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Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: ____________(1) 2 pts. Compared to the age of the Earth accepted as correct today, how did seventeenth and eighteenth century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age? A) They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates.B) They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates.C) They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years.D) None of the above, they didn't really address the age of Earth.(2) 2 pts. A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. A) law B) hypothesis C) generalization D) theory(3) 2 pts. The currently accepted age of the Earth is ________ years. A) 4.6 billion B) 4.6 thousand C) 6.4 million D) 6.4 trillion(4) 2 pts.________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past." A) Biblical prophecy B) Aristotelian logicC) Uniformitarianism D) Catastrophism(5) 2 pts. The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.A) geosphere B) asthenosphere C) astrosphere D) lithosphere(6) 2 pts. Which is the thinnest Earth layer?A) Continental CrustB) Oceanic CrustC) MantleD) Core(7) 2 pts. Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat goes, what it does to Earth’s materials, and what those materials do. Include information about the two following questions: Why do the Earth materials rise? Why do they fall?(8) 2 pts. What are Earth’s layers based upon physical properties?A) core, mantle, lithosphereB) core, mantle, crustC) core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphereD) inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere(9) 2 pts. What are Earth’s layers based upon mineralogy/chemical properties?A) core, mantle, lithosphereB) core, mantle, crustC) core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphereD) inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere(10) 2 pts. Sedimentary rocks that are dipping at an angleA) were always that way.B) have been uplifted/deformed tectonically.C) are younger than the fault that cut them.D) are older than the fault that cut them. E) A & BF) B & CG) B & D(11) 2 pts. What happens to oceanic crust as it gets older, in the correct order?A) crust cools, becomes more dense, and sinksB) crust becomes more dense and sinksC) crust gets more dense, cools, and risesD) crust heats, becomes less dense, and rises(12) 2 pts. Which is the most dense?A) continental crustB) oceanic crust C) coreD) mantle(13) 2 pts. Which is the least dense?A) continental crustB) oceanic crust C) coreD) mantle(14) 2 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration with the correct type of volcano.Fissure Volcano, Stratovolcano, Shield Volcano, and Caldera VolcanoA) Caldera Volcano B) Fissure Volcano C) Stratovolcano D) Shield Volcano(15) 2 pts. In the above examples, which is volcano has the highest Silica content?A) Fissure VolcanoB) StratovolcanoC) Shield VolcanoD) Caldera Volcano(16) 2 pts. In the above examples, which is volcano has the lowest Silica content?A) Fissure VolcanoB) StratovolcanoC) Shield VolcanoD) Caldera Volcano(17) 2 pts. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of cross cutting relations? A) Rocks are younger than a fault if they are cut by the fault.B) Processes that cut across geological units are older than those geological units.C) Processes that cut across geological units are younger than those geological units.D) Fossils are younger than a fault if they are cut by the fault.(18) 2 pts. In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units? A) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere B) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphereC) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust D) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust(19) 2 pts.________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. A) Igneous B) Primary C) Sedimentary D) Indigenous(20) 2 pts.________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. A) Secondary B) Sedimentary C) Igneous D) Metamorphic(21) 2 pts. An unconformity is a buried ________. A) surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata belowB) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata belowC) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata belowD) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below(22) 2 pts. Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity? A) Horizontal lava flows lie below the unconformity, and horizontal, sedimentary strata lie above.B) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity with loose, unconsolidated soil above.C) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity, and bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the unconformity.D) It is the discordant boundary between older strata and an intrusive body of granite.(23) 2 pts. Visualize five horizontal sedimentary strata exposed in a cliff or canyon wall identified by consecutive numbers, 1 being the lowest bed and 5 being the highest. Which of the following statements concerning the strata are TRUE? A) bed 5 is the oldest B) bed 3 is older than beds 2 and 4C) beds l and 3 are older than bed 4 D) bed 4 is older than bed 2(24) 2 pts. By applying the law of superposition ________ ages can be determined. A) relative B) conventionalC) radiometric D) both relative and radiometric(25) 2 pts. ________ is an erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger strata above. A) A disconformity B) Cross cuttingC) An angular unconformity D) Inverse bedding(26) 2 pts. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following statements is correct geologically? A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.C) The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.D) The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.(27) 2 pts. Assume that you have just examined several flat-lying sedimentary layers. After much study you determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layer exists at this site. You have just discovered a(n) ________. A) disconformity B) example of cross-cutting relationshipsC) series of conformable strata D) angular unconformity(28) 2 pts. What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it? A) theory of correlative deposition B) law of original correlationC) law of superposition D) theory of superstition(29) 2 pts. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years. Assume that a sample of charcoal formed by burning of living wood 15,000 years ago. How much of the original carbon-14 would remain today? A) between 33% and 50% B) between 25% and 50% C) more than 50% D) between 12.5% and 25%2654300148738(30) 4 pts. In the chart of radioactive decay shown at the right>>>>(a) how many half-lives have elapsed by this time? __2__(b) how many half-lives have elapsed by this time? __3__(31) 2 pts. Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates? A) electrical and magnetic fields localized in the inner coreB) swirling movements of the molten iron particles in the outer coreC) export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphereD) gravitational attractive forces of the Sun and Moon(32) 2 pts. Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a ________ plate boundary. A) convergent B) divergentC) transform D) all plate boundaries(33) 2 pts. New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________. A) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magmaB) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magmaC) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magmaD) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma(34) 2 pts. The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a ________. A) continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros Mountains along the southern margin of EurasiaB) transform fault aligned with the Red Sea carrying the Arabian and African blocks in opposite directionsC) continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separateD) fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into Turkey(35) 2 pts. The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision. A) westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plateB) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red SeaC) northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California toward the Hawaiian IslandsD) northward movement of India into Eurasia(36) 2 pts. Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________. A) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridgeB) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridgeC) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axisD) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma(37) 2 pts. The energy for Plate Tectonics comes fromA) the magnetic field of the earthB) heat from the sunC) gravity between the earth and moonD) ocean currentsE) heat from the earth's core(38) 2 pts. The Himalayas are associated with which of the following plate boundaries?A) Ocean-continental convergenceB) Ocean-ocean convergenceC) Continent-continent convergenceD) DivergentE) Transform Fault(39) 2 pts. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of:A) Two Ocean plates convergingB) Two Continental plates convergingC) Diverging platesD) Hot SpotsE) Transform Fault Boundary(40) 2 pts. The youngest seafloor rocks are found:A) nearest to the mid-ocean ridgesB) nearest to the continental shelvesC) evenly distributed throughout the oceanD) underneath the continents3088005-35917E) where the ocean is the flattest(41) 2 pts. During large subduction zone earthquakes, some areas go up and some areas go down. a. true b. false. (42) 2 pts. Interseismic strain in a subduction zone looks like the drawing at the right>>>a. trueb. false16097255334000(43) 4 pts. The distance between the modern Hawaii Volcano (Mauna Loa = 0 years old) and the island that is circled is 3,200 km. What is the plate motion rate for the past 30 million years? (Round your answer to the nearest mm.) A. 156 mm/yearB. 458 mm/yearC. 107 mm/yearD. 352 mm/year(44) 2 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration with the correct type of plate boundary.Convergent, Transform, DivergentTRANSFORMDIVERGENTCONVERGENT(45) 2 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration where you would find each type of volcano:Shield Volcano, Rift Volcano, Stratovolcano, Fissure VolcanoStratovolcano Fissure Volcano Rift Volcano Shield Volcano(46) 4 pts. List the units and processes from oldest to youngest.Delete this: ABCDELKMFGHJI ................
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