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(1790 – 1825)Between 1790 and 1825, manufacturing took an important role in the American economy. During the same period, people moved westward across the continent in larger and larger numbers. In 1823, the United States proclaimed its dominantrole in North America with the Monroe Doctrine. These three developmentswere major factors in shaping the United States. Today the United States is one of the leading economic and military powers in the world.rightbottomFor each question select the one best answerDO NOT MARK IN THE PACKET. Only mark on your answer sheet.The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution began in America in the New England states around 1800. New England’s soil was very poor, and farming was difficult. As a result, people were willing to leave their farms to find work in the factories. New England’s many rushing rivers and streams provided the waterpower necessary to run the machinery in the new factories. New England was also close to resources, such as coal and iron in Pennsylvania, and had many seaports on the Atlantic Ocean to help the shipping of goods. Most importantly, New England’s population included some wealthy merchants eager to provide the money necessary to build industries. For the most part, American manufacturers borrowed, adapted and modified machines and techniques developed by more advanced countries, especially Great Britain. As it did in England, the Industrial Revolution in the United States started with textile manufacturing, mainly cotton goods. Textiles soon became the largest industry in the nation. Samuel Slater’s first American factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island employed only children, who received lower wages than adults. In 1832 two out of five textile workers were between six and seventeen years old. The rest of the work force was made up of young women aged seventeen to twenty – four. These women flocked to the mill towns from New England’s worn-out farms. The American system of manufacturing was based on the principle of manufacturing things with interchangeable parts. New England firearm manufacturers, among them inventor Eli Whitney, developed the American system of manufacture. Under the old system of production by hand, gunsmiths often divided up the work of making the steel parts for a long-barreled shoulder gun called a musket. It was more efficient for each crafts-person to concentrate on making a single part, but because these parts were made by hand, it was rare for any two of these parts to be exactly alike. When it came time to assemble the different pieces, they seldom fit together exactly. Each piece had to be further shaped with hand tools. This time-consuming and costly state of production was largely eliminated by the development of machines that could turn out identical or interchangeable parts. Whitney’s system of interchangeable parts was soon applied to the manufacturing of other products. Factories throughout the North thus began manufacturing in large quantities, inventing the process now called mass production. Finally steam replaced water as a source of industrial power because it allowed factories to be built almost anywhere and not just next to rivers. (New England is a region that consists of six states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.)1. The Industrial Revolution in the United States began with Furniture constructionGlass makingSteel producingTextile manufacturing2. Women and ___ made up most of the work force in American mills. White men over 21ChildrenFrontier farmsFree blacks3. New England had many seaports on a. The Pacific Ocean b. The Gulf of Mexico c. The Atlantic Ocean d. The Great Lakes4. The basis for mass-production was a. the cotton gin b. the musket c. use of interchangeable parts d. use of coal powered factories5. Factory owners hired childrento give them work experiencebecause they worked harder than adults didbecause they worked for low wagesbecause they could learn fast6. The Industrial Revolution in America occurred first in the ______ states because of a combination of several important factors.WesternSouthwesternSouthernNew England7. Because separately produced gun pieces seldom fit together gunsmithsintroduced a system of interchangeable parts.quit the mass assembly of guns.made very few guns that worked properly.began using the British system for mass assembly.8. The man who built the first American factory wasRobert FultonSamuel F.B. MorseEli WhitneySamuel Slater9. The first American industry to make interchangeable parts wasautomobilesfirearmsairplaneswatches and clocks10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?The Industrial Revolution in the United States started in the automobile industryAmerican manufacturers looked for ways to improve productionGunsmiths did not use the system of interchangeable partsAmerican textile manufacturers were the first to start the Industrial Revolution11. The first replacement of water as a source of industrial power waswindhorseselectricitysteam12. Given a scale in which one-half inch equals one mile, how far apart are two factories shown three inches apart on a map?1.5 miles3 miles6 miles15 miles13. Industry developed in New England becauseof the high unemployment in the Southern states.New England’s population included wealthy merchants eager to provide the money necessary to build industriesthe oil and steel industries were located in New Englandfactories feared that workers would have difficulty finding homes in the South14. Steam power was important in industry because itmade the best use of river sites in New Englandallowed manufacturers to use electric powerallowed manufacturers to build factories almost everywheremade the machines expensive to operate15. Which of the following is located in New England?VirginiaNew HampshirePennsylvaniaMaryland16. The machinery in New England’s factories ran on water powerelectricitysolar energygasoline engines17. The term efficient meanscompetentinability to get the job done on timegetting results with little effortnot making a strong effort to get the job done18. The development of interchangeable parts led to less work for laborers.higher costs for manufacturers and employers.slower but more careful production of goodsfaster and cheaper production of goods19. Where did Slater build the first factory in the U.S.?Pawtucket, Rhode IslandAlong the Atlantic Coast Along the Ohio River in PennsylvaniaIn Washington, D.C. along the banks of the Potomac River20. Which of the following is closest to the meaning of single?consists of one partcomposed of two partshaving three partshaving four parts21. How did Eli Whitney change American manufacturing?He developed machines that made all the parts slightly differentHe developed machines to make interchangeable partsHe developed several different machines to make each partHe stopped using machines to make parts22. A musket is a weapon for firing large projectiles, consisting of a heavy metal tube mounted on a carriagerocket-propelled explosive weaponlong-barreled shoulder gunnone of the above23. What does the term mass production mean?a group of persons gathered together for a common joba group of buildings in which goods are manufactureda detailed list of goods and materials to be purchasedto manufacture goods in large quantitiesInvestment in Canals24. What does the graph on the left show?Total investment in canals for the Northeast in 1825Total investment in canals for each region in 1825Total investment in canals for the Southwest in 1835Total investment in canals for each region in 183525. Which section of the nation had the largest percentage of total investment in canals in both 1825 and 1835?NorthSouthEastWest26. What percentage of the nation’s investment in canals did the South make in 1825?4 percent14 percent15 percent81 percent27. Which section of the nation had the largest percentage gain in canal investment between 1825 and 1835?NorthSouthEastWest28. What percentage of the nation’s investment in canals did the South make in 1835?3 percent14 percent81 percent83 percent29. Which section of the United States had the largest percentage decrease in canal investment between 1825 and 1835?NorthSouthEast West30. How much did the North’s investment in canals increase between the years 1825 and 1835?2 percent4 percent6 percent8 percent31. Based on the two graphs, which of the following generalizations about canal construction in the United States between 1825 and 1835 is false?Canal investment in the North increased by 2 percentCanal investment in the South declined by 12 percentCanal investment in the South increased by 12 percentCanal investment in the West increased by 10 percent32. What does the graph on the right show?Total investment in canals for the Northeast in the year 1825Total investment in canals for each region in the year 1825Total investment in canals for the Southwest in the year 1835Total investment in canals for each region in the year 1835Growth and ExpansionIn 1790 the United States undertook the first official count of its population. United States marshals trekked along muddy trails and endured hours in the saddle to take the count. The census takers counted a population of nearly four million. In 1790, most Americans lived along the Atlantic coast. The nation’s population center lay 23 miles southeast of Baltimore, Maryland. Philadelphia was the nation’s largest city. In the next few decades land and water transportation improved, and the number of settlers heading west increased dramatically. Thirty years later, in 1820, the population of the United States had more than doubled to about 10 million, with nearly 2 million people living west of the Appalachian Mountains. Every 10 years since 1790, the United States has taken a census, as required by the Constitution. Today, as in the past, the chief purpose of the census is to determine how many seats each state will have in the House of Representatives.33. In 1820 approximately what percentage of the United States population lived west of the Appalachians?10 percent20 percent30 percent50 percent34. What was the population of the United States in 1790?2 million4 million6 million8 million35. About how many people in the United States in 1820 lived east of the Appalachian Mountains?2 million4 million6 million8 million36. In what year did the first official count of America’s population take place?178017901800181037. Why did the number of settlers in the United States west of the Appalachians increase?They had heard about the fertile land along the Ohio RiverLand and water transportation in the United States improvedThe federal government offered new settlers large tracts of land at low pricesNew settlers had no taxes to pay for four years38. How many more people lived in the United States in 1820 than in 1790?2 million4 million6 million8 million39. A censusis to carry boats and supplies overland between two waterwaysis a dispute between groupsis a periodic official count of the populationis to supervise or control40. A census is taken every ____ years.510152041. What was the largest city in the United States in 1790?New YorkBostonPhiladelphiaNew Orleans42. Where was the center of population in the United States located in 1790?30 miles southeast of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania48 miles east by north of Cincinnati, Ohio20 miles northwest by west of Washington, D.C.23 miles southeast of Baltimore, Maryland43. Where did most of the population of the United States live in 1790?Along the Gulf of MexicoAlong the Atlantic CoastIn the Appalachian MountainsAlong the shores of the Great Lakes44. Why is a census taken?to determine the center of population in the United Statesto determine the official urban population of the United StatesTo determine the number and size of Native American reservations to be placedto determine how many seats each state will have in the House of RepresentativesEarly RoadsIn the 1800s, rough wilderness trails were the only forms of overland transportation connecting the different parts of the United States. Western farmers found it nearly impossible to send their crops to the eastern cities. Eastern factories were also unable to ship their goods to western settlements. Private road companies or state governments built the first major roads, or turnpikes. They raised the roadbed for good drainage and covered it with large rocks for strength and smaller rocks and gravel for smoothness and wear. This design was called a macadam road. Turnpikes differed from most existing roads in two ways. Owners charged travelers a toll, or fee for using the road, and more importantly, they showed that quality roads could be built with the existing technology. In areas where the land was often muddy, companies built “corduroy roads” consisting of logs laid side by side like the ridges of corduroy cloth. These wooden roads had short lives, as rain, rot, and ordinary wear took a heavy toll. Most roads ran in an east-to-west direction because there was a natural connection between these two regions. The Lancaster Turnpike, the first successful turnpike, connected Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1811, the National Road, also known as the Cumberland Road, was built to link the East and the Northwest Territory, the land northwest of the Ohio River. The National Road became the major route for trade between the East and West and was the first federally financed road. It began in Baltimore, Maryland and by 1852 had advanced as far west as Vandalia, Illinois. In New York the Mohawk Turnpike connected the capital city of Albany with the city of Buffalo on Lake Erie. The Chicago Turnpike connected Detroit with Chicago.45. The first important road built by the federal government was known asThe Lancaster TurnpikeThe National RoadU.S. Route 1The Boston Post Road46. Which road connected Albany and Buffalo?The National RoadThe Lancaster TurnpikeThe Wilderness Road The Mohawk Turnpike47. In what general direction did most of the roads extend in the United States?north-to-southnortheast-to southwestsoutheast-to-northwesteast-to-west48. What city was at the western end of the National Road?Baltimore, MarylandVandalia, IllinoisKnoxville, TennesseeAlbany, New York49. What was the first successful turnpike?the Lancaster Turnpikethe Mohawk TurnpikeChicago TurnpikeThe Boston Post Road50. Which road connected the city of Detroit with the city of Chicago?The Mohawk TurnpikeChicago TurnpikeGenesee RoadThe Boston Post Road51. Named after a cloth, the _____ roads consisted of logs laid side by side.ridgecottonsilkcorduroy52. A toll is a charge or contribution to maintain a governmentpassageway for vehicles, persons, or animalscharge for passage across a bridge or roadpayment for work done53. What was the Cumberland Road renamed?the Catskill TurnpikeThe Erie HighwayThe Forbes RoadThe National Road54. Owners of turnpikes hoped to make a profit bycollecting tolls from travelers buying country roadsbuilding roads cheaplyjoining with the nation’s canals55. Why did corduroy roads have a short life span?The route of these roads followed a river or other source of waterThe federal government did not have the money to complete themRain, rot, and ordinary wear took a heavy tollTree stumps and washouts could break the bones of an unlucky horse or riderThe Bessemer Process of Making SteelIn the Bessemer Process, impurities were removed from molten pig iron by forcing a blast of air through it. Thus purified, the iron was converted into steel by adding the necessary amounts of carbon and other substances. The process was accomplished in a large iron barrel that was shaped like a concrete mixer and lined with bricks that were capable of withstanding high temperatures. The barrel or converter, was supported on two triangular frames, between which it could be tilted from a horizontal to a vertical position. Air was blown in through vents known as tuyeres and located either on the bottom of the barrel or in the side just above the level of the molten metal. While in a horizontal position, the barrel was filled with scrap iron, molten pig iron, and lime. Then it was tilted vertically and air was blown through. After the air was blown through, pig iron containing a large amount of manganese was added, and the metal was poured into a ladle containing the correct amount of carbon. This was done very carefully so that slag, or the waste from the melting of the ores and separation of metals, would remain behind, to be removed later. The entire process took from 15 to 30 minutes. Its progress was judged by inspecting the flare of the flames and gases coming out of the mouth of the converter. This meant that the iron-maker had to be skilled in estimating the state of the metal by the type and color of the flare.56. In the Bessemer Process of making steel, air was blown through the converterwhile it was in a horizontal positionafter iron containing manganese had been addedafter it had been tilted verticallyafter 45 minutes57. The entire Bessemer Process of making steel lasted45 minutes60 minutesfrom 15 to 30 minutes90 minutes58. Carbon was added to molten pig ironat the start of the processin the final stageimmediately after the air was blown throughbefore the air was blown through59. Slag is pig iron containing manganeseheat-resistant bricksa mixture of scrap iron, molten pig iron, and limewaste from melting the ores60. The progress of the conversion was judged by the amount of limechecking the flare of the flames and gasestiming itnoting how much slag was formed61. Which of the following was not involved in the process?limemolten pig ironzincscrap iron62. Tuyeres weretriangular frames supporting the convertercarbon added to pig ironbricks lining the convertervents on the barrel through which air was blown63. The barrel was supported by two triangular framesa square frametuyeresfour legs64. Why was the barrel lined with bricks?because they were rectangular and would fit in the ovenbecause bricks were used in building walls and chimneysbecause they were capable of withstanding high temperaturesbecause they could be removed and replaced if they wore out65. While in a horizontal position, the barrel was filled with lime, scrap iron, and molten pig ironzinc, carbon, and molten pig ironiron, manganese, and slagconcrete, iron ore, and zinc66. Which of the following best describes the Bessemer Process?the firing of molten pig iron until the slag was separated out, leaving finished steelthe removal of impurities from molten pig iron by forcing a blast of air through it and its subsequent conversion to steel by adding carbonthe conversion of pig iron to steel by adding the correct amount of carbonCarbon was added to the molten pig iron at the start of the processPhiladelphia in 1830Occupations of African American Men and Women in Philadelphia in 1830African American MenLaborer603 Shoemaker113Porter444 Wood Carrier102Waiter453 Coachman111Junk Collector51Physician19Wood Cutter76 Carpenter33House Painter40 Tailor18Sail Maker10 Baker7Tanner14 Bricklayer5Engineer5 Blacksmith10African American WomenWasherwoman1,970Junk Collector 103Day Worker 786Dressmaker216Hat Maker19School Teacher13Seamstress231Cake Baker10Housekeeper33Confectioner12The Society of Friends described housing conditions in the Philadelphia slum district as crime and disease ridden. The small wooden buildings were roughly put together about 6 feet square, without windows or fireplaces. For these ten cents a night was paid. Some rooms, however, rented as high as one dollar per week. Many residents do not earn more than a few cents over the daily rent.67. Which occupation employed the most African American men in Philadelphia in 1830?porterwaiterlaborershoemaker68. Which occupation employed the fewest African American men in Philadelphia in 1830?tannerblacksmithbakerengineer69. What was the average cost for a room for rent in the slum district of Philadelphia?10 dollars a weeka dollar a dayabout 10 cents a night25 cents a week70. Which occupation employed the most African American women in Philadelphia in 1830?washerwomenday workerseamstressdressmaker71. Which occupation employed the fewest African American women in Philadelphia in 1830?hat makerconfectionerschoolteachercake baker72. What was the highest amount that a room for rent in the slum district would cost?one dollar per night10 cents per weekone dollar per week10 dollars per week73. Which of these jobs was probably easiest for an African American man to get?tailorporterbricklayersail maker74. How did the Society of Friends describe the housing conditions in Philadelphia’s slum district in 1830?crime and disease riddensmall wooden buildings about 6 feet squarebuildings without window or fireplacesall of the above75. How many African American men were employed as carpenters?7640331976. Which of the following occupations did African American men and women both share?junk collectorday laborerlaborercarpenterRiver TravelTransportation improved in the early 1800s. Oliver Evans led the way in 1804 by designing a steam engine. In 1807, Robert Fulton’s boat, the Clermont, a 150-foot, two-side-paddled boat powered by a steam engine, traveled 150 miles on the Hudson River from New York City to Albany and back in 62 hours. Using only sails, the trip would have taken four days. The Clermont offered great comforts to its passengers. Because of steamboats, western rivers became busy trade centers. They improved the transport of goods and passengers along the major inland rivers. Shipping goods became cheaper and faster. Steamboats also contributed to the growth of river cities like St. Louis and Cincinnati. Channels dug and filled with water called canals also aided transportation. Construction of the Erie Canal, which linked Albany, on the Hudson River and Buffalo, on Lake Erie, began in 1816 and was completed in 1825. The canal, which stretched 363 miles, made New York City, on the Hudson River a major port. People could now travel on water all the way from Buffalo to New York City. In those early years, a 2-horse team pulled a 100-ton barge about 24 miles in one day. Along these canals they built a series of locks, which were separate compartments where water levels were raised and lowered. These locks provided a way to raise and lower boats where canal water levels changed. In 1848 the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened. This canal linked Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River system and lowered shipping costs. America’s longest canal: the 450 mile long Wabash and Erie, built between 1832 and 1856, linked Evansville on the Ohio River with Toledo on Lake Erie. Canals were greatly superior to wagons for the movement of heavy, bulky cargoes such as grain, cotton, iron ore, and coal that did not require speed. The biggest advantage of canal travel was that it lowered the cost of shipping goods. But railroads replaced them, and the period of canal growth was over by 1850, at which time the United States had about 3,700 miles of canals.77. A channel dug and filled with water to allow boat travel is a riverstreamharborcanal78. In 1814 about 20 steamboats visited New Orleans. By 1830, 200 times as many steamboats arrived in New Orleans. How many steamboats came to New Orleans in 1830?1,0003,0004,0005,00079. Robert Fulton helped travel grow by launching the Clermontconstructing the Erie Canalsupporting the National Roaddesigning the covered bridge80. Which of the following events occurred first?The Erie Canal is completedThe Clermont travels from New York City to Albany and backOliver Evans invents the steam engineThe Illinois and Michigan Canal opened81. Western rivers became busy trade routes after the development of steamboatsturnpikessolar powerthe automobile82. What did Fulton attach to the steam engine on the Clermont so that it could move against strong river currents?rudderlarge sailside-paddle wheelsoars83. Canal Travel was profitable because itincreased travel timelowered shipping costswas built by workers at record breaking speedled to increased trade between Los Angeles and Atlanta84. On which two waterways would a person have to travel in order to go from Buffalo to New York City?Lake Erie and Crater LakePennsylvania Canal and Ohio RiverLake Michigan and Mississippi RiverErie Canal and Hudson River85. A section of a canal closed off with gates for raising or lowering the water level is called a passagereservoirdamlock86. The Wabash and Erie Canal opened trade betweenEvansville and ToledoNew York City and AlbanyCincinnati and PhiladelphiaSt. Louis and Baltimore87. About how many miles of canals were built in the United States by 1850?3634501,5253,70088. Who contributed to the development of transportation by designing a steam engine in 1804?Samuel F.B. MorseI.M. SingerRobert FultonOliver Evans89. About how many miles long was the Erie Canal?4501,20036315090. About how long would it have taken to travel the length of the Erie Canal in 1825?10 days15 days20 days25 days91. The Erie Canal opened trade fromthe Great Lakes to New Yorkthe St. Lawrence River to the Great LakesThe Great Lakes to New OrleansLake Erie to Lake Michigan92. What city was located at the western end of the Erie Canal?AlbanyNew York CityClevelandBuffalo93. About how many miles long was the Wabash and Erie Canal?150363450 1,20094. When did the period of canal growth end?179018201830185095. What was the longest canal built in the United States?Erie CanalIllinois and Michigan CanalWabash and Erie CanalPennsylvania Canal96. How many years did it take to complete the construction of the Erie Canal?912162497. Which canal linked Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River system?Chesapeake and Ohio CanalIllinois and Michigan CanalWabash and Erie CanalPennsylvania Canal98. A 2-horse team could pull a 100-ton barge about ____ miles in one day.1014245299. By 1850, what method of transportation had replaced canals?railroadsautomobilesairplanessteamships100. How many hours did it take to complete the Clermont to travel from New York City to Albany and back?24486276101. How many years did it take to complete the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal?9121624102. On which body of water is the city of Buffalo located?Hudson RiverLake ErieAtlantic OceanOhio RiverRailroads Lead the WayThe most impressive feat of railroad construction was the building of the transcontinental routes. In 1862, Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which authorized the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, offering loans and land grants to railroad companies. The act authorized the Union Pacific Railroad to build west of Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific Railroad to build east from Sacramento, California. The two railroads came together at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10, 1869. Thirty years later, five major railroads spanned the Great Plains to connect the eastern states with the Pacific Coast making supplies and mail move more quickly and cheaply. The Union Pacific and Central Pacific crossed the central plains. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern Railroad opened up the rich farmlands of Minnesota and North Dakota to settlement. The Santa Fe and Southern Pacific railroads linked the southern plains to eastern markets. The Plains Indians had millions of buffalo to supply their needs. Hunters hired by the railroad companies began slaughtering the animals to feed crews building the railroad. The railroad companies also wanted to prevent huge herds of buffalo from blocking the trains. William Cody, hired by the Kansas Pacific Railroad, killed 4, 280 buffalo in less than 18 months. He became know as Buffalo Bill. People traveled west to kill buffalo for sport shooting them from the window of trains. Hunters also sold buffalo hides to tanneries in the East where they were made into leather goods. Between 1872 and 1875, whites killed more than 9 million buffalo for their hides, often leaving the carcasses to rot on the Plains. The government encouraged the slaughter. By destroying the buffalo, they thought, the government could end the Indian’s way of life. 103. All these statements about the first transcontinental railroad are correct exceptit was completed in 1869it was welcomed by the IndiansIt was built by the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific.it connected Sacramento with Omaha104. What problems would buffalo herds cause for the railroad owners?They eat too much grassThey make too much noiseThey cause delaysThe odor bothers passengers105. A major benefit of the transcontinental railroad was thatfewer buffalo were left on the Plains.fewer states entered the Union.Mexico gave loans to the railroad companies.supplies and mail moved more quickly and cheaply.106. The government encouraged railroad building bycutting down forestshiring Native Americans to work on the railroadsoffering land grants to railroad companiesallowing new states to enter the Union107. Which pair of railroad companies built the first transcontinental railroad across the United States?Southern Pacific/ Rio GrandeCentral Pacific/Union PacificKansas Pacific/ Great NorthernNorthern Pacific/ Texas Pacific108. Which means of transportation was most important in opening the West to settlement during the late 1800s?automobilescanal boatsairplanesrailroads109. Building a railroad going east from Sacramento was theSouthern PacificNorthern PacificUnion PacificCentral Pacific110. In this passage, the term transcontinental meansthat which crosses the United Statesa separate continentonly going across partiallyfrom Canada to Mexico111. Building a railroad going west from Omaha was theSouthern PacificNorthern PacificUnion PacificCentral Pacific112. Which statement BEST expresses the main idea of this passage?The construction of the transcontinental railroad opened up the West to commerce and settlementCongress passed the Pacific Railroad Act in 1863It took 30 years to complete the five major railroads that crossed the plainsThe Great Northern Railroad linked the southern plains of the West to the eastern marketsThe Cotton KingdomThe cotton gin was a machine that was patented by Eli Whitney in 1794. Whitney claimed that the gin replaced the labor of ten slaves if hand operated and fifty slaves if horse powered, dramatically increasing the amount of cotton that could be processed. The gin was a wooden cylinder with wire teeth that revolved through slots in a bar. The raw cotton was pressed against the bar and the teeth tore away the lint. A hand crank operated the machine. This simple machine separated the cotton from its seeds and made cotton a sensationally profit-able crop. Cotton became king of the Southern economy. The cotton gin led to the demand for more slaves. Farmers wanted to grow more cotton. Planters relied on slave labor to plant, hoe, pick, and gin the cotton. Slaves provided a cheap source of labor. Intense demand for cotton in Great Britain kept the price of cotton high in the years before 1860. Slaves became valuable property to the planters and the value of slaves increased as an able-bodied slave was worth about $1,000 to $1,500 because of their key role in producing cotton.113. The South became prosperous oncetextile mills began being built throughout the North.canal system made trade easier and cheaperthe cotton gin made it profitable to grow cottonthere was a sharp rise in eastern land prices114. Many planters treated their slaves reasonably well becauseslaves were difficult to captureslaves were valuable propertyplanters were ordered to do so by the governmentnone of the above115. What person invented the cotton ginSamuel SlaterEli WhitneyRobert FultonAlexander Graham Bell116. Slaves owning increased in the South in the early 1800s becauseslaves were needed to dig canalsslaves were needed to work in the newly built factoriesslaves were needed to help people move to citiesgrowing cotton required a large slave labor force117. In the south, an able-bodied slave was worth about$10 to $15$100 to $150$1,000 to $1,500$10,000 to $15,000118. The need for a large labor force in cotton led to higher wages for workers picking cottonimmigrant workers coming from Europeworkers coming from the Northan increase in slavery119. In which period did old immigrants surpass 3 million?1871 – 18801881 – 1890 1891 – 19001911 – 1920120. In which period were immigration rates of old immigrants and new immigrants most nearly the same?1871 – 18801891 – 19001881 – 18901911 – 1920121. Which period saw the lowest number of old immigrants1871 – 18801891 – 19001881 – 18901911 – 1920122. In which period was the total immigration rate (both old and new) at its greatest?1881 -18901901 -19101891 – 19001911 – 1920123. Which period saw the lowest number of new immigrants?1871 – 18801881 – 18901891 – 19001911 – 1920124. In which period did new immigrants exceeded old immigrants by about 3 million?1881 – 18901901 – 19101891 – 19001911 – 1920125. In which period did the total number of new immigrants surpass 8 million?1881 – 18901901 – 19101891 – 19001911 – 1920Slave PopulationCotton Production1820 732,000 Bales1840 over 1,000,000 Bales1860 4,300,000 Bales1790 1800 1810 1820 = 500,000 slaves1830 1840 1850 1860 126. How many individuals does each figure represent?732,000100,0004,300,000500,000127. Approximately how many slaves were in the United States in 1790?Over 1,000,000500,000750,0004,300,000128. Approximately how many slaves were in the United States in 1830?1,000,0002,000,0003,500,0005,000,000129. How many more slaves were there in the United States in 1840 than in 1830?1,000,000250,000500,0004,500,000130. Between which years did the greatest increase in the slave population occur?Between 1790 and 1800Between 1810 and 1820Between 1830 and 1840Between 1850 and 1860131. What was the cotton production in the United States in 1820?732,000 bales1,000,000 bales4,300,000 balesnone of the above132. Was there a year on the pictograph in which the slave population decreased?yesno133. Approximately how many slaves were in the United States in 1820?Under 500,000500,0001,000,0001,500,000134. How would you describe the general relationship between the slave population and the cotton crop in the United States between the years 1790 and 1860?As cotton production increased, the slave population decreasedAs cotton production increased, the slave population increased135. How much did cotton production increase from 1820 to 1860?732,000 bales4,300,000 bales268,000 bales3,568,000 bales ................
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