Technology Empowering Learners
Technology Empowering LearnersLaurie S. NashPurdue University October 11, 2015AbstractTechnology shifts across generations create pathways, for learners to absorb information quickly and efficiently. Technology (Smart phones, apps, Interactive Whiteboards, tablets, projectors, iPads, and web-based dashboard interface sites) has secured itself a permanent part of daily living. It is constantly evolving to better lives. Consider primary, secondary, and post-secondary schools as well as corporate training classes while asking who is teaching the skills that are obtained in life. No matter the age of the learner, examples of behaviors demonstrated are powerful motivators. Humans observe behaviors from all living creatures without consciously knowing they are evaluating the actions. Society has an obligation of accountability for what tomorrow’s leaders do with the information learned today. For the purpose of this paper, the term Millennial will be used to refer to tomorrow’s leaders and today’s learners. It is the purpose of this paper to consider the dependency of the current generation’s acceptance of more technology and less human interactions. Technology Empowering LearnersChildren depend on parental involvement in order to establish expectations and goals. Educationally speaking, parental involvement sets the child’s compass on self-worth, based upon the level of reinforcement the child receives in the home. Those children with parents that offer little to no regard for their child’s achievements may slowly lose enthusiasm for the pursuit of their own excellence. In contrast, parents that regularly engage within school achievements are more likely to encourage and inspire future accomplishments. Schools covet a partnership with parents. An institution is more likely to achieve positive results when they are receiving ample feedback, support, and assistance from the child’s home. Many technologies assist in the development of the partnership between the home and school. Technologies include schools offering web-based dashboard interface sites, which allow students and parents continuous connection to the classroom. Many schools have begun to recognize the various needs of each student in their care. The presence of technology in the classrooms has increased to include such devices as Interactive Whiteboards, tablets, projectors, and iPads. Whiteboards are a visual and interactive method created to increase the involvement and commitment of children while learning. While video games often have a bad reputation, they are beginning to gain acceptance in the educational realm. The next generation of world leaders has been born into the era of the Internet, multimedia, and a world that provides immediate results and information. Many names are associated with the generation of people born between 1980 and 2000, Sanders & Morrison (2007) label them to be The Net Based Generation while Technology Quarterly defines them as, “the Net Generation, Millennials, Generation Y or Digital Natives” (Technology Quarterly, 2010, p. 1). This generation has come to expect ready and ample access to technology. Technology Quarterly further describes these individuals as “Growing up with the Internet, it is argued, has transformed their approach to education, work, and politics” (Technology Quarterly, 2010, p. 1). Technology intertwines within numerous aspects of the Millennials daily lives; including, but not limited to, its use in learning, socializing, purchasing of goods, and immediate results of their efforts. Millennials are dependent on technology to express their views, beliefs, and political standpoints. This generation shares expression and beliefs by posting to social media sites, rather than taking actual stances in political protests or writing to political figures (Technology Quarterly, 2010). Technology encourages students to continue the domineering demand society puts on education. Modern expectations for professional employment require the continuous engagement in learning activities, in order to stay abreast of advancements and new technologies. Innovative tools and concepts are evolving daily to facilitate in the training of individuals for a more comprehensive and effective education (Branch & Merrill, 2012). Scholastic technologies are offering specific advantages to learning at all ages. The use of Interactive Whiteboards, tablets, projectors, and iPads can be functional in every subject including sports education (Sinelnikov, 2012) and foreign languages (Quillen, 2012). Another benefit technology helps learners facilitate is changing methodology for similar concepts taught to previous generations. A specific concept contrariwise taught to subtractions is Common Core Math. (See Figure One) Common Core presented before the National Council for Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in 2010. (Main, 2012) The inverse steps required have created the need for mobile apps, blogs, and other resources to teach the older generations outside the teaching realm. Teachers and trainers use technology to supplement classroom limitations. Classrooms are training arenas for present and future problem solving. When considering what the instructor is teaching, items such as socialization, mannerisms, and soft skills/people skills are often overlooked (Collinson, 2001). Some forms of technology allow for interactions, evaluations, and the practice of newly developed skills; however, it removes key objectives from the traditional classroom. Parental InvolvementMonti & Roisman (2014) state that children, ages 0-5 years old, build their self-worth from parental participation and encouragement provided in the early years of life. After a consistent lack of attentive involvement from the parents, the child’s urge to strive for approval and success diminish over time. The weakened urge extends into later years of life and may include sports, education, and communication. Mental building blocks for future triumphs or failures trace back to the amount of parental engagement in a child’s life. When a child is used to receiving routine recognition at home, the child is more prone to take on new possibilities (Monti & Roisman, 2014). Many factors are able to influence the quality of life that shapes a self-image. According to the Children’s Partnership (2010), “research has identified specific ingredients for student academic success, including: ensuring children have their basic needs fulfilled—such as food, health care, and shelter; home-based parent educational support; high expectations set by parents and other adults; and learning opportunities” (p. 2). Interactive educational technologies are making leaps and bounds in making it easier for parents to become involved with their children’s educations. Many institutions now offer some form of a ‘parent portal’ or web-based dashboard interface sites. Alongside the parent’s dashboard interface sites, many free apps for smartphones are available on specific subject maters in both the digital Android and iTunes market places. (Roth, 2014) Like mobile banking, most of the reputable apps are discrete and highly secure. These apps deliver educational updates to on the go parents, concerning their child’s academic happenings in real time on their smart phones. Technology is constantly evolving into what it can do to make daily lives more on the go. Instant messaging, or online chatting, can allow parents and teachers to talk in real time without the need for a phone call. Teachers can remain in the classroom while students are working and communicate with parents at the same time. A teacher can also create a chat room and invite several parents to chat together, augmenting PTA meetings, or facilitating a new dialogue around a common interest. (The Children's Partnership, 2010, p. 4) This offers parents a variety of ways to communicate with instructors, be involved, and stay informed about upcoming activities in the class, all while having a conscious eye on children’s struggles and achievements. A noticeable issue with institutions is the lack of parents understanding on how to use the technology to its greatest potential. Parents are not the only individuals that can be intimidated by new web-based dashboard interface sites. “Teachers need training in ways to use the technology, both with students and parents” (The Children's Partnership, 2010, pp. 6-7). Many institution have started holding informative meetings about the technology, how to fully operate the functions, and a question/answer forum. Once users have attended these assemblies, the schools have noticed an increase in participation from both the children and the parents. (Self & Aguayo, 2014) Educational Video GamesParents and teachers have a responsibility to prepare their children with the tools needed to succeed. Examples include cognitive reasoning, adaptability to change, and motivation to succeed. A reoccurring concept in the research of educational video games is the focus on upcoming generations continued immersion within technology. Many parents hand toddlers smart phones at grocery stores to keep the child occupied while performing the necessary “grown-up” activities. While it is common to think handing a child an educational ‘game’ to occupy their time is a recent development, it actually started with Apple creating a gateway into schools in the 1980’s. Many might recall the game, Oregon Trail. In the mid 1980’s, Oregon Trail was introduced into the school systems along with labs of computers. Educational video games are designed to sharpen competencies according to age or grade level. These skills include critically evaluating circumstances, preparing for new challenges, absorbing information, and utilizing the information gathered previously whether from the classroom or the game itself. Maguth, List, & Wunderle (2015) suggest children will be enthusiastic and willing to spend a consistently steady amount of time learning from the playtime and may be able to achieve the skills above. With any game, video or otherwise, there is a goal to strive to accomplish. After playing the game, children are often shocked at abilities to employ skills they previously could not apply. A child who is feeling accomplished, strives for continued praise, good grades, and overall approval. (Maguth, List, & Wunderle, 2015)Research shows that children are not the only ones to benefit from playing video games. Basak, Book, Voss, and Kramer (2008) focus on the fact that senior citizens decrease in ability to recall information, judge speed and distance, perceptions have slower reaction times, and have difficulties transitioning between tasks. These attributes become more difficult with older age. Maguth, List, Wunderle (2015), who agree with research from Basak, et al., cite a program which introduced a video game called “Rise of Nations” to senior citizen was shown to “…improve memory, reasoning, and multitasking” (p. 33). Net Based GenerationMillennials make up the Net Based Generation. The Net Based Generation is defined by John Sanders & Catriona Morrison (2007) as “…growing up in an environment in which they are constantly exposed to computer-based technology. Methods of learning are different for learners born into the Net Generation from those of previous generations” (p. 85). These students expect the classroom settings to encompass technology in numerous forms of multimedia. Millennials absorb and retain information learn best when energetically entangled in the material. When instructed to read material and write about objectives learned, it often triggers less than enthusiastic participation. When given the opportunity to have a hand in the learning, the participation increases. These learners “expect immediate responses and are achievement orientated, preferring a clear learning outcome to their task rather than ambiguity” (Sandars & Morrison, 2007, p. 86).Corporate America as well as educators need to be aware of the generational differences in learners. The educators and supervisors for these up and coming professionals need to embrace the new tools at their disposal. “Older people are characterized as being at least one step behind and unable to reach the kinds of natural fluency that comes with having grown up with new digital technologies. (Jones, Ramanau, Cross, & Healing, 2010, p. 722)” ?No one likes change. Hurdles for older educators exist in numbers. Millennials might find lesson plans lacking in multimedia. Multimedia keeps the Millennials engaged. (Hoppenfeld, 2012) Thoughts and actions that support stationary ways of thinking cause a downward spiral in participation in classrooms. Millennials may turn to other more stimulating activities when disinterest in the classroom arises. Smart phones and social media, offer personalized stimulation (Ferguson, Gutberg, Schattke, Paulin, & Jost, 2015), that can become the learner’s sole focus during times when interest may fade into boredom. Jones, et al., state “…we are told that this generational shift has consequences for approaches to learning because the new generation requires rapid access and quick rewards, is impatient with linear thinking, and displays a novel capacity for multi-tasking” (p. 722).Technologies Available to TeachersEducational video games, IWB, tablets, projectors, iPads, and web-based dashboard interface sites allows teachers to be both a teacher and a student at the same time. Teaching, like many professions, expects continued professional development. Teachers have a tremendous responsibility when it comes to being up to date on changing technologies. States set high expectations, requiring instructors to follow strict guidelines while performing at a rapid pace. Development of new ideas, programs, and structures focus on bettering the classrooms every day. “Due to increasing demand for education and training in the information age, online learning and teaching is becoming a necessity in our future” (Oncu & Cakir, 2011, p. 1098). A student can join a seminar half way around the world without leaving their home, participate in a university program and absorb new skills, then take that information and utilize it within their education or lives. These courses also offer a unique benefit in allowing the student to learn in an individualized manner. Miniawi & Brenjekjy (2015) found use of word processing programs are able to provide students with the tools needed to develop writing skills, as many allow for explanations with their corrections. Students appeared to benefit from this nonintrusive and impartial method of correction. Humans by nature are, and have always been, afraid of rejection or public embarrassment. Computers are able to present failures without judgement (Miniawi & Brenjekjy, 2015).Interactive whiteboards (IWBs) make it possible for an instructor to have one computer and allow an entire classroom to participate within the interactive lesson. SMART Boards combine the functionality of a whiteboard, computer, and projector into a single system which uses touch control to perform all mouse and keyboard functions. The large size and touch-sensitive display allow for easy navigation and make it suitable for group activity. In general, IWBs seem to invite collaboration through social interaction and communication. (Martin, Shaw, & Daughenbaugh, 2014, p. 90) SMART Boards are very popular with the younger aged learners. Preston & Mowbray (2008) publishing stated SMART boards to be perfect for kindergartenars due to their interactive engrossment. Kindergarteners participation and ethusiasm to operate the SMART board boost confidence levels which ‘aid them to work independantly at a later time” (Preston & Mowbray, 2008, p. 51). Young learners are able to manipulate, write, draw, and interrelate using fingers or pointers with lesson plans. A benefit of IWBs in the classrooms is the want they create within the child to participate. The SMART Board also enhances older students’ understanding of concepts. No longer do they huddle around the teacher for instruction. Moreover, the board supports how kinesthetic and auditory learners learn, too. Students can write, say, and demonstrate the math. I believe the technology allows them to take risks with their learning because of their high comfort level with technology: Even the lowest in math ability are not afraid to make mistakes using the technology. (Mueller, 2012, p. 265)Teachers notice better behaviors out of the children, in hopes to get a turn or ‘privilege’ amongst the other students in the class. Classrooms have replaced chalkboards, with IWBs to increase learning involvement. Technology is moving into a place that instills confidence rather than breaking it down. Will Technology Replacing Teachers Media reports are growing in numbers with stories related to budget cuts in schools. Schools cannot cut the number of children, so what does this mean for their education? Ian Quillen a writer for Education Week describes how budget cuts in the Eagle County, CO school district within New York City lead to layoffs of three foreign-language teachers, “…affected teachers, railed against the district for replacing face-to-face instructors with a digital option that argued would not be as rich or as meaningful” (Quillen, 2012, p. 4). The Eagle County school district stated this was purely a budget cut, they would prefer to keep instructors for face-to-face teaching. Research conducted by Quillen’s (2012) found a school within New York City, which had a different idea for teaching mathematics: Multiple vendors could be the primary source of instruction for students. The role for teachers then becomes to intervene when students encounter difficulty with a computerized lesson, ideally with different teachers having different specializations in a manner similar to a team of doctors at a hospital. (p. 5 – 6)It is a common complaint of older generations, that the Millennials do not have people skills and find comfort in being a loner within crowds. Do we want to remove the classroom setting from their daily interactions? Often children’s classroom interactions shape their first look into the ‘real world,’ regularly providing contrasting morals from those learned in the home, socially acceptable behaviors, comradery, and teamwork. The teachers within the classrooms are there as a compass to correct inappropriate behaviors, establish basic etiquettes, teach children to take turns, and work within diverse teams. Computerized curriculums are not the problem; the problem is the removal of the human interaction from a live teacher. “Futurists quickly envisioned “virtual schools” where students spend a great deal of time learning from their computer-as-teacher. (Collinson, 2001, p. 35)” Technology has far more pros than cons while attempting to improve the classrooms. The introduction of the television was the first groundbreaking step humans took to improve education globally. Today’s classrooms have replaced the television with more interactive media devices such as IWBs. Vivienne Collinson (2001) declares, Children were physically and mentally inactive while watching TV. Linguistically, they were not talking, playing with words, planning responses, or fine-tuning their language skills. Socially, they were not practicing skills to help them interact productively with others. (p. 39) After the research noticed the need for more interaction, the IWBs seem to be perfect. Teachers use IWBs within classroom as an educational aid, not to replace their primary function within the learning process.Kevin Lee’s 2013 publication states it best when discussing how new technology is affecting law schools, “Nonetheless, this essay defends humanistic education” (p 3). It is the job of the masses to ensure our society remains as humanist as possible. Allowing technology to present material or instruct, rather than assist, the youth would be a tremendous turn in the further withdrawal of human interaction. When technology is bestowing the information, no humanistic skills are developed; the only objective is to absorb the information presented. It is the roll of the human teacher to maintain a balance between the maximum learning possible and development of applicable skill/knowledge. The future depends on this fine line of balance between what parents and teachers can teach with the collaboration of technology as an assistant. ReferencesBasak, C., Boot, W. R., Voss, M. W., & Kramer, A. F. (2008, 12). Can Training in a Real-Time Strategy Videogame Attenuate Cognitive Decline in Older Adults? Psychol Aging, 23, 765-777. doi:10.1037/a0013494. Retrieved from , R. M., & Merrill, M. (2012). Characteristics of Instructional Design Models. Reiser & Dempsey (Third Edition), Trends and Issues in Industrial Design and Technology (8-15). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.Collinson, V. (2001). Intellectual, Social, And Moral Development: Why Technology Cannot Replace Teachers. The High School Journal, Vol. 85 (1), 35-44. Retrieved from , V. N. (2013). Why the Common Core changes math instruction. Phi Delta Kappan, 95(2), 59-63. Retrieved from , R., Gutberg, J., Schattke, K., Paulin, M., & Jost, N. (2015). Self-determination Theory, Social Media And Charitable Causes: An in-depth analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 298-307. Retrieved from , J. (2012). Keeping Students Engaged With Web-Based Polling in The Library instruction session. Library Hi Tech, 30(2), 235-252. Retrieved from , C., Ramanau, R., Cross, S., & Healing, G. (2010). Net generation or Digital Natives: Is there a distinct new generation entering university? Computers & Education, 722-732. Retrieved from , K. P. (2013). 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Can Parents' Involvement in Children's Education Offset the Effects of Early Insensitivity on Academic Functioning? Journal of Educational Psychology, 859-869. Retrieved from , K. (2012). The New "Kid Magnet". National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 19, 264-267. Retrieved from , S., & Cakir, H. (2011). Research In Online Learning Environments: Priorities And Methodologies. Computers & Education, 57, 1098-1108. doi:10.1016/pedu.2010.12.009Preston, C., & Mowbray, L. (2008). Use of "SMART" Boards For Teaching, Learning And Assessment In Kindergarten Science. Teaching Science, 54(2), 50-53. Retrieved from , I. (2012). Can Technology Replace Teachers? Quality debated as districts tap tech over teachers. Education Digest, 78, 4. Retrieved from , R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2012). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design And Technology. Boston: Person Education, Inc.Roth, K. (2014). Technology for Tomorrow's Teachers. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 85, 3-5. Retrieved from , J., & Morrison, C. (2007). What is the Net Generation? The challenge for future medical education. Medical Teacher, 29, 85-88. Retrieved from , C., & Aguayo, T. (2014). Preparing academic advisors for orientation programs. Retrieved from Clearinghouse Academic Advising Resources: , O. A. (2012). Using the iPad in a Sport Education Season. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 83, 39-45. doi:10.1080/07303084.2012.10598710Technology Quarterly. (2010). The net generation, unplugged. Technology Quarterly: Q1 2010. Retrieved from Children's Partnership. (2010). Empowering Parents Through Technology To Improve the Odds for Children. Digital Opportunity for Youth Issue Brief, 1-16. Retrieved from (Faulkner, 2013) ................
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