Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide

Modern

SPANISH

Grammar

Second Edition

Routledge Modern Grammars

Series concept and development ? Sarah Butler

Other books in the series:

Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook by Juan Katt?n-Ibarra and Irene Wilkie ISBN 0?415?12099?3

Modern French Grammar Modern French Grammar Workbook

Modern German Grammar Modern German Grammar Workbook

Modern Italian Grammar Modern Italian Grammar Workbook

Modern

SPANISH

Grammar

A practical guide

Second Edition

Juan Katt?n-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain

First published 1997 by Routledge

Reprinted 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002

Second edition published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

? 1997, 2003 Juan Katt?n-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to eBookstore.tandf.co.uk." The authors assert their moral right to be identified as the authors of this work

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-203-42831-5 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-44036-6 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0?415?27303?X (hbk)

0?415?27304?8 (pbk)

Contents

Introduction

xvii

Glossary

xix

Part A Structures

1 Pronunciation and spelling

3

1.1 The Spanish alphabet

3

1.2 Diphthongs

6

1.3 Syllabification

6

1.4 Sinalefa

7

1.5 The written stress accent

7

1.6 Punctuation

9

1.7 Capital letters

10

2 Gender and gender agreements

11

2.1 Masculine and feminine

11

2.2 Plural

11

2.3 General rules for gender

12

2.4 Words which are both masculine and feminine

12

2.5 Nouns which vary in gender

12

2.6 Agreement classes of adjectives

13

2.7 The neuter

14

2.8 Lo

15

3 Plurals and number agreement

16

3.1 Plural forms

16

3.2 Number agreement

17

4 The articles

19

4.1 Definite article

19

4.2 Principal differences between the use of the definite article

in Spanish and English

20

4.3 Definite article + que and de

21

4.4 The indefinite article

22

v

CONTENTS

4.5 Principal differences between the use of the indefinite

article in Spanish and English

22

4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas

23

5 Adjectives

24

5.1 Shortening of adjectives

24

5.2 Adjective position

25

5.3 Adjectives used as nouns

27

5.4 Adjectives used as adverbs

27

6 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs

28

6.1 Lack of distinction between `more . . .' and `most . . .'

28

6.2 Syntax of comparative constructions

29

7 Numbers

30

7.1 Cardinal numbers

30

7.2 Ordinal numbers

31

7.3 Expressions involving numbers

32

8 Personal pronouns

34

8.1 Subject pronouns

34

8.2 Object pronouns

36

8.3 Reduplicated pronoun structures

39

9 Demonstratives

40

9.1 Forms

40

9.2 Order

40

9.3 Usage

41

10 Possessives

42

10.1 Forms

42

10.2 Usage

43

11 Relative pronouns

45

11.1 Que

45

11.2 El que/el cual, etc.

45

11.3 Quien(es)

46

11.4 Cuyo (adj.)

47

12 Interrogative and exclamatory forms

48

12.1 ?C?mo?/?C?mo!

48

12.2 ?Cu?l? and ?Qu??/?Qu?!

49

12.3 ?Cu?ndo?

50

12.4 ?Cu?nto?/?Cu?nto!

50

vi

Contents

12.5 ?D?nde?/?Ad?nde?

50

12.6 ?Para qu??/?Por qu??

50

12.7 ?Qu? tal?

51

12.8 ?Qui?n(es)?

51

12.9 ?Verdad?, ?no?

51

13 Indefinite and negative pronouns and adjectives

52

13.1 Alguno and ninguno

52

13.2 Alguien and nadie

52

13.3 Uno

53

13.4 Algo and nada

53

13.5 Cualquiera

53

13.6 Quienquiera

54

13.7 Todo

54

14 Adverbs

55

14.1 Formation of adverbs in -mente

55

14.2 Other adverbs

56

15 Negation

57

15.1 No

57

15.2 Negative element following the verb

57

15.3 Expressions requiring a negative

58

15.4 No . . . sino . . .

58

15.5 Negation of adjectives

58

15.6 Negative questions

58

16 Verb forms

59

16.1 The overall pattern

59

17 Use of the verb forms

72

17.1 Present

72

17.2 Perfect

73

17.3 Imperfect

74

17.4 Preterite

75

17.5 Future

76

17.6 Future perfect

77

17.7 Conditional

77

17.8 Conditional perfect

78

17.9 Pluperfect

78

17.10 Past anterior

79

17.11 Infinitive

79

17.12 Gerund

80

17.13 Imperative

81

vii

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