The Industrial Revolution: 1700-1900
The Industrial Revolution: 1700-1900
I. Beginnings of Industrialization
A. Industrial Revolution Begins:
1. The ______________________ Paves the Way
a. Wealthy landowners began buying up many:
i. These landowners:
■ They could now cultivate larger fields called:
■ Experimented:
➢ One of the first Scientific farmers:
➢ He invented:
• This allowed:
■ They also tried:
➢ This included:
•
• This idea said that if you divide a field into different crops then you should move those crops to another part of the field next year.
■ Finally, large landowners brought in:
➢ A Tenant Farmer:
• Farmers who didn’t want to do this were forced:
b. Livestock breeders:
i. For example in the 1700s a man named _____________ increased his Mutton output by only allowing his best sheep to breed
■ This increased the size of lambs:
➢ Increased:
➢ As food and living conditions improved:
• A growing population has a growing demand:
2. Why Industrial Revolution began in England
a. Natural Resources
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
b. Britain also had a growing economy to support industrial growth
i. Businesspeople invested:
ii. Loans:
iii. Britain was:
c. Britain was also:
i. Even though Britain took part in many of the wars of the 1700s:
■ Military successes:
d. Parliament:
B. Inventions Spur Industrialization
1. Changes in the Textile Industry
a. 1733:
i. This was:
■ This doubled:
b. 1764:
i. Name:
ii. This allowed:
c. 1769:
i.
d. 1779:
i. This was:
ii. Made:
e. 1787:
2. These items:
a. They couldn’t:
b. Merchants:
3. England:
a. The demand for cotton:
i. 1793:
■ This was:
■ Increased:
■ Increased American:
C. Improvements in Transportation
1. The Steam Engine
a. 1765:
b. 1774:
i. An entrepreneur:
ii. He:
2. Water Transportation
a. Steam:
b. Robert Fulton:
i. Made:
c. Canals
i.
ii. By the mid 1800s:
■ This cut:
3. Road Transportation
a. Road transportation:
i. In the early 1800s:
ii. On top:
■ During even rainy weather heavy carriages could travel over the macadam roads without sinking
b. Private investors:
i. Called turnpikes because:
D. The Railway Age Begins
1. Steam Driven Locomotives
a. 1804:
i. Others soon:
b. George Stephenson
i. 1821:
■ It was to run:
c. The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
i. Investors wanted:
ii. In 1829:
■ Stephenson’s Rocket:
iii. The railroad:
d. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
i. Had four major effects
■
■
➢ Miners provided:
■ The railroads:
■ Made travel:
➢ Lured:
➢ Created:
II. Industrialization
A. Industrialization Changes Life
1. Industrial Cities Rise
a. Before 1800:
b. After 1800:
i. Because of factories
c. Between 1800 and 1850:
d. Most of Europe's urban areas:
i. This is called:
■
e. Factories developed:
i. Major new industrial centers:
f. Britain’s capital, London was the most important city
i. During the 1800s:
➢ This provided:
ii. London became Europe’s largest city
■ Began to be challenged by newer cities
➢ Birmingham and Sheffield:
➢ Leeds and Manchester:
➢ Liverpool and Manchester:
2. Living Conditions
a. Rapid growth:
i. There were:
ii. Also, no:
iii. Most:
b. Sickness was also widespread
i. Often:
■ Average lifespan:
c. Wealthy landowners:
i. They often moved to the suburbs
3. Working Conditions
a. To increase production:
i. The average worker:
b. People:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v. Coal dust:
vi. Many women and children:
■ They were:
■ Also:
B. Class Tensions Grow
1. The Middle Class
a. The:
i. In the past:
■ They:
■ Now:
ii. Soon:
■ It was divided into sub classes
➢ Upper middle class:
➢ Lower middle class:
2. The Working Class
a. During the 1800s:
i. Some were:
■ Some even:
➢ The Luddites
• Named after:
• They attacked:
o This actually destroyed laborsaving machinery
ii. Others rioted:
C. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
1. Had a number of benefits
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2. Long-term Effects
a.
b.
c.
i. These can be invested:
D. The Mills of Manchester
1. Had many advantages:
a. Easy access:
2. Was:
3. Industrialists made a fortune
a. Their money:
b. To make:
i. Children:
4. The first:
a. The government:
III. Industrialization Spreads
A. Industrial Development in the United States
1. Began in the Textile Industry
a. Britain:
i. 1789:
■
ii. 1790:
■
iii. 1813:
■
■
b. Thousands of young women:
i. Allowed:
ii. Worked:
c. Eventually:
2. Later Expansion of the U.S. Industry
a. While the Northeast:
i. This ended:
b. The U.S., like Britain, had many reasons for its growth
i. Natural Resources
■
■
■
ii. New inventions
■
■
■
iii. Growing:
iv. Development of Railroads:
■ 2/3:
➢ They controlled:
3. The Rise of Corporations
a. To raise money:
i. Stocks:
ii. People:
■ A corporation:
iii. Large corporations:
■ The larger the company:
➢ Workers:
B. Continental Europe Industrializes
1. European businesses:
a. Interrupted by:
2. Beginnings in Belgium
a. Belgium:
b. A British worker:
i.
3. Germany Industrializes
a. Unlike the rest of Europe:
i. Industrialized:
■
ii. Germans began:
iii. Imported:
iv. Built:
b. This development:
i. By:
4. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe
a. Most:
i. Tended to:
■ Bohemia:
■ Catalonia:
■ Northern Italy:
ii. France
■ Most:
■ Had:
iii. Elsewhere
■ Most other countries:
➢
• Mountains and:
C. The Impact of Industrialization
1. Rise of Global inequality
a. Increased:
i. Raw materials:
■ Developed into economic imperialism
➢ The policy:
2. Transformation of Society
a. 1700 – 1900:
i. There is now:
ii. The middle class:
■ They:
■ Led:
iii. The upper class:
iv. People’s:
IV. Reforming the Industrial World
A. The Philosophers of Industrialization
1. Laissez Faire Economics
a. Laissez Faire:
i. Let people do as they choose
b. Adam Smith
i. A professor:
ii. Wrote:
■ Economic:
■ Listed:
➢ Law of Self Interest
•
➢ Law of Competition
•
➢ Law of Supply and Demand
•
2. Capitalism
a. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo:
i. This is an economic system:
b. 1798 – Malthus wrote:
i. Population tended:
ii. Without wars and epidemics:
c. 1817 - David Ricardo wrote:
i. Believed:
ii. Wages:
■ Better wages:
■ These new workers can:
■ Lower wages:
B. The Rise of Socialism
1. Utilitarianism
a. Jeremy Bentham
i. Felt that people:
ii. Felt that government:
■ Government:
b. John Stuart Mill
i. Mill felt that the government:
ii. Wanted:
iii. Favored:
2. Utopian Ideas
a. Robert Owen
i. Built a factory:
■ He provided:
■ Prohibited:
■ Provided:
ii. In 1824:
■ Built:
➢ This utopian community only lasted for 3 years
3. Socialism
a. In socialism:
b. Felt that the government should plan:
i. Felt that government control:
C. Marxism: Radical Socialism
1. The Communist Manifesto
a. Written by:
i. Argued that:
ii. The haves and the have-nots
■ The Haves
■ The Haves
■ The Haves
■ Change
■
2. The Future According to Marx
a. Believed that:
i. Factories would:
ii. The workers would:
iii. Workers would then:
■ This would be a:
iv. After a period of cooperative living:
b. This final phase is called:
i. A form:
ii. Private property:
iii. All:
c. The Communist Manifesto (1848)
i. There were:
■ Most were:
ii. Not until the 1900s:
■
■
■
➢ This was adaptive communism, created to meet specific national needs
iii. Marx and Engels believed:
■ They:
■ They also:
D. Labor Unions and Reform Law
1. Unionization
a. A Union is a:
b. Unions spoke:
c. They engaged:
i. Bargained:
ii. If factory owners:
■
d. Unions:
e. Many governments:
i. The Combination Acts:
■ These were:
f. British unions:
i. By 1875:
■ Had a membership:
g. In the U.S., skilled workers belonged to unions since the 1800s.
i. In 1866:
2. Reform Laws
a. In both Great Britain and the U.S.:
i. Parliament:
■ Passed:
➢ New law:
➢ Children from the ages of 9-12:
➢ From 13-17:
■ In 1842:
■ The 10 Hours Act:
ii. In the U.S. reform laws were also passed
■ In 1904:
➢ Union members:
➢ Urged government to ban:
➢ 1919:
• Left it up to the states to decide
E. The Reform Movement Spreads
1. The Abolition of Slavery
a. William Wilberforce:
i. 1807:
ii. 1833:
■ Motives:
b. Slavery:
c. 1873:
d. Spain:
e. 1888:
2. Fight for Women’s Rights
a. Industrialization:
i. Higher wages:
ii. Only 1/3:
b. In the mid 1800s:
c. Some served:
d. College educated:
i. This was a:
■ It included:
e. In both the U.S. and GB:
f. 1848:
i. Women from all over the world:
■ Women from 27 countries:
3. Reforms spread
a. Horace Mann of Massachusetts
i. Favored:
■ By the 1850s:
■ In Western Europe:
ii. 1831 – Alexis de Tocqueville:
■ Wanted to help:
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