SECOND MID_TERM EXAM IMAGES



History Dr. Dennis

MODEL

MID-TERM EXAM

*****THIS IS A MODEL, THIS IS NOT THE EXAM******

PART I: IDENTIFICATIONS (33%)

Please identify the creator (1 point), title (1 point) and cultural/historical

context (3 points) of the following examples.

Do so by filling in the table provided.

PART II: ESSAY (67%)

Please compose ONE essay explaining how any ONE of the examples (textual or visual) represents the major themes of its cultural/historical context.

All essays must be well-structured, including introductions, bodies and conclusions, following the Outline and Style Guidelines provided for this course, available via CourseConnect and at:



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(Remove and hand in with bluebook.) Sources may be repeated.

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1. You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I say to you, Do not resist one who is evil. But if any one strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also; and if any one would sue you and take your coat, let him have your cloak as well; and if any one forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles. give to him who begs from you, and do not refuse him who would borrow from you. … Do not be anxious about your life, what you shall eat or what you shall drink, nor about your body, what you shall put on. Is not life more than food, and the body more than the clothing? Look at the birds of the air: they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them….Therefore do not be anxious, saying, ‘What shall we eat?’or ‘What shall we drink?’or ‘What shall we wear?’ For the Gentiles seek all these things; and your heavenly Father knows that you need them all. But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things shall be yours as well.

2. Yonder is one who, victor over Corinth,

Will ride in triumph home, famous for carnage

Inflicted on the Greeks; near him another,

Destroyer of old Argos and Mycenae

Where Agamemnon ruled; he will strike down

A king descended from Achilles; Pydna

Shall be revenge for Pallas’ ruined temple,

For Trojan ancestors. Who would pass over,

Without a word, Cossus, or noble Cato,

The Gracchi, or those thunderbolts of warfare,

The Scipios, Libya’s ruin, or Fabricius,

Mighty with little…

My tale must hurry on: …

Others, no doubt, will better mould the bronze

To the semblance of soft breathing, draw, from marble,

The living countenance; and others plead

With greater eloquence, or learn to measure,

Better than we, the pathways of the heavens,

The risings of the stars: remember, Roman,

To rule the people under law, to establish

The way of peace, to battle down the haughty,

To spare the meek. Our fine arts, these, forever.

3. Virgin mother, daughter of your Son,

more humble and sublime than any creature,

fixed goal decreed from all eternity,

you are the one who gave to human nature

so much nobility that its Creator

did not disdain His being made its creature.

That love whose warmth allowed this flower to bloom

within the everlasting peace – was love

rekindled in your womb; for us above,

you are the noonday torch of charity,

and there below, on earth, among the mortals,

you are a living spring of hope, Lady,

you are so high, you can so intercede,

that he who would have grace but does not seek

your aid, may long to fly but has no wings.

Your loving-kindness does not only answer

the one who asks, but is often ready

to answer freely long before the asking.

In you compassion is, in you is piety,

in you is generosity, in your

is every goodness found in any creature.

This man—who from the deepest hollow in

the universe, up to this height, has seen

the lives of spirits, one by one—now pleads

with you, through grace, to grant him so much virtue

that he may lift his vision higher still--

may lift it toward the ultimate salvation.

4. There is no emperor, king, duke, nor baron,

That of God hath commission,

As hath the least priest in the world being:

For of the blessed sacraments pure and benign,

He bearetht he keyas and therof hath the cure

For man’s redemption, it is every sure…

God will you to salvation bring,

For priesthood exceedeth all other thing;

To us Holy Scripture they do teach,

And converteth man from sin heaven to reach;

God hath to them more power given,

Than to any angel that is in heaven;

With five words he may consecrate

God’s body in flesh and blood to make,

And handleth his maker between his hands;

The priest bindeth and unbindeth all bands,

Both in earth and in heaven;

Thou ministers all the sacraments seven;

Though we kissed thy feet thou were worthy;

Thou art surgeon that cureth sin deadly:

No remedy we find under God

But all only priesthood.

...God gave priests that dignity,

And setteth them in his stead among us to be;

Thus be they above angels in degree.

5. The kindly master said: “Do you not ask

who are these spirits whom you see before you?

I’d have you know, before you go ahead,

they did not sin; and yet, though they have merits,

that’s not enough, because they lacked baptism,

the portal of the faith that you embrace.

And if they lived before Christianity,

they did not worship God in fitting ways;

and of such spirits I myself am one….

That shade is Homer, the coinsummate poet;

the other one is Horace, satirist;

the third is Ovid, and the last is Lucan…

Facing me there, on the enameled green,

great-hearted souls were shown to me and I

still glory in my having witnessed them.

I saw Electra with her many comrades,

among whom I knew Hector and Aeneas

and Caesar, in his armor, falcon-eyed…

When I had raised my eyes a little higher,

I saw the master of the men who know,

seated in philosophic family.

There all look up to him, all do him honor:

there I beheld both Socrates and Plato,

Closest to him, in front of all the rest:

Democritus, who ascribes the world to chance,

Diogenes, Empedocles, and Zeno,

and Thales, Anaxagoras, Heraclitus…

6. Character 1: I perceive here in my majesty,

How that all creatures be to me unkind,

Living without dread in worldly prosperity:

Of ghostly sight the people be so blind,

Drowned in sin, they know me not for their God:

In worldly riches is all their mind,

They fear not my right wiseness, the sharp rod:

My law that I shewed, when I for them died.

They forget clean, and shedding of my blood red.

I hanged between two, it cannot be denied:

To get them life I suffered to be dead…

But now I see, like traitors deject,

They thank me not for the pleasure that I to them meant

Nor yet for their being that I them have lent;

I proffered the people great multitude of mercy,

And few there be that asketh it heartily;

They be so combered with worldly riches,

That needs of them I must do justice,

On Everyman living without fear.

Where art thou, Death, thou mighty messenger?…

Chracter 2: Lord, I will in the world go run over all,

And cruelly outsearch both great and small;

Every man will I beset that liveth beastly

Out of God’s laws, and dreadeth not folly:

He that loveth riches I will strike with my dart,

His sight to blind, and from heaven to depart,

Except that alms be his good friend,

In hell for to dwell, world without end.

7. Swift the hero sprang to his feet;

Saw mid the war-gear a stately sword,

An ancient war-brand of biting edge,

Choicest of weapons worthy and strong,

The work of giants, a warrior’s joy,

So heavy no hand bvut his own could hold it,

Bear to battle or wield in war.

Then the Scylding warrior, savage and grim,

Seized the ring-hilt and swung the sword,

Struck with fury, despairing of life,

Thrust at the throat, broke through the bone-rings;

The stout blade stabbed through her fated flesh.

She sank in death; the sword was bloody:

The hero joyed in the work of his hand.

The gleaming radiance shimmered and shone

As the candle of heaven shines clear from the sky…

A full requital he firmly planned

For all the injury Grendel had done

Ïn numberless raids on the Danish race…

All this the stout-heart had stern requited;

And there before him bereft of life

He saw the broken body of Grendel

Stilled in battle, and stretched in death…

The corpose sprang wide as he struck the blow,

The hard sword-stroke that severed the head.

8. We must make the best of those things that are in our power, and take the rest as nature givesw it… “What? Am I to be beheaded now, and I alone?” Why? Will you not stretch out your neck as Lateranus did in Rome when Nero ordered his beheading? For he stretched out his neck and took the blow, and when the blow dealt him was too weak, he shrank up a little and then stretched it out again….What then must a man have ready to help him in...emergencies? Surely this: he must ask himself, What is mine, and what is not mine? What may I do, what may I not do? I must die. But must I die groaning? I must be imprisoned. But must I whine as well? I must suffer exile. Can any one then hinder me from going with a smile, and a good courage, and at peace? “Tell the secret!” I refuse to tell, for this is in my power. “But I will chain you.” What say you, fellow? Chain me? My leg you will chain—yes, but my will—no, not even Zeus can conquer that. “I will imprison you.” My bit of a body, you mean. “I will behead you.” Why? When did I ever tell you that I was the only man in the world that could not be beheaded? These are the thoughts that those who pursue philosophy should ponder, these are the lessons they should write down day by day, in these they should exercise themselves..... Will you not study to be content with what is given you?

9. Seeing the crowds, he went up on the mountain, and when he sat down his disciples came to him. And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying:

“Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

“Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.

“Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.

“Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied.

“Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.

“Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.

“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God.

“Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

“Blessed are you when men revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven, for some men persecuted the prophets who were before you.”

10. Now they say and tell and relate: How the Count Bougars of Valence made war on Count Garin of Beaucaire, war so great, so wonderful, and so mortal, that never dawned the day but that he was at the gates and walls and barriers of the town, with a hundred knights and ten thousand men-at-arms, on foot and on horse. So he burned the Count’s land, and spoiled his heritage, and dealt death to this man. The Count Garin of Beaucaire was full of years, and frail; he had long outworn his day. He had no heir, neither son nor daughter, save one only valet, and he was such as I will tell you. Aucassin was the name of the lad. Fair he was, and pleasant to look upon, tall and shapely of body in every whit of him. His hair was golden, and curled in little rinigs about his head; he had gray and dancing eyes, a clear oval face, a nose high and comely, and he was so gracious in all good graces that nought in him was found to blame, but good alone. But love, that high prince, so utterly had cast him down, that he cared not to become knight, neither to bear arms, nor to tilt at tourneys, nor yet to do aught that it became his name to do.

11. In the monastery which he entered, the monks celebrated most magnificently the Cult of the Holy Virgin, each of them bringing to her service all the knowledge and skill which God had given him. Perceiving so great a competition in praise and so fine a harvest of good works, Barnabas fell to lamenting his ignorance and simplicity. “Alas!” he sighed as he walked by himself one day in the little garden shaded by the monastery wall, “I am so unhappy because I cannot, like my brothers, give worthy praise to the Holy Mother of God to whom I have consecrated all the love in my heart. Alas, I am a stupid fellow, without art, and for your service, Madame, I have no edifying sermons, no fine treatises, no cunningly carved statues, and no verses counted off by feet and marching in measure! Alas, I have nothing.” Thus did he lament and abandon himself to his misery.

12. In royal splendor the king rode forth

Mid the trampling tread of a troop of shieldmen.

The tracks lay clear where the fiend had fared

Over plain and bottom and woodland path,

Through murky moorland making her way…

Through rocky upland and rugged ravine,

A lonely journey, past looming headlands,

The lair of monster and lurking troll…

Sudden they came on a dismal covert

Of trees that hung over hoary stone,

Over churning water and blood-stained wave….

The water boiled in a bloody swirling

With seething gore as the spearmen gazed.

The trumpet sounded a martial strain;

The shield-troop halted. Their eyes beheld

The swimming forms of strange sea-dragons,

Dim serpent shapes in the watery depths,

Seabeasts sunning on headland slopes,

Snakelike monsters that oft at sunrise

On evil errands scour the sea.

13. Fix our eyes below, upon the valley,

for now we near the stream of blood,

where those who injur others violently, boil…

I saw a broad ditch bent into an arc

so that it could embrace all of that plain,

precisely as my guide had said before;

between it and the base of the embankment

raced foles of Centaurs who were armed with arrows

as, in the world above, they used to hunt…

And many thousands wheel around the moat,

their arrows aimed at any soul that thrusts

above the blood more than its guild allows….

Now, with our faithful escort, we advanced

along the bloodred, boiling ditch’s banks,

beside the piercing cries of those who boiled

I saw some who were sunk up to their brows

and that huge Centaur said: ‘These are the tyrants

who plunged their hands in blood and plundering.

Here thy lament their ruthless crimes; here are

both Alexander and the fierce Dionysus…

And there divine justice torments Atilla,

he who was such a scourge upon the earth…

14. Courage, Scipio, lay aside your dread and imprint my words on your memory. Do you see yonder city which I forced to submit to Rome but which is now stirring up the old hostilities and cannot remain at rest (from a lofty eminence bathed in brilliant starlight he pointed to Carthage), the city which you have come to attack, slightly more than a private? Within two years you shall be consul and overthrow it, and so win for yourself that which you now bear by inheritance. When you shall have destroyed Carthage, celebrated your triumph, been chosen censor, have traversed Egypt, Syria, Asia, and Greece as ambassador, you will be chosen consul a second time in your absence and will put an end to a great war by extirpating Numantia. But when you shall be borne into the capitol in your triumphal chariot, you shall find the government thrown into confusion by the machinations of my grandson, and here, Africanus, you must display to your country the luster of your spirit, genius, and wisdom…. Upon your single person the preservation of your country will depend; and, in short, it is your part, as dictator, to settle the government, if you can but escape the impious hands of your kinsmen.

15. Character 1: Lo, this is Confesion: kneel down and ask mercy,

For he is in good conceit with God almighty…

Character 2: I come with Knowledge for my redemption…

Repent with hearty and full contrition…

Character 3: I know your sorrow well, Everyman;

Because with Knowledge ye come to me,

I will you comfort as well as I can,

And a precious jewel I will give thee,

Called penance, wise voider of adversity;

Therewith shall your body chastised be,

With abstinence and perserverance in God’s service:

Here shall you receive that scourge of me,

Which is penance strong, that ye must endure,

To remember thy Savior was scourged for thee

With sharp scourges, and suffered it patiently

So must thou…

Character 1: Put on this garment to thy behove,

Which is wet with your tears…

It is a garment of sorrow:

From pain it will you borrow;

Contrition it is,

That getteth forgiveness;

It pleaseth God passing well.

16. And there will be a son of Mars; his mother

Is Ilia, and his name is Romulus…

On his helmet

See, even now, twin plumes; his father’s honor

Confers distinction on him for the world.

Under his auspices Rome, that glorious city,

Will bound her power by earth, her pride by heaven…

Turn the eyes now this way; behold the Romans,

Your very own. These are Iulus’ children,

The race to come. One promise you have heard

Over and over: here is its fulfillment,

The son of a god, Augustus Caesar, founder

Of a new age of gold, in lands where Saturn

Ruled long ago; he will extend his empire

Beyond the Indies, beyond the normal measure

Of years and constellations, where high Atlas

Turns on his shoulders the star-studded world….

Not even Hercules, in all his travels,

Covered so much of the world, …

How can hesitation

Keep us from deeds to make our prowess greater?

17. And now Count Roland, lying beneath a pine,

Has turned his face to look toward pagan Spain;

And he begins remembering these things:

The many lands his valor won the king,

Sweet France, his home, the men of his own line,

And Charlemagne who raised him in his house --

The memories make him shed tears and sigh.

But not forgetting how close he is to death,

He prays that God forgive him all hius sins:

”O my true Father, O Thou who never lied,

Thow who delivered Lazarus from the grave,

Who rescued Daniel out of the lions’ den,

Keep now my soul from every perilo safe,

Forgive the sins that I have done in life.”

Roland, in homage, offers his glove to God.

Saint Gabriel comes down and takes it from his hand.

His head sinks down to rest upon his arm;

Hands clasped in prayer, the count has met his end.

God sends from heaven the angel Cherubin,

Holy Saint Michael who saves us from the sea,

And with these two the Angel Gabriel flies.

Count Roland’s sould they bring to Paradise.

18. And I, who now was nearing Him who is

the end of all desires, as I ought,

lifted my longing to its ardent limit…

my sight, becoming pure, was able to

penetrate the ray of Light more deeply--

That Light, sublime, which in itself is true…

O Highest light, You, raised so far above

the minds of mortals, to my memory

give back something of Your epiphany

and make my tongue so powerful that I

may leave to people of the future one

gleam of the glory that is Yours…

Whoever sees that Light is soon made such

that it would b e impossible for him

to set that Light aside for another sight;

because the good, the object of the will,

is fully gathered in that Light; outside

that Light, what there is perfect is defective…

In the deep and bright essence of that exalted light,

three circles appeared to me; they had three different colors,but all of them were of the same dimension;

one circle seemed reflected by the second,

as rainbow is by rainbow, and the third

seemed fire breathed equally by those two circles…

Eternal Light, You only dwell within

Yourself, and only You know You; Self-knowing,

Self-known, You love and smile upon Yourself!

Visual Examples follow, and will be projected.

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