Age Determination Guidelines: Relating Children's Ages to ...

[Pages:313]AGE DETERMINATION GUIDELINES: Relating Children's Ages To

Toy Characteristics and Play Behavior

September 2002

Edited by Timothy P. Smith, Project Manager, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)

CPSC STAFF DOCUMENT Based on work performed under contract by Play Today

Principal Author: James A. Therrell Additional contributions by Pei-San Brown, John A. Sutterby, and Candra D. Thornton

CONTENTS

Page Toy Subcategory Index................................................................................................................... iii

INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 Small Parts Regulation.........................................................................................................1 Use and Abuse Testing ........................................................................................................2 Age Labeling and Determinations .......................................................................................3 Age Determination Guidelines ............................................................................................4 Format of the Guidelines .....................................................................................................5 Using the Guidelines..........................................................................................................10

CHILDREN'S BASIC ABILITIES AND PREFERENCES.........................................................13

EARLY EXPLORATORY/PRACTICE PLAY ............................................................................21 Mirrors, Mobiles, & Manipulatives ...................................................................................23 Push & Pull Toys ...............................................................................................................35

CONSTRUCTION PLAY .............................................................................................................45 Blocks ................................................................................................................................47 Interlocking Building Materials.........................................................................................61

PRETEND & ROLE PLAY...........................................................................................................69 Dolls & Stuffed Toys .........................................................................................................71 Play Scenes & Puppets ......................................................................................................85 Dress-Up Materials ............................................................................................................95 Small Vehicle Toys..........................................................................................................105 Tools & Props ..................................................................................................................117

GAME & ACTIVITY PLAY ......................................................................................................129 Puzzles .............................................................................................................................131 Card, Floor, Board, & Table Games ................................................................................141 Computer & Video Games...............................................................................................151

SPORTS & RECREATIONAL PLAY........................................................................................165 Ride-On Toys...................................................................................................................167 Recreational Equipment...................................................................................................177 Sports Equipment.............................................................................................................191

MEDIA PLAY .............................................................................................................................199 Arts & Crafts....................................................................................................................201 Audiovisual Equipment ...................................................................................................215 Musical Instruments.........................................................................................................229

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EDUCATIONAL & ACADEMIC PLAY ...................................................................................243 Books ...............................................................................................................................245 Learning Toys ..................................................................................................................259 Smart Toys & Educational Software ...............................................................................269

References ....................................................................................................................................281 Toy Index......................................................................................................................................295

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TOY SUBCATEGORY INDEX Page

Arts & Crafts................................................................................................................................201 Audiovisual Equipment ...............................................................................................................215 Blocks ............................................................................................................................................47 Books ...........................................................................................................................................245 Card, Floor, Board, & Table Games ............................................................................................141 Computer & Video Games...........................................................................................................151 Dolls & Stuffed Toys .....................................................................................................................71 Dress-Up Materials ........................................................................................................................95 Interlocking Building Materials.....................................................................................................61 Learning Toys ..............................................................................................................................259 Mirrors, Mobiles, & Manipulatives ...............................................................................................23 Musical Instruments.....................................................................................................................229 Play Scenes & Puppets ..................................................................................................................85 Push & Pull Toys ...........................................................................................................................35 Puzzles .........................................................................................................................................131 Recreational Equipment...............................................................................................................177 Ride-On Toys...............................................................................................................................167 Small Vehicle Toys......................................................................................................................105 Smart Toys & Educational Software ...........................................................................................269 Sports Equipment.........................................................................................................................191 Tools & Props ..............................................................................................................................117

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INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent federal regulatory agency established in 1973 by the Consumer Product Safety Act. The Commission's mission is to protect the public against unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. As part of its responsibilities, CPSC administers the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), under which it regulates toys and other children's products. One major regulation issued under this Act is the Small Parts Regulation, which bans any toy or other article-- hereafter referred to as a "toy"--intended for use by children under 3 years of age if it presents a choking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard because of small parts. To determine the applicability of this regulation, CPSC staff members often perform age determinations on toy samples. These determinations involve the staff examining a sample toy to determine for what age children it is commonly recognized as being intended. The results of these age determinations directly impact the type and severity of tests the sample may subsequently undergo to identify potential hazards.

Small Parts Regulation1

In 1979, the Commission issued a regulation under provisions of the FHSA to ban certain toys intended for use by children under 3 years of age if they present a choking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard because of small parts. This regulation, known as the Small Parts Regulation, is published in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, Sections 1500.18(a)(9), 1500.50?52, and Part 1501. Introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of a banned item is a prohibited act under Section 4 of the FHSA and subjects the firm to the penalties described in Section 5 of the FHSA. The regulation does not apply to toys that are solely intended for use by children 3 years of age and older, nor does it apply to toys that children under 3 years of age might have access to simply because of their presence in the household. For a detailed list of toys covered by and exempted from this regulation, see 16 CFR Part 1501.

The Small Parts Regulation specifies the equipment and test method used to determine if a toy presents a choking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard because the article itself, or any part that could

1 This abbreviated description of the Small Parts Regulation does not replace or supersede any requirements published in 16 CFR ? 1500.18(a)(9), 1500.50?52, and Part 1501.

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be detached or broken off during normal or reasonably foreseeable use and abuse, is a small part. The equipment includes a hollow truncated cylinder having an interior diameter of 1.25 inches, a minimum interior depth of 1 inch, and a maximum interior depth or 2.25 inches (see 16 CFR Section 1501.4). If the toy being tested fits entirely within the cylinder, it is considered a small part. If it does not, it is subjected to use and abuse test procedures.

Use and Abuse Testing

CPSC established test procedures to simulate normal or reasonably foreseeable use, damage, or abuse to which toys and other articles intended for use by children may be subjected. These test procedures are found in the Code of Federal Regulations, 16 CFR Sections 1500.50?53. Any toy that has undergone use and abuse testing with resulting detached parts that fit entirely within the small parts test cylinder is banned.

The five use and abuse tests specified in the regulation are impact, torque, tension, flexure, and compression. The table below lists the criteria for each test, depending on the age child for whom the toy is intended. Except for the tension test, each test method shall be applied to a previously untested sample. The tension test shall be applied to the same sample used in the torque test.

18 Months of Age or Less (16 CFR ? 1500.51)

Impact

10 drops from

4.5 ft ? 0.5 in

Flexure

120? Arc 30 Cycles 10 lb ? 0.5 lb

Torque

2 lbf-in ? 0.2 lbf-in

Tension Compression

10 lb ? 0.5 lb

20 lb ? 0.5 lb

Over 18 but Not Over 36 Months of Age (16 CFR ? 1500.52)

4 drops from

3 ft ? 0.5 in

120? Arc 30 Cycles 15 lb ? 0.5 lb

3 lbf-in ? 0.2 lbf-in

15 lb ? 0.5 lb

25 lb ? 0.5 lb

Over 36 but Not Over 96 Months of Age (16 CFR ? 1500.53)

4 drops from

3 ft ? 0.5 in

120? Arc 30 Cycles 15 lb ? 0.5 lb

4 lbf-in ? 0.2 lbf-in

15 lb ? 0.5 lb

30 lb ? 0.5 lb

Firms are not required to test their products under the Small Parts Regulation. However, the manufacturer, importer, or retailer is responsible for assuring that the toys they import, distribute,

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