantly (P iso-orientin > luteolin > chrysoeriol > vitexin. Aspalathin was more effective than Trolox, the water-sol. analog of a-tocopherol. Et acetate solubles of the aq. ext. of unfermented rooibos and the crude aspalathin fraction, with the highest total polyphenol and aspalathin contents, had the greatest anti-radical capacity. Rooibos tannin, lowest in total polyphenol content, was the least effective radical scavenger. Fermn. decreased the anti-radical capacity of the aq. exts. and crude phenolic fractions.
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Immunomodulating activity of rooibos tea. Yamamoto, Itaru. Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayamam, Japan. Bio Industry (2003), 20(11), 25-34. Publisher: Shi Emu Shi Shuppan, CODEN: BIINEG ISSN: 0910-6545. Journal; General Review written in Japanese. CAN 140:405651 AN 2003:995866 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review discussing immunomodulating activity of rooibos tea, referring to literature for gaining information on the tea, and immunoactivity of extd. soln.
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Modulation of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and oxidative status by rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), green and black (Camellia sinensis) teas in rats. Marnewick, Jeanine L.; Joubert, Elizabeth; Swart, Pieter; van der Westhuizen, Francois; Gelderblom, Wentzel C. PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, S. Afr. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2003), 51(27), 8113-8119. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 139:395293 AN 2003:960527 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos and honeybush teas enhanced the activity of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase a. An increase in the activity of microsomal UDP-glucuronosyl transferase was obtained with nonprocessed rooibos and honeybush teas. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were decreased in the liver of all tea-fed (in drinking water) male Fisher 344 rats, while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were markedly increased in the liver of herbal tea-fed rats. These changes led to increased GSH/GSSG ratio due to the nonprocessed rooibos, processed rooibos, and nonprocessed honeybush teas. Green and black teas decreased the oxygen radical absorbance capacity in liver homogenates. Modulation of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes and oxidative status in the liver may be important events in the protection against adverse effects of mutagenesis and oxidative damage.
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Unfermented Rooibos Tea: Quantitative Characterization of Flavonoids by HPLC-UV and Determination of the Total Antioxidant Activity. Bramati, Lorenzo; Aquilano, Francesca; Pietta, Piergiorgio. Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Segrate, Italy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2003), 51(25), 7472-7474. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 139:380253 AN 2003:880253 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Unfermented rooibos originates from the leaves and the stems of the indigenous South African plant, Aspalathus linearis, and it was reported to have a higher content of flavonoids compared to that of fermented rooibos. The HPLC/UV method developed in our lab. for the anal. of the fermented rooibos was applied to the quant. characterization of the major flavonoids present in the unfermented rooibos. Main compds. detd. were aspalathin (49.92 ﾱ 0.80 mg/g), isoorientin (3.57 ﾱ 0.18 mg/g), orientin (2.336 ﾱ 0.049 mg/g), and rutin (1.69 ﾱ 0.14 mg/g), followed in order by isovitexin, vitexin, isoquercitrin and hyperoside, quercetin, luteolin, and chrysoeryol. The identity of detected flavonoids was confirmed by comparing their retention times and UV spectra with those of corresponding stds. The total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the tea infusions was measured by the ABTS.bul.+ radical cation decolorization assay. The TAA of unfermented rooibos (0.8 Trolox meq/g) resulted 2-fold higher than that of the fermented rooibos. When compared with different water infusions of Camellia sinensis (green and black tea), this TAA value was about 50% lower.
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Rooibos tea: equilibrium and extraction kinetics of aspalathin. Jaganyi, Deogratius; Wheeler, Peter J. School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, S. Afr. Food Chemistry (2003), 83(1), 121-126. Publisher: Elsevier Science, CODEN: FOCHDJ ISSN: 0308-8146. Journal written in English. CAN 139:380448 AN 2003:593288 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A mobile phase for the extn. of aspalathin was developed and used to study the kinetics of extn. of the compd. from Rooibos tea. The rate of infusion of aspalathin into water at 80ﾰ was measured for Rooibos tea, using a leaf of size 1.00-1.40 mm. The first order rate const. (kobs=23.4ﾴ10-4 s-1) was detd. from the rate of increase of aspalathin concn. in a tea infusion with time and the result interpreted using a steady state model. The results were compared with those of rose-hip, black and green teas. The first order rate const. for extn. of aspalathin was found to be comparable with that of l-ascorbic acid in rose-hip tea. However, the value was about five times smaller than that of flavanols from Japanese green tea and 3-10 times smaller than the extn. of caffeine from black Assam Bukial and green Chun Mee teas. The pH of the liquor at equil. was found to be 4.6. This value is comparable to that of both black and rose-hip tea but 20% smaller than that of green Chun Mee tea.
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Phenolic variation in wild populations of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos tea). van Heerden, F. R.; van Wyk, B.-E.; Viljoen, A. M.; Steenkamp, P. A. Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rand Afrikaans University, Auckland Park, S. Afr. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (2003), 31(8), 885-895. Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V., CODEN: BSECBU ISSN: 0305-1978. Journal written in English. CAN 139:320020 AN 2003:415003 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea, a herbal tea derived from Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae-tribe Crotalarieae) has become increasingly popular as a health drink. The beneficial properties are partly ascribed to the phenolic constituents in the plant, which are enzymically modified during processing. Within the species, distinct geog. forms can be recognized, differing in habit, fire-survival strategy, vegetative and reproductive morphol., enzyme patterns and flavonoids. Several phenolic compds. are known to occur in A. linearis. The main constituent of the com. tea type (also known as the Rocklands type or the red tea type) is the dihydrochalcone aspalathin, but the presence of other flavonoids such as nothofagin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, rutin and isoquercetrin has been reported. These compds. are found in the processed product, as well as the dried leaves. The relative quantities of phenolic compds. show large qual. and quant. differences between populations and provenances of the wild tea types. Within populations, however, the patterns are remarkably uniform. Aspalathin was found to be the main compd. in processed ("fermented") tea and also in dried leaves of several tea types. The compd. is absent in some wild tea populations, where other flavonoids occur as the main phenolics, notably orientin, isoorientin and rutin. Rutin is invariably the main compd. in Aspalathus pendula, a close relative of A. linearis that is rarely used to make tea. An overview of natural variation in phenolic compds. of the main wild tea types is presented.
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Quantification of quality parameters for reliable evaluation of green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). Schulz, Hartwig; Joubert, Elizabeth; Schuetze, Wolfgang. Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Institute of Plant Analysis, Quedlinburg, Germany. European Food Research and Technology (2003), 216(6), 539-543. Publisher: Springer-Verlag, CODEN: EFRTFO ISSN: 1438-2377. Journal written in English. CAN 139:229416 AN 2003:406402 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
An LC-MS/UV-Vis method was developed for the reliable identification of the most relevant flavonoids occurring in rooibos. The amts. of the dihydrochalcones aspalathin, (2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxy-3-C-b-d-glucopyranosyldihydrochalcone), nothofagin (2',3,4',6'-tetrahydroxy-3-C-b-d-glucopyranosyldihydrochalcone) and other flavonoids were detd. in unfermented and fermented samples, collected at different locations in South Africa. Generally, a substantial loss of both dihydrochalcones was obsd. after the fermn. process. An NIR spectroscopic method was developed to discriminate between unfermented and fermented rooibos and to predict the aspalathin content in unfermented rooibos. The total antioxidative activity, detd. according to the ABTSￗ+ scavenging method, was found to correlate very good with the aspalathin content in the unfermented plant material (R2=0.812).
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Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. Dakora, Felix D.; Phillips, Donald A. Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, S. Afr. Plant and Soil (2002), 245(1), 35-47. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers, CODEN: PLSOA2 ISSN: 0032-079X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 138:89196 AN 2002:784153 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review. Plant developmental processes are controlled by internal signals that depend on the adequate supply of mineral nutrients by soil to roots. Thus, the availability of nutrient elements can be a major constraint to plant growth in many environments of the world, esp. the tropics where soils are extremely low in nutrients. Plants take up most mineral nutrients through the rhizosphere, where microorganisms interact with plant products in root exudates. Plant root exudates consist of a complex mixt. of org. acid anions, phytosiderophores, sugars, vitamins, amino acids, purines, nucleosides, inorg. ions (e.g. HCO3-, OH-, H+), gaseous mols. (CO2, H2), enzymes and root border cells which have major direct or indirect effects on the acquisition of mineral nutrients required for plant growth. Phenolics and aldonic acids exuded directly by roots of N2-fixing legumes serve as major signals to Rhizobiaceae bacteria which form root nodules where N2 is reduced to ammonia. Some of the same compds. affect development of mycorrhizal fungi that are crucial for phosphate uptake. Plants growing in low-nutrient environments also employ root exudates in ways other than as symbiotic signals to soil microbes involved in nutrient procurement. Extracellular enzymes release P from org. compds., and several types of mols. increase iron availability through chelation. Org. acids from root exudates can solubilize unavailable soil Ca, Fe and Al phosphates. Plants growing on nitrate generally maintain electronic neutrality by releasing an excess of anions, including hydroxyl ions. Legumes, which can grow well without nitrate through the benefits of N2 redn. in the root nodules, must release a net excess of protons. These protons can markedly lower rhizosphere pH and decrease the availability of some mineral nutrients as well as the effective functioning of some soil bacteria, such as the rhizobial bacteria themselves.
Thus, environments which are naturally very acidic can pose a challenge to nutrient acquisition by plant roots, and threaten the survival of many beneficial microbes including the roots themselves. A few plants such as Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis L.) actively modify their rhizosphere pH by extruding OH- and HCO3- to facilitate growth in low pH soils (pH 3-5). Our current understanding of how plants use root exudates to modify rhizosphere pH and the potential benefits assocd. with such processes are assessed in this review.
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Screening of South African food plants for antioxidant activity. Lindsey, K. L.; Motsei, M. L.; Jager, A. K. Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Botany and Zoology, Univ. of National Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, S. Afr. Journal of Food Science (2002), 67(6), 2129-2131. Publisher: Institute of Food Technologists, CODEN: JFDSAZ ISSN: 0022-1147. Journal written in English. CAN 137:324481 AN 2002:674370 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
In a screening of South African indigenous food plants for antioxidant activity by testing for inhibition of lipid peroxidn., the "potherbs" Amaranthus sp., Sisymbrium thellungii, and Urtica dioica had very high activity. This activity was greatest in the boiled ext. of Amaranthus sp. and the boiled and aq. exts. of Sisymbrium thellungii and Urtica dioica. The activity in the aq. ext. of Nasturtium aquatica was lost by boiling. High activity was also obtained with the teas Galium aparine and Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) and with the tuber Colocasia esculenta.
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Quantitative characterization of flavonoid compounds in rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by LC-UV/DAD. Bramati, Lorenzo; Minoggio, Markus; Gardana, Claudio; Simonetti, Paolo; Mauri, Pierluigi; Pietta, Piergiorgio. Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Segrate, Italy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2002), 50(20), 5513-5519. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 137:324345 AN 2002:655623 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
An HPLC method using a C18 reversed phase column was developed for the assay of 10 flavonoids in aq. and methanolic infusions of rooibos. Main compds. detd. were the dihydrochalcone aspalathin, rutin, and orientin, and their content was in the range of 1.0 to 1.3 mg/g. The identity of detected flavonoids was confirmed by comparing their retention times and UV and MS spectra with those of corresponding stds. In addn., the MS anal. showed evidence of the presence of other compds. such as nothofagin, dihydroisoorientin, and dihydroorientin.
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Effects of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on native and cultivated plants of southern Africa. Musil, Charles F.; Chimphango, Samson B. M.; Dakora, Felix D. Research and Scientific Services, National Botanical Institute, Cape Town, S. Afr. Annals of Botany (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2002), 90(1), 127-137. Publisher: Oxford University Press, CODEN: ANBOA4 ISSN: 0305-7364. Journal written in English. CAN 138:149602 AN 2002:597250 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Seventeen herb, shrub and tree species of com. and ecol. importance in southern Africa were exposed at one location to UV-B (UV- B, 280-315 nm) radiation approx. 35 % above clear-sky background (control). The aims were to assess how UV-B affects canopy area, dry mass, and some biochem. and morphol. properties of leaves, and to investigate whether differences between species are related to growth form of the plants. There was no pattern of response to UV-B related to growth form. Leaves of trees had altered chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid and flavonoid concns., but those of shrubs or herbs did not. Nonstructural carbohydrates were unaffected. Smaller canopy areas and dry masses were obsd. under enhanced UV-B, but these were not statistically different among growth forms. There was a general insensitivity of species to elevated UV-B. Only five species had significantly altered leaf biochem. and morphol. properties, canopy area and dry mass, the changes differing in magnitude. There was no consistent pattern of change in leaf thickness or biochem. compn. with increased UV-B. Correlation analyses did not support the view that growth is less neg. affected in species with thick leaves or in those where leaf thickness increases, or in species with naturally high leaf flavonoid contents or that are able to synthesize addnl. flavonoids in response to UV-B enhancement. The analyses did not support the hypothesis that growth was inhibited by starch accumulation in leaves under elevated UV-B. However, changes in leaf shape did correlate with canopy area and dry mass, showing the importance of photomorphogenic changes caused by UV-B which affect species' performance. It was concluded that generalizations on plant sensitivity to UV-B based on growth form and functional type could be misleading, and that the great majority of economically important species of the region are likely to be insensitive to future UV-B increases.
Notable exceptions include the Colophospermum mopane tree ecotypes chota and leslie and the arable annual Vigna unguiculata, both of which are traditional sources of livelihood to rural African populations and of importance to African industry and agriculture.
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Improvement of the health value of foods. Schutze, Wolfgang; Marthe, Frank; Ryschka, Ulrich. Bundesanstalt fur Zuchtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen, Institut fur Pflanzenanalytik, Germany. Beitraege zur Zuechtungsforschung (2002), 8(1), 35-47. Publisher: Bundesanstalt fuer Zuechtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen, CODEN: ZUECF6 ISSN: 0948-5538. Journal written in German. CAN 137:108616 AN 2002:508992 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A lecture is given considering the improvement of the health value of foods and the nutritional importance of functional food. The author reports breeding results with respect of fatty acid concn. in oilseed rape, glucosinolate content in Brassica vegetables, flavonoids in tea of Aspalathus linearis, and carnosolic acid in rosemary and sage.
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Characteristics and physiological effects of rooibos tea. Nakano, Masatoshi. Department of Geriatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan. Shokuhin Kogyo (2002), 45(6), 50-56. Publisher: Korin, CODEN: SKGYAW ISSN: 0559-8990. Journal; General Review written in Japanese. CAN 137:336815 AN 2002:325254 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review on rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis), covering the botanical characteristics, the chem. compns., esp. high amts. of mineral elements, and their physiol. functions.
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Characterization and physiological function of rooibos tea. Nakano, Masatoshi. Research Institute of Geriatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan. Food Style 21 (2002), 6(4), 73-76. Publisher: Shokuhin Kagaku Shinbunsha, CODEN: FSTYFF Journal; General Review written in Japanese. CAN 137:337146 AN 2002:292990 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review covering the constipation-improving, antiallergy, anti-HIV effects of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea. The active components of the rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea including minerals and flavonoids are also discussed.
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Effects of rooibos tea extract on antigen-specific antibody production and cytokine generation in vitro and in vivo. Kunishiro, Kazuyoshi; Tai, Akihiro; Yamamoto, Itaru. Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (2001), 65(10), 2137-2145. Publisher: Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry, CODEN: BBBIEJ ISSN: 0916-8451. Journal written in English. CAN 136:128744 AN 2001:812477 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea contains a large amt. of flavonoids and acts as a potent antioxidant. In this study, we examd. the effects of Rooibos tea ext. on antigen-specific antibody prodn. and cytokine generation in vitro and in vivo. The primary in vitro anti-ovalbumin (anti-OVA) or sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody prodn. in murine splenocytes was markedly stimulated by the addn. of the tea ext. at concns. of 1-100 mg/mL. On the other hand, a nonspecific antibody response elicited with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in purified splenic B-cells was not modified by the ext. Rooibos tea ext. caused an increase in the generation of interleukin 2 (IL-2) both in OVA- and anti-CD3-primed splenocytes at concns. ranging from 10 mg/mL to 1000 mg/mL. In contrast, this tea ext. suppressed the generation of interleukin 4 (IL-4) in OVA-primed splenocytes. Moreover, the redn. of OVA-induced antibody prodn. in serum of the cyclosporin A (CyA)-treated rats can be significantly restored and the IL-2 generation in murine splenocytes was stimulated, following oral administrations of Rooibos tea ext. Thus, our findings suggested that Rooibos tea ext. may facilitate the antigen-specific antibody prodn. through selective augmentation of IL-2 generation both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, Rooibos tea intake may be of value in prophylaxis of the diseases involving a severe defect in Th1 immune response such as cancer, allergy, AIDS, and other infections.
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Dietary rooibos tea extract increases kidney oxidation resistance in rats. Hitomi, Eri; Tamura, Satomi; Tsurumoto, Yuko; Kawamura, Chiyoko; Ohata, Mineko; Nakano, Masatoshi. Department of Human Nutrition, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, Japan. ITE Letters on Batteries, New Technologies & Medicine (2001), 2(1), 111-115. Publisher: ITE-IBA Publication Office, CODEN: ILBMF9 Journal written in English. CAN 134:339964 AN 2001:274809 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
We examd. the amt. of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and the oxidn. resistance of serum and several tissues in rats, which were fed the rooibos tea ext. (RTE) for two weeks. The kidney from the RTE-fed group showed a significantly lower TBARS and reduced susceptibility to lipid peroxidn. caused by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) than that of the control group. These results suggest that dietary RTE contg. flavonoids suppress lipid peroxidn. in tissues, esp. in the kidney.
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Influence of Processing Stages on Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Potentials of Rooibos Tea. Standley, Lauren; Winterton, Paula; Marnewick, Jeanine L.; Gelderblom, Wentzel C. A.; Joubert, Elizabeth; Britz, Trevor J. Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, S. Afr. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2001), 49(1), 114-117. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 134:162187 AN 2000:862012 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The antimutagenic and antioxidant potentials of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea samples, collected from each of its major processing stages, were evaluated according to the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity test and the hydrogen donating ability and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays, resp. Ten random samples were collected before and after fermn., as well as after sun-drying, sieving, and steam pasteurization. Results indicated that the fermented tea had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower antimutagenic and antioxidant potential than the unfermented tea. Of the different processing stages, the most significant redn. in the antimutagenic and antioxidant property of the tea was found during the "fermn." step. Sun-drying, sieving, and steam pasteurization also reduced the antimutagenic potential of the tea, although not to the same extent as the first processing step. The hydrogen donating ability was significantly increased after steam pasteurization in comparison to those of fermented and sun-dried tea. Pasteurization did not affect superoxide anion radical scavenging in comparison to fermented tea. Differences seem to exist in the antimutagenicity and antioxidant potencies of the tea sampled at the various stages during processing. A possible role of tea polyphenols in the antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of the tea is suggested as processing caused a significant redn. in the total polyphenolic content.
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An investigation on the antimutagenic properties of South African herbal teas. Marnewick, J. L.; Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Joubert, E. Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, S. Afr. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis (2000), 471(1-2), 157-166. Publisher: Elsevier B.V., CODEN: MRGMFI ISSN: 1383-5718. Journal written in English. CAN 134:143108 AN 2000:804925 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The antimutagenic properties of South African herbal teas were investigated using the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. Aq. exts. of fermented and unfermented rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush tea (Cyclopia intermedia) both possess antimutagenic activity against 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced mutagenesis using tester strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of metabolic activation. A far less inhibitory effect was noticed against the direct acting mutagens, Me methanesulfonate (MMS), cumolhydroperoxide (CHP), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using TA102, a strain designed to detect oxidative mutagens and carcinogens. Depending on the mutagen used, the unfermented tea exhibited the highest protective effect. A similar response regarding the protection against mutagenesis was obtained when utilizing different variations of the double layer Salmonella assay. The double layer technique proved to be more effective to detect the protective effect of the different tea prepns. against the direct acting mutagens. With respect to indirect mutagens, the highest protection was noticed when the carcinogen was metabolically activated in the presence of the tea ext. as compared with when the tea ext. was incubated in a sep. layer with the bacteria. The current data suggest that two mechanisms seem to be involved in the antimutagenicity of the tea exts. towards carcinogens that require metabolic activation: (i) the tea components may interfere with cytochrome P 450-mediated metab. of these mutagens and (ii) the direct interaction between the tea constituents, presumably the polyphenolic compds., with the promutagens and/or the active mutagenic metabolites. However, the mild and/or lack of protection and in some cases even enhancement of mutagenesis induced by direct acting or oxidative mutagens, provide new perspectives regarding the role of the polyphenolic compds. known to exhibit antioxidant properties, in the protection against mutagenesis in the Salmonella assay.
The present study provides the first evidence on the antimutagenic activity of honeybush tea and further evidence on the antimutagenicity of rooibos tea.
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(S)- and (R)-Eriodictyol-6-C-b -D-glucopyranoside, novel keys to the fermentation of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis). Marais, C.; van Rensburg, W. J.; Ferreira, D.; Steenkamp, J. A. Department of Chemistry, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, S. Afr. Phytochemistry (2000), 55(1), 43-49. Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd., CODEN: PYTCAS ISSN: 0031-9422. Journal written in English. CAN 134:2669 AN 2000:637290 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The processed leaves and stems of Aspalathus linearis contain a new diastereomeric pair of the flavanones, (S)- and (R)-eriodictyol-6-C-b-D-glucopyranoside, which is also formed via the oxidative cyclization of the dihydrochalcone, aspalathin, under conditions which mimic the fermn. process.
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Interfacial effect of surfactants for anti-oxidant activities of natural anti-oxidants in O/W emulsion systems. Hashimoto, Satoru; Tamura, Koukichi. Nihon Surfactant Kogyo K. K., Tokyo, Japan. Material Technology (Tokyo) (2000), 18(6), 218-228. Publisher: Zairyo Gijutsu Kenkyu Kyokai, CODEN: MTECFQ Journal written in Japanese. CAN 133:212872 AN 2000:609156 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The activities of natural anti-oxidants in O/W emulsions are closely related to their partition behavior in different phases and their anti-oxidant effectiveness are enhanced with the addn. of specific surfactants providing a interfacial effect for the orientation of the anti-oxidants toward the oil/water interface which is the most important for anti-oxidn. For example, lipophilic polyglycerin fatty acid esters can change the partition behavior of hydrophilic natural anti-oxidants such as clove ext. and favor the orientation toward the O/W interface by their interfacial effects. We described (1) the interfacial effect of surfactants on increasing the anti-oxidant activities of natural anti-oxidants and the development of optimum anti-oxidant system for O/W emulsions and (2) the ability of this system in formulations for skin protection against daily pro-oxidative events by the environment (UV light, and so on).
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Hygienic studies on health foods using dried leaves of plants. Nakazato, Mitsuo; Ushiyama, Hirofumi; Yokoyama, Keiko; Kobayashi, Chigusa; Kawai, Yuka; Tateishi, Yukinari; Ogawa, Hitoshi; Yasuda, Kazuo. The Tokyo Metrop. Res. Lab. Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo-toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nenpo (2000), Volume Date 1999, 50 107-112. Publisher: Tokyo-toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho, CODEN: TRENAF ISSN: 0082-4771. Journal written in Japanese. CAN 134:28639 AN 2000:522919 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Food additives, harmful elements, mycotoxins, 134Cs plus 137Cs, and residual pesticides in 8 kinds of retail health drinks (total 77 samples) made of plants leaves such as Sesa vetchi, Artemisia princeps, Houttuynia cordata, and Psidium guajava were analyzed. Food additives except for less than 0.03 mg/kg of benzoic acid were not detected. Contents of As, Pd, and Cd were less than 0.1 mg/g (trace), trace-1.7 mg/g, and trace-0.4 mg/g, resp. Mycotoxins were not detected. The radioactive level of 134Cs plus 137Cs was less than 50 Bq/kg. Organochlorine and organophosphine chems. were detected in 28 samples (less than 0.01 mg/g-0.2 mg/g) and 5 samples (less than 0.01 mg/g-0.04 mg/g), resp.
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Symbiotic response of the african tea legume Aspalathus linearis (rooibos tea) to nutrient supply under glasshouse conditions. Muofhe, M. L.; Dakora, F. D. Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, S. Afr. Symbiosis (1999), 27(3+4), 279-292. Publisher: Balaban Publishers, CODEN: SYMBER ISSN: 0334-5114. Journal written in English. CAN 132:221955 AN 2000:76716 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A. linearis, a nodulating tea legume adapted to low pH conditions, showed significant (P mugwart > banaba > hydrangea > Japanese persimmon > loquat > houttuynia heb > taheebo teas. In particular, maidenhair, rooibosh, and green teas showed higher antioxidant effects than the others. On the other hand, aloe perrye and rose moshata teas had no preventive effect against oxidative deterioration of oil. This preventive effect increased in proportion to the dose for green, barley, and maidenhair teas, but persimmon and loquat teas had no antioxidant effect at concns. below 0.1%. The order of DPPH scavenging activity was gallic acid > green tea > banaba tea. A large no. of peaks in the Et acetate ext. obtained from banaba tea were isolated by HPLC, and identified as gentisic and gallic acids, catechin, and resorcinol. The main polyphenol components were gallic and gentisic acids and catechol.
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Nitrogen nutrition in nodulated field plants of the shrub tea legume Aspalathus linearis assessed using 15N natural abundance. Muofhe, M. L.; Dakora, F. D. Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, S. Afr. Plant and Soil (1999), 209(2), 181-186. Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers, CODEN: PLSOA2 ISSN: 0032-079X. Journal written in English. CAN 131:184447 AN 1999:523502 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Provision of N, P, and Ca to field plants of A. linearis markedly (P black > oolong > fermented rooibos > unfermented rooibos > semifermented rooibos. However, antioxidant activity as assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging method decreased in the order: green > unfermented rooibos > fermented rooibos > semifermented rooibos> black > oolong.
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Effect of Extraction Time and Additional Heating on the Antioxidant Activity of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis) Extracts. von Gadow, Astrid; Joubert, Elizabeth; Hansmann, C. F. Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (1997), 45(4), 1370-1374. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 126:198771 AN 1997:204909 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of aq. exts. of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by extn. time and addnl. exposure to heat was detd. using the Rancimat and b-carotene bleaching methods. Two fractions of the aq. ext., consisting of phenolic compds. sol. in Et acetate and, after removal of these substances, the remaining polymeric fraction only sol. in water, were analyzed for antioxidant activity. The effect of concn. of the sol. solids of rooibos tea on the oxidn. of lard and linoleic acid were assessed by the Rancimat and b-carotene bleaching methods, resp. Increasing extn. time resulted in increasing induction time for a fixed ratio of sol. solids to lard. Addnl. heat treatment of tea exts. also increased antioxidant activity according to the Rancimat method, without exhibiting a prooxidative effect at high concns. Antioxidant activity of rooibos was demonstrated for both the Et acetate sol. phenolic compds. and the highly polymd. polyphenols only sol. in water.
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Polysaccharide from Aspalathus linearis with strong anti-HIV activity. Nakano, Masatoshi; Itoh, Yoshiko; Mizuno, Toshiaki; Nakashima, Hideki. Inst. Med. Sch. Aging, Aichi Med. Univ., Nagakute, Japan. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (1997), 61(2), 267-271. Publisher: Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry, CODEN: BBBIEJ ISSN: 0916-8451. Journal written in English. CAN 126:220316 AN 1997:165968 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A polysaccharide extd. with 1% Na2CO3 from A. linearis leaves showed strong anti-HIV activity. Du-Zhong (crude alk. ext. of Eucommia ulmoides) also showed anti-HIV activity, although less than that of the ext. of A. linearis, but Japanese tea leaves and a hot water ext. of A. linearis did not. The anti-HIV activity of the alk. ext. of A. linearis was recovered mainly in the 25-75% EtOH-pptd. fraction. The polysaccharide almost completely inhibited the binding of HIV-1 to MT-4 cells.
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Effect of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) on chick skeletal muscle cell growth in culture. Lamosova, D.; Juarni, M.; Greksak, M.; Nakano, M.; Vanekova, M. Inst. Animal Biochemistry Genetics, Slovak Academy of Science, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology (1997), 116C(1), 39-45. Publisher: Elsevier, CODEN: CBPCEE ISSN: 0742-8413. Journal written in English. CAN 126:246781 AN 1997:165644 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea (RT) ext. contains natural antioxidants and scavenging agents. We investigated the effects of different concns. of RT ext. in medium on growth and changes of growth parameters of cultured chick embryonic skeletal muscle cells. Presence of 2, 10 and 100% of RT ext. in the culture of primary cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation. The inhibition of cell growth reflected on decreased DNA, RNa and protein contents in primary cell culture and fibroblasts and myoblasts. The ability of the primary cells, fibroblasts and myoblasts to synthesize DNA and protein in the presence of RT ext., measured as an amt. of [3H]thymidine and [3H]leucine incorporated into DNA and de novo synthesized protein, corresponded with decreasing DNA and protein contents in all three cell types. The inhibition effect of RT rose with increasing concn. of the tea ext. in the culture medium. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was significantly affected only by 100% RT ext. in every examd. cell types. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of RT ext. on the growth of primary cells, fibroblasts and myoblasts is due to the potent scavenging activity of the RT ext.
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Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Aspalathin with That of Other Plant Phenols of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis), a -Tocopherol, BHT, and BHA. von Gadow, Astrid; Joubert, Elizabeth; Hansmann, Chris F. Department of Food Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, S. Afr. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (1997), 45(3), 632-638. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 126:143470 AN 1997:132560 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of aspalathin, the major flavonoid of unfermented rooibos tea, was compared with that of other polyphenols present in rooibos tea, a-tocopherol, BHT, and BHA using the b-carotene bleaching, a,a-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and automated Rancimat methods. The phenolic compds. include the flavonoids vitexin, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, isoquercitrin, (+)-catechin, and the phenolic acids protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid. (+)-Catechin had the longest induction period according to the Rancimat method, while BHT was the most effective inhibitor of b-carotene bleaching. Compds. with the highest degree of DPPH radical scavenging and highest rate of scavenging were caffeic acid and aspalathin, resp. Aspalathin offered less protection against lipid oxidn. than BHT and a-tocopherol according to the Rancimat and b-carotene methods, but it displayed a higher ability to scavenge the DPPH radical.
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Occurrence of phenylpyruvic acid in woody plants: biosynthetic significance and synthesis of an enolic glucoside derivative. Marais, Charlene; Steenkamp, Jacobus A.; Ferreira, Daneel. Dep. Chem., Univ. Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, S. Afr. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry (1996), (24), 2915-2918. Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, CODEN: JCPRB4 ISSN: 0300-922X. Journal written in English. CAN 126:142015 AN 1997:56554 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The leaves and stems of Aspalathus linearis, a member of the Fabaceae, contains (Z)-2-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid 1, an enolic glucoside of phenylpyruvic acid, representing the first unequivocal evidence for the latter's presence in woody plants. The synthesis of a deriv. 2 of the natural product, and of related regiomeric and geometrical isomers 3,4 and 5 and the biosynthetic significance in relation to the shikimic acid pathway are discussed.
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Antioxidants of rooibos tea - a possible explanation for its health promoting properties? Joubert, E.; Ferreira, D. INFRUITEC, Stellenbosch, S. Afr. SA Journal of Food Science & Nutrition (1996), 8(3), 79-83. Publisher: South African Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, CODEN: SJFNEP ISSN: 1013-3666. Journal; General Review written in Afrikaans. CAN 126:103184 AN 1997:46179 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea, an indigenous South African herbal tea, is considered to be a health drink with a beneficial effect on human health. The unique phenolic metabolites of rooibos tea acting as potent antioxidants may be the key to its therapeutic value. Recent research in Japan indicated antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity for rooibos tea infusions. These activities are assocd. with antioxidative properties of rooibos tea. Free radical damage and the protective role of antioxidants with emphasis on flavonoids present in rooibos tea, are briefly discussed with 13 refs.
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HPLC quantification of the dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin in rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by processing. Joubert, E. INTRUITEC, Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Food Chemistry (1996), 55(4), 403-11. Publisher: Elsevier, CODEN: FOCHDJ ISSN: 0308-8146. Journal written in English. CAN 124:315282 AN 1996:253893 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A HPLC method was developed for detn. of the C-glucoside dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin, in rooibos tea. Gradient sepn. of the phenolic fraction was achieved on a reversed-phase C18 column. The polyphenolic fraction was prepd. by extn. of the phenolic compds. with hot water, followed by liq.-liq. extn. with Et acetate. The method was applied to unprocessed, partially oxidized (unfermented) and fermented rooibos tea as well as tea dried in the sun and under controlled conditions. Aspalathin and nothofagin oxidn. occurred as soon as the tea leaves were comminuted which resulted in browning as indicated by CIELAB parameters. The drying method had no effect on the degree of oxidn. of aspalathin and nothofagin.
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Radioprotective effects of antioxidative plant flavonoids in mice. Shimoi, Kayoko; Masuda, Shuichi; Shen, Bingrong; Furugori, Michiyo; Kinae, Naohide. Laboratory of Food Hygiene, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, Japan. Mutation Research, Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis (1996), 350(1), 153-61. Publisher: Elsevier, CODEN: MUREAV ISSN: 0027-5107. Journal written in English. CAN 124:225209 AN 1996:131499 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Radioprotective effects of tea infusions and plant flavonoids were investigated by using the micronucleus test for anticlastogenic activity and the thiobarbituric acid assay for antioxidative activity. A single gastric intubation of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) infusion at 1 mL per mouse 2 h prior to g-ray irradn. (1.5 Gy) reduced the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs). After the fractionation of rooibos tea infusion, the flavonoid fraction was found to be most anticlastogenic and antioxidative. From this fraction, luteolin was isolated as an effective component. Then, anticlastogenic effects of 12 flavonoids contg. luteolin and their antioxidative activities against lipid peroxidn. by Fenton's reagent were examd. A good correlation (r = 0.717) was obsd. between both activities. Luteolin showed the most effective potency. A gastric intubation of luteolin (10 mmol/kg) 2 h prior to g-ray irradn. (6 Gy) suppressed lipid peroxidn. in mouse bone marrow and spleen and a trend of protective effect of luteolin against the decrease of endogenous ascorbic acid in mouse bone marrow after g-ray irradn. (3 Gy) was obsd. These results suggest that plant flavonoids, which show antioxidative potency in vitro, work as antioxidants in vivo and their radioprotective effects may be attributed to their scavenging potency towards free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, the flavonoids contained in tea, vegetables and fruit seem to be important as antioxidants in the human diet.
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The suppression of age-related accumulation of lipid peroxides in rat brain by administration of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Inanami, O.; Asanuma, T.; Inukai, N.; Jin, T.; Shimokawa, S.; Kasai, N.; Nakano, M.; Sato, F.; Kuwabara, M. Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan. Neuroscience Letters (1995), 196(1,2), 85-8. Publisher: Elsevier, CODEN: NELED5 ISSN: 0304-3940. Journal written in English. CAN 123:197618 AN 1995:778706 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The protective effects of Rooibos tea (RT), Aspalathus linearis, against damage to the central nervous system (CNS) accompanying aging were examd. by both the thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods in brains of chronically RT-treated rats. Ad libitum administration of RT was begun with 3-mo-old Wistar female rats and continued for 21 mo. The contents of TBA reactive substances (TBARS) in the frontal cortex, occipital cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in 24-mo-old rats after administration with water were significantly higher than those in young rats (5 wk old). However, no significant increase of TBARS was obsd. in RT-administered aged rats. When MR images of the brains of 24-mo-old rats with and without RT as well as 5-wk-old rats were taken, a decrease of the signal intensity was obsd. in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in MR images of aged rats without RT, whereas little change of the signal intensity was obsd. in MR images of the same regions of 24-mo-old rats treated with RT, whose images were similar to those of young rats. These observations suggested that (1) the age-related accumulation of lipid peroxides in the brain was closely related to the morphol. changes obsd. by MRI, and (2) chronic RT-administration prevented age-related accumulation of lipid peroxides in several regions of rat brain.
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Determination of Peroxyl Radical-Scavenging Activity in Food by Using Bactericidal Action of Alkyl Peroxyl Radical. Akaike, Takaaki; Ijiri, Sumiko; Sato, Keizo; Maeda, Hiroshi. School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (1995), 43(7), 1864-70. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 123:31522 AN 1995:654719 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A novel bioassay for antioxidant activity was developed on the basis of bactericidal actions of alkyl peroxyl radical (ROO.bul.). ROO.bul. was generated by the reaction of heme irons and various alkyl hydroperoxides. A Gram-pos. bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, was subjected to cytotoxic treatment with ROO.bul. with or without various antioxidants. This bacterial suspension was serially dild., on a 96-well multiplate, in mannitol broth contg. phenol red as a pH indicator. After overnight incubation, the growth of ROO.bul.-treated bacteria produces acid formation, resulting in a change in color of the broth, which permits easy quantitation of viable bacteria protected by antioxidants. Accordingly, ROO.bul. scavenging by various antioxidants could be reproducibly quantitated. Among 22 antioxidants tested, cytotoxicity was substantially inhibited by a-tocopherol, glutathione, L-cysteine, probucol, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Furthermore, the antibactericidal activity of various teas and nonalcoholic drinks showed very high correlation with their antioxidant activities detd. by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay (r = 0.91). By this simple bioassay, a large no. of samples can be analyzed simultaneously to det. ROO.bul.-scavenging activity.
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Biochemical genetic variation in four wild populations of Aspalathus linearis. Van Der Bank, Michelle; Van Wyk, Ben-Erik; Van Der Bank, Herman. Dep. Botany, Rand Afrikaans Univ., Johannesburg, S. Afr. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (1995), 23(3), 257-62. Publisher: Elsevier, CODEN: BSECBU ISSN: 0305-1978. Journal written in English. CAN 123:108065 AN 1995:651047 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Four morphol. different populations of A. linearis were examd. by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to assess levels and patterns of genetic variation and to est. the amt. of genetic differentiation within and between populations. Leaf exts. were surveyed for 13 enzymes, and gene products revealed genetic variation at six (40%) of 15 protein coding loci. The percentages of polymorphic loci range from 6.67 to 26.67% (0.95 criterion), values of 1.07-1.40 were obtained for the mean no. of alleles per locus, and av. heterozygosities per locus were calcd. at 0.016-0.096. The mean genotypic distance index (Nei, M., 1978) between populations was 0.034. Enzyme electrophoresis appears to be a suitable method for studying genetic variation in A. linearis.
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Antioxidative effect of rooibos tea. Shimoi, Kayoko; Kinae, Naohide. Sch. Food Nutr. Sci., Univ. Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. Gekkan Fudo Kemikaru (1995), 11(3), 59-63. CODEN: GFKEEX ISSN: 0911-2286. Journal; General Review written in Japanese. CAN 122:212674 AN 1995:453865 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review with 19 refs. on chem. characteristics of rooibos tea (tea from Aspalathus linearis leaves) and antioxidative effects in mice and rats of flavonoids (e.g. luteolin) of rooibos tea.
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Biological characteristics and the action of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Komatsu, Kenshi. Sch. Med., Nagasaki Univ., Nagasaki, Japan. Fragrance Journal (1994), 22(7), 85-8. CODEN: FUJAD7 ISSN: 0288-9803. Journal; General Review written in Japanese. CAN 121:177922 AN 1994:577922 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review with 18 refs. on chem. components, antioxidant effect, and chromosome aberration- and oncogenic transformation-suppressing effect of Rooibos tea.
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Phenolic metabolites from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Rabe, Charlene; Steenkamp, Jacobus A.; Joubert, Elizabeth; Burger, Johann F. W.; Ferreira, Daneel. Dep. Chem., Univ. Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, S. Afr. Phytochemistry (1994), 35(6), 1559-65. CODEN: PYTCAS ISSN: 0031-9422. Journal written in English. CAN 121:7808 AN 1994:407808 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The processed leaves and stems of Aspalathus linearis contain hydroxylated benzoic and cinnamic acids, luteolin, chrysoeriol, quercetin, isoquercitrin, the C-C linked b-D-glucopyranosides based on four flavones and the dihydrochalcone aspalathin.
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Suppression of the formation of advanced glycosylation products by tea extracts. Kinae, N.; Shimoi, K.; Masumori, S.; Harusawa, M.; Furugori, M. Sch. Food Nutr. Sci., Univ. Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. ACS Symposium Series (1994), 547(Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention II), 68-75. CODEN: ACSMC8 ISSN: 0097-6156. Journal written in English. CAN 120:95716 AN 1994:95716 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Three kinds of tea exts. were prepd. from green tea (Camellia sinensis, unfermented), polei tea (Camellia assamica, fermented with yeast) and rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis, irradiated with sunlight). Each tea ext. was incubated with a mixt. of D-glucose and human serum albumin under physiol. conditions (pH 7.4, 37 ﾰC). All tea exts. suppressed formation of glycated albumin, including fluorescent advanced glycosylation endproducts. Detn. of the ESR spectra of reaction mixts. and tea exts. suggested that the suppression is correlated with the radical scavenging potency of the tea exts. Several tea components such as catechins and flavonoids may play important roles in the disappearance of free radicals contg. superoxide formed in the early stage of the Maillard reaction.
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Inhibitory effect of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) on the induction of chromosome aberrations in vivo and in vitro. Shimoi, K.; Hokabe, Y.; Sasaki, Y. F.; Yamada, H.; Kator, K.; Kinae, N. Sch. Food Nutr. Sci., Univ. Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. ACS Symposium Series (1994), 547(Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention II), 105-13. CODEN: ACSMC8 ISSN: 0097-6156. Journal written in English. CAN 120:95008 AN 1994:95008 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with Rooibos tea ext. (RT, lyophilizate of Rooibos tea infusion, 100-1000 mg/mL) simultaneously with or subsequent to mitomycin C or benzo[a]pyrene (BP) significantly suppressed chromosome aberrations induced in the presence or absence of a metabolic activation system. Furthermore, gastric intubation of RT (0.05-0.1%) to ICR male mice at 1 mL per mouse per day for 28 days before i.p. mitomycin C or BP treatment reduced micronucleus induction in peripheral blood reticulocytes. When mice received oral administration of RT (0.05%) in the drinking water ad libitum for 28 days, the frequency of micronuclei induced by mitomycin C (i.p.) or gamma rays was also decreased. As the dose of tea ext. used in the expts. was almost the same as that of typical human daily consumption, RT intake might be a useful tool for chemoprevention of human cancer.
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Effects of rooibos tea extract on the sensitivity of mammalian cells to hydrogen peroxide. Ito, A.; Shinohara, K.; Kator, K. Dep. Radiat. Res., Tokyo Metrop. Inst. Med. Sci., Tokyo, Japan. International Congress Series (1992), 998(Oxygen Radicals), 827-30. CODEN: EXMDA4 ISSN: 0531-5131. Journal written in English. CAN 119:138029 AN 1993:538029 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The protective effects of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea ext. against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity were studied. Pretreatment of cells with tea ext. caused resistance to subsequent H2O2 treatment. However the protective effect was not obsd. for either x-rays, a source of hydroxyl radicals, or 365 nm near-UV radiation which produces 1O2.
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Volatile constituents of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by extraction process. Kawakami, Michiko; Kobayashi, Akio; Kator, Kunihiko. Dep. Life Culture, Shion Junior Coll., Hitachi, Japan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (1993), 41(4), 633-6. CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 119:7649 AN 1993:407649 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Volatile components of Rooibos tea produced in South Africa were analyzed by gas chromatog. (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry. The GC pattern of brewed tea rudimentarily extd. by dichloromethane (brewed ext.) differed markedly from the GC pattern of the ext. prepd. by simultaneous steam distn. and extn. (SDE). The former consisted of 50 components such as 2-phenylethanol, 2-methoxy-2-buten-4-olide, guaiacol, dihydroactinidiolide, 4-butanolide, methylethylmaleimide, and hexanoic acid. The latter consisted of 123 components such as guaiacol, acetic acid, 2-phenylethanol, geranylacetone, b-damascenone, hexanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecanone. A total of 42 components were newly identified as Rooibos tea volatiles, including 5 hydrocarbons, 7 alcs., 7 aldehydes, 5 ketones, 4 acids, 1 ester, 8 lactones, 2 anhydrides, 1 imide, 1 phenol, and 1 furan. The aroma of brewed ext. was characterized by many kinds of lactone compds. Model expts. using the two extn. methods were carried out on std. mixts. of the Rooibos tea volatiles. While the GC pattern of the std. mixt. was accurately reproduced by the brewed ext., the SDE ext. was found lacking in lactone compds.
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Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Komaitis, M. E. Dep. Agric. Ind., Agric. Univ. Athens, Athens, Greece. Developments in Food Science (1992), 28(Off-Flavors Foods Beverages), 417-18. CODEN: DFSCDX ISSN: 0167-4501. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 117:210834 AN 1992:610834 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A review, with 7 refs., on the volatile flavor compds. of rooibos tea.
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Chemical and sensory analyses of spray- and freeze-dried extracts of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Joubert, E. Fruit Fruit Technol. Res. Inst., Stellenbosch, S. Afr. International Journal of Food Science and Technology (1990), 25(3), 344-9. CODEN: IJFTEZ ISSN: 0950-5423. Journal written in English. CAN 114:22674 AN 1991:22674 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Spray- and freeze-dried rooibos tea exts. were prepd., and the sol. solids which pptd. upon cooling of the conc. were isolated. Their effect on compn. and sensory qualities of the dried tea was detd. Prepn. of sol. rooibos teas resulted in significant flavor differences, but no preference for freshly brewed tea was found. The method of dehydration and removal of pptd. solids did not affect the flavor of the dried tea ext. significantly. Removal of the ppt. resulted in marked decreases in total polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, flavanol and proanthocyanidin contents of the dried sol. product.
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Effect of batch extraction conditions on extraction of polyphenols from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Joubert, E. Fruit Fruit Technol. Res. Inst., Stellenbosch, S. Afr. International Journal of Food Science and Technology (1990), 25(3), 339-43. CODEN: IJFTEZ ISSN: 0950-5423. Journal written in English. CAN 114:22673 AN 1991:22673 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The effects of extn. temp. (23, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90ﾰ), mass ratio of ext.: dry tea leaf (5:1 and 10:1) and flow rate of water (0.1 and 0.2 m3/h) on extn. of total polyphenols, flavonoids and nonflavonoid phenols from rooibos tea were detd. with a single-stage batch-extn. system. Extn. of the different phenolic groups from tea leaves increased significantly with increasing extn. of flavonoids. Increasing mass ratio and decreasing flow rate resulted in better extn. of the different phenolic groups. The phenolic content of ext. sol. solids also increased significantly with temp. At extn. temps. 23 and 50ﾰ, increasing mass ratio resulted in a significant increase in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the sol. solids. The nonflavonoid phenol content increased significantly with increasing mass ratio at temps. >23ﾰ. Flow rate did not significantly affect the total phenolic and flavonoid content of sol. solids.
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Effect of time on fixed-bed extraction of polyphenols from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Joubert, Elizabeth. Fruit and Fruit Technol. Res. Inst., Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und -Technologie (1990), 23(2), 181-3. CODEN: LBWTAP ISSN: 0023-6438. Journal written in English. CAN 113:76865 AN 1990:476865 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Extn. of total polyphenols, flavonoids and nonflavonoid phenols of rooibos tea were investigated with a fixed-bed system at an extn. temp. of 90ﾰ and flow rates of 0.09 and 0.18 m3/h. Extn. conditions affected phenolic content of exts., sol. solids and yield of polyphenols. Increasing flow rate resulted in decreasing extn. of polyphenols at set extn. times. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of sol. solids increased for the first 5-8 min of extn, while nonflavonoid phenols remained const. (12%). Total polyphenols consisted mostly of flavonoids (59-68%) depending on extn. time.
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The influence of impaction and sulfuric acid scarification on electrolyte and carbohydrate leakage in Aspalathus linearis seeds. Kelly, Kathleen M.; Van Staden, J. Dep. Bot., Univ. Natal, Pietermaritzburg, S. Afr. South African Journal of Botany (1988), 54(4), 392-3. CODEN: SAJBDD ISSN: 0254-6299. Journal written in English. CAN 110:21203 AN 1989:21203 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Dormancy in A. linearis seeds, imposed by a water-impermeable seed coat, may be broken by impaction (percussion) or by means of acid scarification. The latter treatment could cause harmful leakage of seed compds. during germination. Leakage from acid-scarified seeds occurred in two phases, with an apparent period of membrane re-establishment between the two phases. This was obsd. with respect to both electrolyte and carbohydrate leakage. Impacted seeds exhibited a minimal electrolyte and carbohydrate leakage.
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Volatile components of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Habu, Tsutomu; Flath, Robert A.; Mon, T. Richard; Morton, Julia F. Kawasaki Res. Lab., T. Hasegawa Co., Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (1985), 33(2), 249-54. CODEN: JAFCAU ISSN: 0021-8561. Journal written in English. CAN 102:111852 AN 1985:111852 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Rooibos tea components have been identified by using capillary gas chromatog. and gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Samples were vacuum steam distd./solvent extd. to yield a volatile oil for anal. Among the 99 components pos. or tentatively identified in the vacuum steam volatile oil are 26 ketones, 19 aldehydes, 16 alcs., 12 esters, 9 hydrocarbons, 7 phenols, 4 acids, 3 ethers, and 3 misc. components. The major components of the ext. were shown to be guaiacol [90-05-1], 6-methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one, damascenone [23726-93-4], geranylacetone [3796-70-1], b-phenylethyl alc. [60-12-8], and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one [110-93-0]. Headspace anal. of dry leaves yielded 218 pos. or tentative identifications: 47 alcs., 41 ketones, 39 aldehydes, 27 hydrocarbons, 24 esters, 13 ethers, 7 phenols, 6 acids, and 14 misc. components.
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Aspalathin, a novel C-glycosylflavonoid from Aspalathus linearis. Koeppen, B. H.; Roux, D. G. Univ. Stellenbosch, S. Afr. Tetrahedron Letters (1965), (39), 3497-603. CODEN: TELEAY ISSN: 0040-4039. Journal written in English. CAN 64:27822 AN 1966:27822 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2008 ACS on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
cf. CA 60, 15972a. Isolation from A. linearis gave aspalathin (I), C21H24O11, an amorphous polyphenolic compd. converted by CH2N2 in MeOH to a cryst. nonaacetate (II), C39H42O20, m. 152-4ﾰ, and a non-cryst. pentamethyl ether (III), C26H34O11. Alkali fusion of I gave 1,3,5-(HO)3C6H3 and 3,4-(HO)2C6H3CO2H. I refluxed 2 hrs. in aq. 2N HCl failed to liberate any sugar, thus suggesting the presence of a C-glycosyl compd. Formation of a fluorescent chelate with AlCl3 and the bathochromic shift of the uv absorption max. at 290 mm (alc.) to 308 mm (75 millimoles AlCl3 in alc.) indicated direct attachment of the CO group to the A ring, though the colorless nature and the uv spectrum of I precluded conjugation of the B ring with the CO group. Evidence of the CO group was provided by the ir bands at 1695, 1710 cm.-1 in the spectra of III and II, resp. In the presence of sunlight an alc. soln. of I slowly produced 2,3-dihydroisoorientin, suggesting a dihydro structure for I. III oxidized with NaIO4 resulted in uptake of 2 moles HIO4 per mole I with formation of 1 mole HCO2H. NaBH4 reduction of the oxidized III and acid hydrolysis of the product liberated glycerol. The hexopyranosyl residue in I was confirmed by detection of glucose and arabinose on FeCl3 oxidn. of I or III. The identity of I as a C-glucopyranosyldihydrochalcone was supported by the N.M.R. signals of II at t 2.92, 3.00, 5.28, 6.98, 7.50-8.25 ppm. The up-field signal at 8.22 ppm., assigned to the C-2'' acetyl required the group to have equatorial orientation and spectrum therefore supports the identification of I as a C-b-D-glucopyranosyl compd. Acetylation of III gave an amorphous product, C34H42O15, N.M.R. spectrum confirming the presence of 5-MeO and 4 Ac groups, with signal at t 6.94 ppm. indicating the presence of 2 equally shielded CH2 groups. II treated with (CH2CO)2NBr and BzO2 in CHCl3 gave the a-bromodihydrochalcone, C39H41BrO20, m. 185ﾰ, as confirmed by the absence of N.M.R. signals in the 7.0 ppm.
region, the appearance of the 3 residual protons of the ethylenic group as an A2X system, the resonance of the remaining proton at a-C as a triplet at 4.48 and of the b-methylene protons as a doublet at 6.30. Comparison of the spectra of I and phloretin in C5H5N in the 6-7 ppm. region showed striking similarity in the pattern of the ethylenic protons. The C-1'' proton of I at t 4.30 (10) was particularly evident in C5H5N. The spectrum of I in Me2SO4 showed a broad signal at t -3.70, assigned to the 2'-OH proton H-bonded to the CO group. I methylated with the theoretical amt. of Me2SO4 produced a tetramethyl ether, giving a pos. FeCl3 reaction and showing low field resonance at t -4.00 due to H-bonded phenolic OH. I, 3'-C-b-D-glucopyranosyl-3,4,2',4',6'-pentahydroxydihydrochalcone, appears to be the 1st known example of a naturally occurring C-glycosyldihydrochalcone.
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Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) partially prevents oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ulicna O; Vancova O; Bozek P; Carsky J; Sebekova K; Boor P; Nakano M; Greksak M Laboratory of Pharmacobiochemistry, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca (2006), 55(2), 157-64. Journal code: 9112413. ISSN:0862-8408. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T) written in English. PubMed ID 15910170 AN 2006225721 MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2008 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rooibos tea as a natural source of a wide scale of antioxidants on the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Expected significant changes of biochemical parameters characteristic for experimental diabetic state were found in plasma and tissues eight weeks after single dose streptozotocin application. Administration of aqueous and alkaline extracts of rooibos tea (or N-acetyl-L-cysteine for comparison) to diabetic rats did not affect markers of the diabetic status (glucose, glycated hemoglobin and fructosamine). Besides the parameters characterizing hepatotoxic effect of streptozotocin, rooibos tea significantly lowered advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the plasma and in different tissues of diabetic rats, particularly MDA concentration in the lens. From these results we can conclude that antioxidant compounds in rooibos tea partially prevent oxidative stress and they are effective in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic biological systems. Therefore, rooibos tea as a commonly used beverage can be recommended as an excellent adjuvant support for the prevention and therapy of diabetic vascular complications, particularly for protecting ocular membrane systems against their peroxidation by reactive oxygen species.
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Regeneration of coenzyme Q9 redox state and inhibition of oxidative stress by Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) administration in carbon tetrachloride liver damage. Kucharska J; Ulicna O; Gvozdjakova A; Sumbalova Z; Vancova O; Bozek P; Nakano M; Greksak M Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Hlboka 7, 811 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. jarmila.kucharska@stonline.sk Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca (2004), 53(5), 515-21. Journal code: 9112413. ISSN:0862-8408. (COMPARATIVE STUDY); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T) written in English. PubMed ID 15479130 AN 2004510907 MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2008 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The effect of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) on liver antioxidant status and oxidative stress was investigated in rat model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. Synthetic antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was used for comparison. Administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 10 weeks decreased liver concentrations of reduced and oxidized forms of coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9H2 and CoQ9), reduced -tocopherol content and simultaneously increased the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) as indicator of lipid peroxidation. Rooibos tea and NAC administered to CCl4-damaged rats restored liver concentrations of CoQ9H2 and alpha-tocopherol and inhibited the formation of MDA, all to the values comparable with healthy animals. Rooibos tea did not counteract the decrease in CoQ9, whereas NAC was able to do it. Improved regeneration of coenzyme Q9 redox state and inhibition of oxidative stress in CCl4-damaged livers may explain the beneficial effect of antioxidant therapy. Therefore, the consumption of rooibos tea as a rich source of natural antioxidants could be recommended as a market available, safe and effective hepatoprotector in patients with liver diseases.
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Hepatoprotective effect of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) on CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. Ulicna O; Greksak M; Vancova O; Zlatos L; Galbavy S; Bozek P; Nakano M Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Moyzesova Str. 61, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji. Slovak Republic. Miloslav.Greksak@savba.sk Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca (2003), 52(4), 461-6. Journal code: 9112413. ISSN:0862-8408. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T) written in English. PubMed ID 12899659 AN 2003366638 MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2008 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
Hepatoprotective properties of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) were investigated in a rat model of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). Rooibos tea, like N-acetyl-L-cysteine which was used for the comparison, showed histological regression of steatosis and cirrhosis in the liver tissue with a significant inhibition of the increase of liver tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde, triacylglycerols and cholesterol. Simultaneously, rooibos tea significantly suppressed mainly the increase in plasma activities of aminotransferases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase and billirubin concentrations, which are considered as markers of liver functional state. The antifibrotic effect in the experimental model of hepatic cirrhosis of rats suggests the use of rooibos tea as a plant hepatoprotector in the diet of patients with hepatopathies.
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Antihemolytic effect of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) on red blood cells of Japanese quails. Simon M; Horovska L; Greksak M; Dusinsky R; Nakano M Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ivanka pri Dunaji General physiology and biophysics (2000), 19(4), 365-71. Journal code: 8400604. ISSN:0231-5882. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T) written in English. PubMed ID 11409839 AN 2001346823 MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2008 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The antihemolytic activity of Rooibos and black tea on Japanese quail erythrocytes was studied. Peroxide and hypotonic hemolysis of the red blood cells of quails, either fed with Rooibos tea supplemented food or fed without tea, was performed. Long-term consumption of Rooibos tea did not change the erythrocyte fragility to either peroxide or hypotonia induced hemolysis. However, Rooibos and black teas decreased peroxide induced hemolysis of erythrocytes incubated with each of them, but not hemolysis induced by hypotonic NaCl solution. Stronger inhibition of hemolysis has been obtained when a boiled water extract of Rooibos tea was used for the inhibition. The degree of inhibition was comparable with the effect of ascorbic acid.
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Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of oligosaccharides from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) extracts in vitro. Nakano M; Nakashima H; Itoh Y Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Japan Leukemia : official journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K (1997), 11 Suppl 3 128-30. Journal code: 8704895. ISSN:0887-6924. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9209319 AN 97353061 MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2008 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
The active substances, acid polysaccharides, were extracted with 1% sodium hydroxide from the leaves of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis), Du Zhong Cha (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) and Japanese tea leaves (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis). The alkaline extracts of Rooibos tea and Du-Zhong tea leaves, but not Japanese tea leaves suppressed the HIV-induced cytopathicity using HIV (HTLV-III) infected MT-4 cells, having extremely low cytotoxicity: Its 50% effective concentration (EC50) was 12-67 micrograms/mL, white 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was higher than 1.0 mg/mL. The active substances were purified with ethanol precipitation. The substances were composed of 27% of reducing sugar, 46% of neutral sugars and 22% of uronic acid. A LD50 of the alkaline extracts from rooibos tea was higher than 1.2 g/kg body weight. Acid degradated substances composed of disaccharides and trisaccharides, were also suppressed the HIV-induced cytopathicity. From these results, it is probable that acid polysaccharides from rooibos tea were extremely safe, and that HIV infection may be suppressed by daily intake of the alkaline extracts of rooibos tea and Du-Zhong tea.
Bibliographic Information
The effect of rooibos tea on iron absorption. Hesseling P B; Klopper J F; van Heerden P D South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (1979), 55(16), 631-2. Journal code: 0404520. ISSN:0256-9574. (COMPARATIVE STUDY); (ENGLISH ABSTRACT); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in Afrikaans. PubMed ID 462276 AN 79225771 MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2008 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))
Abstract
A study was carried out to determine if rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) has a deleterious effect on iron absorption similar to that of ordinary tea (Camellia sinensis). Three groups of volunteers, each consisting of 10 healthy young men comparable with regard to iron status and body dimensions, were studied. After ingestion of 1 muCi 59Fe and 16 mg of elemental iron, group A drank rooibos tea, group B ordinary tea and group C boiled water. Iron absorption was measured 14 days later with a whole body counter. Mean iron absorption after ingestion of rooibos tea, ordinary tea, and water was 7,25%, 1,70% and 9,34% respectively. In contrast to ordinary tea (P less than 0,0001), rooibos tea did not affect iron absorption significantly. The ascorbic acid content of rooibos tea varies between 121,8 and 154,9 mumol/l, depending on the method of preparation. Rooibos tea contains small amounts of iron, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride and potassium. These findings have practical nutritional and therapeutic implications.
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