THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES - USGS
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 679 B
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W, C. MendenhaU, Director ,
Water-Supply Paper 679 B
THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE UNITED STATES
BY
NORAH D. STEARNS, HAROLD T. STEARNS AND GERALD A. WARING
Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1935 (Pages 59-191)
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ------ Pricel]35 cents
CONTENTS
Page Abstract-_______________________-______-___-_-_---____--__-_-_- 59 Introduction___________________________________________ .___-___ 60 Literature of thermal springs in the United States___________________ 61 Geologic problems relating to thermal springs_________________________ 66
Sources of the water_________________________________________ 66 Sources of the heat____________________________ _.___._._._ 68 Relation of thermal springs to geologic structure__________________ 71 Age of thermal springs_________-_________-____-______--__--_- 72 The springs, by physiographic divisions.. ____________________________ 72 Distribution____._._._._._______________________ 72 Laurentian Upland__________________________________________ 73 Atlantic Plain.________________________________-____ 74 Appalachian Highlands________________________________________ 74 Interior Plains________________________________________________ 77 Interior Highlands-____________________________-________-_____ 78 Rocky Mountain system_-_____---_____________ _______________ 80
Northern Rocky Mountains________________________________ 80 Wyoming Basin___________-____________-_-_-----___-___ 85 Southern Rocky Mountains. _______________________________ 86 Intermontane Plateaus____-_-_-________._______-___-_-_-____ 88 Columbia Plateaus_______________________________---.____- 88 Colorado Plateaus_________ _______________ ___________ 89 Basin and Range province___ ____________________________ 91 Pacific Mountain system_____________________________________ 93 Sierra-Cascade Mountains_____________________________-____ 93 Pacific Border provmce_____-_--_____________-_____--_---_- 94 Summary and conclusions__________________________________________ 95 Annotated bibliography____________________ _____________________ 98 Tabulated data______________________________..._ 114 Index____________________________________________________________ 193
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
PLATE 7. Minerva Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo___.______________._._______ 59
8. Map of the United States showing thermal springs and physiographic divisions._____ .___ _______ ______ ____ In pocket.
9. Map of Virginia and West Virginia showing thermal springs. __ 76 10. Map of part of Georgia showing thermal springs and their
relation to Pine Mountain________________________---_-_- 76 11. Map of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming showing thermal
springs _ _____________________________________________ 82
in
IV
CONTENTS
Page PLATE 12. Map of Yellowstone National Park showing principal groups of
hot springs and geysers______-____---_----------------- 84 13. Map of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico showing
thermal springs.___________--____-_--_------__ ._._._._ 86 14. Map of Washington and Oregon showing thermal springs.___ 88 15. Map of California and Nevada showing thermal springs.__._ 92 16. Map of Lassen Peak area, California, showing thermal springs
and their relation to the peak and to probable faults...-.-. 94 FIGURE 8. Map of the United States showing mean annual temperature._ 62
9. Geologic cross sections showing general structure at thermal springs in the Virginia region.__-____-__-___-_____---___ 76
10. Geologic cross section showing structure near Hot Springs, Ark_ .._.____.__...._-...._-_._..._._._._._._.._.._ 79
11. Map of Idaho showing distribution of thermal springs and principal areas of granite and of lava______-.?________-___ 82
12. Geologic cross section through the hot springs at Thermopolis, Wyo___________________________-_._._.--_______-___ 84
13. Map of Utah showing thermal springs and principal faults____ 90 14. Map of northwestern Nevada and adjacent portions of Cali-
fornia and Oregon showing thermal springs and principal faults,..____-__________-_-_--___-____._______-_-_ 92
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