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Chapter 4: Nouns 4.A Introduction to Hebrew NounsHebrew nouns refer to people, places, things and will manifest two grammatical genders (male/female; there is no neuter) which may or may not match the natural gender. Cities, countries, body parts and abstract ideas are often feminine. While number in English nouns may either be singular (boat) or plural (boats), Hebrew adds a dual often being found referring to matching body parts (two hands, eyes, ears, feet). While most nouns can be derived from matching verbs (e.g.?????? [king] is derived from the verb ?????? [to rule]). Some, however are not (e.g. ??? [father], ???? [day], ??????? [night], ???? [son], etc. cf. Kelly, sec. 17.1). 4.B. Gender and Number Noun FormationMasculine nouns often do not take any special ending in the singular (e.g. ?????? [king], ???? [horse], ?????? [word], ???? [day]). The feminine singular is often noted because of the ?? or some ? ending (?? or ?? or ??? ) as in ?????? [king] ???????? [queen] or ????? [man] ??????? [woman]. The usual ending for the masculine plural is ??? (?????? [king] ???????? [kings]) and the feminine ??? (??????? [law] ???????? [laws]). Masculine Sing. Masc. PluralFeminine Sing. Fem. Plural??????? (king) ???????? (kings) ???????? (queen) ???????? (queens)Endings: ---??? ?? ??? ???? [horse] ??????? [horses] ?????? [mare] ??????? [mares]A few masculine nouns that an ??? ending plural (e.g. ??? [father] ?????? [fathers] or ???? [name] ??????? [names]). A few feminine nouns take a masculine plural ending ??? (e.g. ??????? [woman] ??????? [women]). Hebrew also has a dual number that is often used with body parts (eyes, ears, hands, feet). The dual is formed by adding a ???? ending for both masculine and feminine (e.g. ??? [hand] ??????? [hands]). Some nouns have permanent dual endings which may go back to historical conceptualizations which are now only conjecture: ???????? (heavens; sky, outer space), ????????? (Egypt, upper/lower), and ????????????? (Jerusalem; two hills). 4.C. Vowel ReductionRather than learning all the variations of vowel changes that take place when the plural endings are added (although sometimes there is no change), we will just summarize the changes when the heavy endings are added onto the back end the front end often lightens the vowels to a ?evā’ or if a guttural is found to a ?atēf-pata?. The general pattern is the propretonic syllable will reduce to a ?evā’ if it has a qāme? or a ?erê (e.g. ?????? ????????? [words]). Gutturals will force the ?evā’ into a ?atēf-pata? (e.g. ????? [cloud] ???????? [clouds]) (Pratico/Van Pelt, p. 32 sec. 4.8). 4.D. Segholates and Geminate nouns:Segholates are nouns which are accented on the first syllable often have two segh?ls (e.g. ??????? or ??????) with an accent on the penult (the second last syllable). There may only be one segh?l (e.g. ?????? [morning]) or no segh?l at all but still accented on the penult (e.g. ????? [lad]). When the plural ending is attached the first consonant lightens to a ?evā’ and the segh?l or pata? is switched to a qāme? (e.g. ?????? ????????, ????? [lad] ???????? [lads]). Geminates (Latin: gemini=twins; vid. Pratico/Van Pelt, p. 33) are nouns with only two consonants but originally had a doubled final consonants ( ??? [heart] ????? [heart]). When a geminate noun is pluralized the ??? ending causes the originally doubled consonant to be doubled with a dagesh forte (e.g. ??? ??????? [peoples]). 4.E. Construct NounsHebrew nouns have no genitive by which two nouns can be related such as the “son of David” in Greek. Instead, Hebrew has what is called a construct form that allows for the connection of two nouns often with the word “of”. Nouns have an absolute state which is what was presented above. The absolute state is the lexical form that appears when one looks up a noun in the lexicon. A construct form is used to bind two or more nouns together into a construct chain. It usually expresses a genitive relationship translated by “of” and the absolute state noun and construct noun combine into a single speech unit which results in certain vocalic reductions. The construct noun always precedes the absolute and the absolute noun always comes last. Hebrew Lexicons:A lexicon is a dictionary between two languages. The three main Hebrew lexicons are: 1) The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (BDB; $27 at , older work) 2) Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT; $300 in 2 volumes, most recent work) and 3) A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament by William Holladay (ca. $28, brief) are the three prominent Hebrew lexicons today and ready available in software options such as Logos, Accordance or Bible Works. Because the construct noun loses its accent the vowels are often reduced: 1) final closed syllable shifts from a qāme? to a pata? (e.g. ?????? ?????? [word of]); 2) Often in an initial open syllable the qāme? or ?erê are dropped to a ?evā’ (e.g. ?????? ?????? [word of]) or a ?atēf-pata? if the initial consonant is a guttural (e.g. ?????? [absolute: five] ?????? [construct: five]). The masculine plural shifts from the normal ??? ending to ?? with the long vowels in the initial open syllable reduced to a ?evā’ (e.g. ??????? ?????? [sons of]). If there are two ?evā’s in a row the first one on the initial syllable is bumped up to a ??req (e.g. ????????? ????????? ???????? [words of]). The dual is constructed the same way as the masculine plural. The feminine plural retains the normal absolute ending ( ??? ) while the feminine singular shifts the ending from the absolute ?? to a?? (e.g. ??????? ??????? [law of]). 4.F. Noun Chant: learn this as a chant for nouns realizing there are several patterns for noun formation. Masculine Singular Abs.Singular Construct Plural Abs. Plural Construct ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? word word of words words ofFeminine??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? law law of laws laws ofDual: ??? ??? ??????? ????? hand hand of 2 hands 2 hands of4.G. Partial List of Nouns patterns for the Absolute (sing./plural) and Construct (sing. / plural) –(vid. Kelly 60-62 for a more complete listing). Sing. Absolute Singular Construct Plural AbsolutePlural Construct????? (man) ????? (man of) ????????? (men) ???????? (men of)???? (day) ???? (day of) ?????? (days) ????? (days of)???? (son) ???? (son of ) ??????? (sons) ?????? (sons of)???? (daughter) ???? (daughter of) ??????? (daughters) ??????? (daughters of)??? (father) ????? (father of) ?????? (fathers) ?????? (fathers of)?????? (word) ?????? (word of) ????????? (words) ???????? (words of)?????? (place) ?????? (place of) ????????? (places) ????????? (places of)????????? (judgment) ????????? (judgment of) ???????????? (judgments) ??????????? ?????? (land) ?????? (land of ) ???????? (lands) ???????? (lands of)??????? (king) ??????? (king of) ???????? (kings) ??????? (kings of)??????? (way) ??????? (way of) ????????? (ways) ???????? (ways of)?????? (servant) ?????? (servant of) ???????? (servants) ??????? (servants of)??????? (law) ??????? (law of) ???????? (laws) ???????? (laws of)??????? (woman) ?????? (woman of) ??????? (women) ?????? (women of)?????? (house) ????? (house of) ????????? (houses) ???????? (houses of) ??? (people) ??? (people of) ??????? (peoples) ?????? (peoples of)??????? (soul) ??????? (soul of) ????????? (souls) ????????? (souls of)4.H. Declining a noun format: ???????? Noun MPC [Masculine Plural Construct] from ?????? meaning “words of”?????? Noun FSC [Feminine Singular Construct] from ??????? meaning “woman of”?????? Noun FSA/C [Feminine Singular Absolute or Construct] from ?????? meaning “land” 4.I. Examples of construction chains: (cf. Waltke/O’Connor, pp. 143ff )?????? ??????? – law of the Lord (Ps. 1:2) ????????????? – the word of the Lord (Jer 1:2) ???????? ???????? – the words of Lemuel (Ps. 31:1)????? ?????????? – the house of the king (1 Kgs 9:10) ??????????????? –the covenant of Abram (Gen. 14:13) 4.J. Chapter 4 Vocabulary List (use to study your vocabulary)???? son, descendant4,932???? all, each, every5,412 ???????? way, road712??? hand, forearm1,617???? name881?????? behold! lo! 1,059??????? soul, life 757?????????? heavens, sky422?????? to hear, listen, obey1,159??????? law, instruction2204.K. Speak and write: ??? ?????????? -- How are you (masculine)[??? ?????????? -- How are you (feminine)]???? ??????? -- good thanks??? ??????? -- what is your name (masculine)??? ???????] -- what is your name (feminine)]__[Ted]_____ ?????? -- my name is __Ted__ ???????????? Good-bye 4.L. Sing: Shema lullaby ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (Deut.?6:4) or search Youtube for: “Shema Lullaby Judy Ginsburgh”Name ________________________________ Hebrew: Chapter 4 Nouns1. Identify each of these nouns as masculine/feminine singular/plural absolute/construct and then translate it.1. ???????? Feminine plural Absolute “lands”2. ???????? Feminine Dual Absolute “hands--2”3. ????? Masculine singular absolute/construct “man” or “man of”4. ???????? Masculine Plural Construct “houses of”5. ??????? Feminine singular construct “woman of”6. ?????? __________________________________________ 7. ?????? __________________________________________8. ?????? __________________________________________9. ???? __________________________________________10. ????? __________________________________________11. ?????? __________________________________________12. ??????? __________________________________________13. ??? __________________________________________14. ????? __________________________________________15. ???????? __________________________________________16. ????????? __________________________________________17. ??????? __________________________________________18. ??? __________________________________________ 19. ????? __________________________________________20. ??????? __________________________________________21. ?????? __________________________________________22. ???????? __________________________________________23. ????????? __________________________________________ 24. ????? __________________________________________25. ??????? __________________________________________26. ??? __________________________________________27. ??????? __________________________________________28. ????????? __________________________________________29. ?????? __________________________________________30. ??????? __________________________________________31. ???????? __________________________________________32. ??????? __________________________________________33. ???????? __________________________________________2. Fill in the appropriate noun forms 1. lands ????????2. hands (2x)???????3. women of ??????4. house of ?????5. fathers _________________6. words _________________7. ways of _________________8. kings_________________9. laws _________________10. days _________________11. days of _________________12. sons _________________13. sons of _________________14. souls of _________________15. souls _________________3. Translate the following: 1. ???????? ?????????? (1 Sam 6:11) ____________________2. ??????? ??????? (Gen. 17:16) ____________________3. ???????????? ????????????? (Lev 24:10) ____________________4. [Laban] ???????????? ??????????? (Gen. 31:1) _________________5. ??????? ?????????????? (Gen. 25:19) ____________________4. Speak Hebrew for each line from memory and write out the Hebrew:How are you (masculine) ____________________ How are you (feminine) ____________________ Good thanks____________________What is your name (masculine) ____________________What is your name (feminine)____________________ My name is __[yours]___ ____________________Good-bye____________________ 5. Write out the chant for the nouns: Masculine Singular Abs.Plural Construct Plural Abs. Plural Construct _________ _________ _________ _________ word word of words words ofFeminine_________ _________ _________ _________ law law of laws laws ofDual: _____ _________ _________ ________ hand hand of 2 hands 2 hands of6. Vocabulary Review: Say and write out the Hebrew from memory:1. God, god ______________2. to go, walk ______________3. way, road ______________4. house______________5. land, earth ______________6. father______________7. to hear, listen______________8. law, instruction______________9. man, human______________10. to keep, watch______________11. behold! lo!______________12. to say ______________13. day ______________14. people______________15. soul, life ______________16. woman ______________17. son ______________18. to write ______________19. no, not______________20. heavens, sky______________7. Practice reading this text from Ps. 1:1-2 out loud until you are totally fluid with it. Memorize so you can orally recite line A: ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? A: wicked in the counsel walks not which the person blessed?????????? ????????? ??? ?????stand not sinners and in a way ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????sit not mockers and in the seat ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? his delight will be in the Torah but????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????and night daily meditate and in the Torah ................
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