Distributed PV System Design - Energy
[Pages:16]SANDIA REPORT
SAND2008-0946 P Unlimited Release Printed February 2008
Renewable Systems Interconnection Study:
Distributed Photovoltaic Systems Design and Technology Requirements
Chuck Whitaker, Jeff Newmiller, Michael Ropp, Benn Norris
Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited.
Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation.
NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
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SAND2008-0946 P Unlimited Release Printed February 2008
Renewable Systems Interconnection Study:
Distributed Photovoltaic Systems Design and Technology Requirements
Chuck Whitaker, Jeff Newmiller BEW Engineering
Michael Ropp, Northern Plains Power Technologies
Ben Norris, Norris Engineering Consulting
Sandia Contract 717448
Abstract
To facilitate more extensive adoption of renewable distributed electric generation, the U.S. Department of Energy launched the Renewable Systems Interconnection (RSI) study during the spring of 2007. The study addressed the technical and analytical challenges that must be addressed to enable high penetration levels of distributed renewable energy technologies. Interest in PV systems is increasing and the installation of large PV systems or large groups of PV systems that are interactive with the utility grid is accelerating, so the compatibility of higher levels of distributed generation needs to be ensured and the grid infrastructure protected. The variability and nondispatchability of today's PV systems affect the stability of the utility grid and the economics of the PV and energy distribution systems. Integration issues need to be addressed from the distributed PV system side and from the utility side. Advanced inverter, controller, and interconnection technology development must produce hardware that allows PV to operate safely with the utility and act as a grid resource that provides benefits to both the grid and the owner.
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Preface
Now is the time to plan for the integration of significant quantities of distributed renewable energy into the electricity grid. Concerns about climate change, the adoption of state-level renewable portfolio standards and incentives, and accelerated cost reductions are driving steep growth in U.S. renewable energy technologies. The number of distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, in particular, is growing rapidly. As distributed PV and other renewable energy technologies mature, they can provide a significant share of our nation's electricity demand. However, as their market share grows, concerns about potential impacts on the stability and operation of the electricity grid may create barriers to their future expansion.
To facilitate more extensive adoption of renewable distributed electric generation, the U.S. Department of Energy launched the Renewable Systems Interconnection (RSI) study during the spring of 2007. This study addresses the technical and analytical challenges that must be addressed to enable high penetration levels of distributed renewable energy technologies. Because integration-related issues at the distribution system are likely to emerge first for PV technology, the RSI study focuses on this area. A key goal of the RSI study is to identify the research and development needed to build the foundation for a high-penetration renewable energy future while enhancing the operation of the electricity grid.
The RSI study consists of 15 reports that address a variety of issues related to distributed systems technology development; advanced distribution systems integration; system-level tests and demonstrations; technical and market analysis; resource assessment; and codes, standards, and regulatory implementation. The RSI reports are:
? Renewable Systems Interconnection: Executive Summary ? Distributed Photovoltaic Systems Design and Technology Requirements ? Advanced Grid Planning and Operation ? Utility Models, Analysis, and Simulation Tools ? Cyber Security Analysis ? Power System Planning: Emerging Practices Suitable for Evaluating the Impact of
High-Penetration Photovoltaics ? Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for High-Penetration
Photovoltaics ? Enhanced Reliability of Photovoltaic Systems with Energy Storage and Controls ? Transmission System Performance Analysis for High-Penetration Photovoltaics ? Solar Resource Assessment ? Test and Demonstration Program Definition ? Photovoltaics Value Analysis ? Photovoltaics Business Models
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? Production Cost Modeling for High Levels of Photovoltaic Penetration ? Rooftop Photovoltaics Market Penetration Scenarios. Addressing grid-integration issues is a necessary prerequisite for the long-term viability of the distributed renewable energy industry, in general, and the distributed PV industry, in particular. The RSI study is one step on this path. The Department of Energy is also working with stakeholders to develop a research and development plan aimed at making this vision a reality.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the extensive contributions of the following people to this report:
? Jovan Bebic, General Electric Global Research Division ? Mike Behnke, BEW Engineering ? Ward Bower, Sandia National Laboratories ? John Bzura, National Grid ? Tom Key, Electric Power Research Institute.
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Acronyms
AC ADSL BPL DG EMS GE IEC IEEE LAN LTC LV MPP MTBF MV NDZ NREL OF OV PLCC PV RSI SEGIS SFS SVC SVR SVS UF UPS UV VAr VPCC WECC
alternating current asymmetric digital subscriber line broadband over power line distributed generation, distributed generator energy management system General Electric International Electro-technical Committee Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers local area network load tap changing low voltage maximum power point mean time before failure medium voltage nondetection zone National Renewable Energy Laboratory over frequency over voltage power line carrier communications photovoltaic Renewable Systems Integration solar energy grid integration system Sandia Frequency Shift static VAr compensator step voltage regulator Sandia Voltage Shift under frequency uninterruptible power supply under voltage volt-ampere reactive point of common coupling voltage Western Electricity Coordinating Council
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