Biology Notebook - Weebly



Connections AcademyBiology Science JournalUnit 2: The Human Body Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z 1. Organization of the Human Body PAGEREF _Toc364339358 \h 5Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339359 \h 5Human Body Systems PAGEREF _Toc364339360 \h 5Maintaining Balance PAGEREF _Toc364339361 \h 5Textbook Reading (pages 862-867) PAGEREF _Toc364339362 \h 52. Food and Nutrition: 1 PAGEREF _Toc364339363 \h 7Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339364 \h 7How Does the Body Use Food PAGEREF _Toc364339365 \h 7Vitamins and Minerals PAGEREF _Toc364339366 \h 7Textbook Reading (pages 868-872) PAGEREF _Toc364339367 \h 73. Food and Nutrition: 2 PAGEREF _Toc364339368 \h 9Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339369 \h 9A Balanced Diet PAGEREF _Toc364339370 \h 9Foods in a Balanced Diet PAGEREF _Toc364339371 \h 9Exercise PAGEREF _Toc364339372 \h 9Textbook Reading (pages 872-873) PAGEREF _Toc364339373 \h 94. The Digestive System PAGEREF _Toc364339374 \h 11Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339375 \h 11Ingestion PAGEREF _Toc364339376 \h 11Digestion PAGEREF _Toc364339377 \h 11Textbook Reading (pages 875-881) PAGEREF _Toc364339378 \h 115. Analyzing Digestion PAGEREF _Toc364339379 \h 13Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339380 \h 136. The Excretory System PAGEREF _Toc364339381 \h 14Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339382 \h 14The Excretory System PAGEREF _Toc364339383 \h 14The Kidneys PAGEREF _Toc364339384 \h 14Textbook Reading (pages 882-885) PAGEREF _Toc364339385 \h 147. The Nervous System: 1 PAGEREF _Toc364339386 \h 16Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339387 \h 16The Nervous System PAGEREF _Toc364339388 \h 16The Brain and Spinal Cord PAGEREF _Toc364339389 \h 16Nerve Impulses PAGEREF _Toc364339390 \h 16Textbook Reading (pages 896-897 and 901-903) PAGEREF _Toc364339391 \h 178. The Nervous System: 2 PAGEREF _Toc364339392 \h 18Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339393 \h 18Divisions of the Nervous System PAGEREF _Toc364339394 \h 18Sensory Receptors PAGEREF _Toc364339395 \h 18Textbook Reading (pages 906-908) PAGEREF _Toc364339396 \h 189. The Skeletal System PAGEREF _Toc364339397 \h 20Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339398 \h 20The Skeletal System PAGEREF _Toc364339399 \h 20Bones PAGEREF _Toc364339400 \h 20Joints PAGEREF _Toc364339401 \h 20Textbook Reading (Pages 922-927) PAGEREF _Toc364339402 \h 2010. The Muscular System PAGEREF _Toc364339403 \h 22Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339404 \h 22The Muscular System PAGEREF _Toc364339405 \h 22Muscle Contraction PAGEREF _Toc364339406 \h 22Textbook Reading (pages 928-933) PAGEREF _Toc364339407 \h 2211. Human Body Systems Review PAGEREF _Toc364339408 \h 24Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339409 \h 2412. The Integumentary System PAGEREF _Toc364339410 \h 25Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339411 \h 25Functions of the Skin PAGEREF _Toc364339412 \h 25Skin Cancer PAGEREF _Toc364339413 \h 25Textbook Reading (Pages 935-939) PAGEREF _Toc364339414 \h 2513. The Circulatory System PAGEREF _Toc364339415 \h 27Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339416 \h 27The Circulatory System PAGEREF _Toc364339417 \h 27The Heart PAGEREF _Toc364339418 \h 27Textbook Reading (pages 948-953) PAGEREF _Toc364339419 \h 2714. The Respiratory System PAGEREF _Toc364339420 \h 29Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339421 \h 29Structure of the Respiratory System PAGEREF _Toc364339422 \h 29Textbook Reading (Pages 963-967) PAGEREF _Toc364339423 \h 2915. The Endocrine System PAGEREF _Toc364339424 \h 31Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339425 \h 31Structure and Function of the Endocrine System PAGEREF _Toc364339426 \h 31Textbook Reading (pages 978-980 and 982-985) PAGEREF _Toc364339427 \h 3116. The Reproductive System PAGEREF _Toc364339428 \h 33Objectives PAGEREF _Toc364339429 \h 33The Male Reproductive System PAGEREF _Toc364339430 \h 33The Female Reproductive System PAGEREF _Toc364339431 \h 33Textbook Reading (Pages 989-993) PAGEREF _Toc364339432 \h 3417. The Immune System PAGEREF _Toc364339433 \h 35Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339434 \h 35The Immune System PAGEREF _Toc364339435 \h 35The Inflammatory Response PAGEREF _Toc364339436 \h 35Specific Defenses PAGEREF _Toc364339437 \h 35Textbook Reading (pages 1014-1019) PAGEREF _Toc364339438 \h 3518. Human Body Review PAGEREF _Toc364339439 \h 37Objectives: PAGEREF _Toc364339440 \h 37Activities PAGEREF _Toc364339441 \h 371. Organization of the Human BodyObjectives:Describe how the human body is organizedExplain homeostasisHuman Body SystemsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Organs and Systems” video:How does the nervous system kick-start the process of digestion? FORMTEXT ?????What is the function of the excretory system? FORMTEXT ?????How are the nutrients extracted by the digestive system used in the body? FORMTEXT ?????What is the function of the respiratory system? FORMTEXT ?????How are the circulatory and respiratory systems linked? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the skeletal system? FORMTEXT ?????What does the muscular system do? FORMTEXT ?????What is the function of the nervous system? FORMTEXT ?????Maintaining BalanceAnswer the following questions after watching the “Health and Nutrition” video:What is homeostasis? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body respond to being too hot? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body respond to being out of breath? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 862-867)Vocabulary Termsconnective tissue FORMTEXT ?????epithelial tissue FORMTEXT ?????feedback inhibition FORMTEXT ?????homeostasis FORMTEXT ?????muscle tissue FORMTEXT ?????nervous tissue FORMTEXT ?????Notes30.1 Organization of the Human BodyOrganization of the Body FORMTEXT ?????Cells FORMTEXT ?????Tissues FORMTEXT ?????Epithelial Tissue FORMTEXT ?????Connective Tissue FORMTEXT ?????Nervous Tissue FORMTEXT ?????Muscle Tissue FORMTEXT ?????Organs FORMTEXT ?????Organ Systems FORMTEXT ?????Homeostasis FORMTEXT ?????Feedback Inhibition FORMTEXT ?????A Nonliving Example FORMTEXT ?????A Living ExampleThe Liver and Homeostasis FORMTEXT ?????2. Food and Nutrition: 1Objectives:Explain how food provides energyIdentify the essential nutrients your body needs and tell how each is important to the bodyHow Does the Body Use FoodAnswer the following questions after watching the “Health and Nutrition” video:How is food important to the body? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use fat? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use protein? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use carbohydrates? FORMTEXT ?????Vitamins and MineralsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Water, Vitamins, & Minerals” video:The body can go weeks without food. How does the body get the nutrients it needs if there is no food? What substance must the body have nearly every day? FORMTEXT ?????Why does the body need water? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use calcium? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use iron? FORMTEXT ????? What happens if you don’t get enough iron? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 868-872)Vocabulary Termscarbohydrate FORMTEXT ?????fat FORMTEXT ?????mineral FORMTEXT ?????protein FORMTEXT ?????vitamin FORMTEXT ?????Notes30.2 Food and NutritionFood and Energy FORMTEXT ?????Energy FORMTEXT ?????Raw Materials FORMTEXT ?????Nutrients FORMTEXT ?????Water FORMTEXT ?????Carbohydrates FORMTEXT ?????Fats FORMTEXT ?????Proteins FORMTEXT ?????Vitamins FORMTEXT ?????Minerals FORMTEXT ?????Questionsa. What are the two reasons humans need to eat? FORMTEXT ?????a. List six nutrients that the body needs. FORMTEXT ?????b. How are saturated and unsaturated fats similar? FORMTEXT ????? How are they different? FORMTEXT ?????3. Food and Nutrition: 2Objectives:Explain how to plan a balanced dietA Balanced DietAnswer the following questions after watching the “A Balanced Meal” video:How can eating a balanced diet help the body? FORMTEXT ?????What three things should be on your plate at each meal, and about how large is the serving size for each? FORMTEXT ?????About how often should you eat, and what size should the meals be? FORMTEXT ?????Foods in a Balanced DietAnswer the following questions after watching the “Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Fats” video:How does the body use nutrients supplied by food? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use carbohydrates? FORMTEXT ????? What kinds of foods contain carbohydrates? FORMTEXT ?????Why are complex carbohydrates good for the body? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use proteins? FORMTEXT ????? What kinds of food contain proteins? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body use fat? FORMTEXT ?????What are some examples of unsaturated fats? FORMTEXT ????? What are some examples of saturated fats? FORMTEXT ????? Which is better for the body? FORMTEXT ?????ExerciseAnswer the following questions after watching the “Choosing the Right Kind of Exercise” video:What does strength training do for the body? FORMTEXT ????? What does aerobic exercise do? FORMTEXT ?????How often and for how long should you exercise? FORMTEXT ?????List some of the activities shown in the movie. FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 872-873)Vocabulary TermsCalorie FORMTEXT ?????Notes30.2 Food and NutritionNutrition and a Balanced Diet FORMTEXT ?????Balancing Your Diet FORMTEXT ?????Maintaining a Healthful Weight FORMTEXT ?????Questionsb. Foods that contain many Calories but few raw materials are said to contain empty Calories. What do you think the phrase empty Calories means? FORMTEXT ?????a. How can food labels be used to plan a balanced diet? FORMTEXT ?????b. One serving of a particular food contains 16 g of carbohydrates, 2 g of protein, and 10 g of fats. Approximately how many Calories does it contain? FORMTEXT ?????Use Figure 30-9 to answer the following:a. If you ate 2 cups of this product, how many grams of fat would you eat? FORMTEXT ????? How many total Calories would you eat? FORMTEXT ?????b. This products packaging advertises that it contains 0 g of trans fat. Does that mean the product contains no trans fat? Explain. FORMTEXT ?????4. The Digestive SystemObjectives:Describe the organs of the digestive system and explain their functionsExplain what happens during digestionDescribe how nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and wastes are eliminated from the bodyIngestionAnswer the following questions after watching “The First Stages of Digestion” videoDescribe the path food takes through the digestive system. FORMTEXT ?????What bodily processes get the body ready to digest food before we’ve even eaten it? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of saliva? FORMTEXT ?????What is peristalsis? FORMTEXT ?????DigestionAnswer the following questions after watching “The Final Stages of Digestion” videoWhat happens to proteins and fats in meat when they are cooked? FORMTEXT ?????How is food broken down in the stomach? FORMTEXT ?????Name the parts of the meal in the video that are providing nutrients and tell which nutrients they are providing. FORMTEXT ?????What happens in the small intestine? FORMTEXT ????? What is the purpose of the villi that line the small intestine? FORMTEXT ?????What do proteins, carbohydrates, and fats get broken down into? FORMTEXT ?????What is another name for the large intestine? FORMTEXT ????? What digestive processes occur in the large intestine? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the bacteria that live in the human colon? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 875-881)Vocabulary Termsamylase FORMTEXT ?????bolus FORMTEXT ?????chemical digestion FORMTEXT ?????chyme FORMTEXT ?????duodenum FORMTEXT ?????esophagus FORMTEXT ?????large intestine FORMTEXT ?????mechanical digestion FORMTEXT ?????pepsin FORMTEXT ?????peristalsis FORMTEXT ?????small intestine FORMTEXT ?????stomach FORMTEXT ?????villus FORMTEXT ?????Notes30.3 The Digestive SystemFunctions of the Digestive System FORMTEXT ????? Ingestion FORMTEXT ?????Digestion FORMTEXT ?????Absorption FORMTEXT ?????Elimination FORMTEXT ?????The Process of Digestion FORMTEXT ?????The Mouth FORMTEXT ?????Teeth FORMTEXT ?????Saliva FORMTEXT ?????The Esophagus FORMTEXT ?????Chemical Digestion in the Stomach FORMTEXT ?????Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach FORMTEXT ?????Digestion in the Small Intestine FORMTEXT ?????Pancreas FORMTEXT ?????The Liver and Gallbladder FORMTEXT ?????Absorption and Elimination FORMTEXT ?????Absorption From the Small Intestine FORMTEXT ?????Absorption From the Large Intestine FORMTEXT ?????Elimination FORMTEXT ?????5. Analyzing DigestionObjectives:Develop hypotheses about the effect of digestive enzymes on foodDesign experimental procedures to test your hypothesesConduct experiments and communicate results6. The Excretory SystemObjectives:Describe the structures of the excretory system and explain their functionExplain how the kidneys clean the bloodThe Excretory SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Introduction to the Excretory System” video:What is the definition of excretion? FORMTEXT ?????What body systems work together to provide cells with the nutrients and oxygen they need and to remove wastes that are toxic? What function does each system serve? FORMTEXT ?????What is the definition of metabolism? FORMTEXT ?????What happens if metabolic wastes build up in the body? FORMTEXT ?????Name five metabolic wastes. FORMTEXT ?????Name four organs of the excretory system. FORMTEXT ?????The KidneysAnswer the following questions after watching the “Kidneys” video:What is the definition of homeostasis? FORMTEXT ?????What three functions do the kidneys perform to maintain homeostasis? FORMTEXT ?????How often does the entire body’s blood supply get filtered through the kidneys? FORMTEXT ?????What are nephrons? FORMTEXT ????? What do they do? FORMTEXT ????? How many nephrons are in one kidney? FORMTEXT ?????What is a glomerulus? FORMTEXT ????? What is a Bowman’s capsule? FORMTEXT ?????What substances are removed from the blood as it flows through a glomerulus? FORMTEXT ????? What substances remain in the blood? FORMTEXT ?????What happens in the renal tubule? FORMTEXT ?????What substances make up urine? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 882-885)Vocabulary TermsBowman’s capsule FORMTEXT ?????excretion FORMTEXT ?????filtration FORMTEXT ?????glomerulus FORMTEXT ?????loop of Henle FORMTEXT ?????nephron FORMTEXT ?????reabsorption FORMTEXT ?????urea FORMTEXT ?????ureter FORMTEXT ?????urethra FORMTEXT ?????urinary bladder FORMTEXT ?????Notes30.4 The Excretory SystemStructures of the Excretory System FORMTEXT ?????The Skin FORMTEXT ?????The Lungs FORMTEXT ?????The Liver FORMTEXT ?????The Kidneys FORMTEXT ?????Excretion and the Kidneys FORMTEXT ?????Filtration FORMTEXT ?????Reabsorption FORMTEXT ?????Urine Excretion FORMTEXT ?????Questions (Analyzing Data page 883)Which substances listed have the highest and lowest concentrations in the blood? FORMTEXT ????? Which substances have the highest and lowest concentrations in the urine? FORMTEXT ?????Approximately how many times more concentrated is urea in urine than in the blood? FORMTEXT ?????Recall that urea is a byproduct of amino acid breakdown. How might the urea concentration vary in the blood and urine as the result of high protein diets? Explain. FORMTEXT ?????7. The Nervous System: 1Objectives:Identify the functions of the nervous systemDescribe the functions of neuronsDiscuss the functions of the brain and spinal cordThe Nervous SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves” videoWhat happens if blood to the brain is blocked? FORMTEXT ?????What two types of movement does the brain control? FORMTEXT ????? Give an example of each type of movement? FORMTEXT ?????What are the three main parts of the brain? FORMTEXT ?????What structures make up the nervous system? FORMTEXT ?????How does the nervous system control the activities of the body? FORMTEXT ?????Describe the main functions of the three major parts of the brain? FORMTEXT ?????What is the difference between the left and right side of the cerebrum? FORMTEXT ?????What are nerve cells called? FORMTEXT ????? How does the structure of a nerve cell assist in its function? FORMTEXT ?????How are nerve impulses initiated? FORMTEXT ????? How do nerve impulses travel? FORMTEXT ?????What is the difference between sensory nerve cells and motor nerve cells? FORMTEXT ?????The Brain and Spinal CordAnswer the following questions after watching the “Brain” video:Where is the brain stem located? FORMTEXT ????? What is the function of the medulla? FORMTEXT ?????Where is the cerebellum located? FORMTEXT ????? What is its function? FORMTEXT ?????What is the largest part of the brain? FORMTEXT ????? What is the outer layer of this part of the brain called? FORMTEXT ????? What is the purpose of the fold and grooves found in this layer? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the hypothalamus? FORMTEXT ?????Which part of the brain interprets the things we see? FORMTEXT ????? Which part processes the sounds we hear? FORMTEXT ????? What is the function of the sensory cortex? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the frontal lobe? FORMTEXT ?????If you are right-handed, which part of the brain controls the movements of your hand as you write? FORMTEXT ????? What part of the brain would receive information about something the left eye sees? FORMTEXT ?????Nerve ImpulsesAnswer the following question after watching the “Electrochemical Control System” video:How do impulses travel in a neural pathway? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 896-897 and 901-903)Vocabulary Termsaxon FORMTEXT ?????brain stem FORMTEXT ?????cell body FORMTEXT ?????central nervous system FORMTEXT ?????cerebellum FORMTEXT ?????cerebral cortex FORMTEXT ?????cerebrum FORMTEXT ?????dendrite FORMTEXT ?????hypothalamus FORMTEXT ?????interneuron FORMTEXT ?????motor neuron FORMTEXT ?????myelin sheath FORMTEXT ?????neuron FORMTEXT ?????peripheral nervous system FORMTEXT ?????reflex FORMTEXT ?????sensory neuron FORMTEXT ?????thalamus FORMTEXT ?????Notes31.1 The NeuronFunctions of the Nervous System FORMTEXT ?????Neurons FORMTEXT ?????Types of Neurons FORMTEXT ?????Structure of Neurons FORMTEXT ?????31.2 The Central Nervous SystemThe Brain and Spinal Cord FORMTEXT ?????QuestionsPage 900a. Describe the function of the nervous system. FORMTEXT ?????b. Describe how your peripheral nervous system and central nervous system were involved in a simple activity you performed today. FORMTEXT ?????a. Name and describe the three types of neurons. FORMTEXT ?????b. The immune system of people with multiple sclerosis attacks the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. The myelin breaks down and scar tissue may result. How do you think this would affect the transmission of signals from the central nervous system? FORMTEXT ?????Page 904a. What are the three major regions of the brain? FORMTEXT ?????b. Explain the role of the spinal cord. FORMTEXT ?????c. How do reflexes protect the body from injury? FORMTEXT ?????8. The Nervous System: 2Objectives:Describe the functions of the sensory division of the peripheral nervous systemDescribe the functions of the motor division of the peripheral nervous systemDivisions of the Nervous SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Nervous System” videoWhat is the function of the nervous system? FORMTEXT ?????What happens to the body if something causes an imbalance in a body system? FORMTEXT ?????Explain how the brain controls the sensation of thirst? FORMTEXT ?????What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system? FORMTEXT ????? What do the two branches do? FORMTEXT ?????How are the motor nerves divided? FORMTEXT ????? What do these two divisions do? FORMTEXT ?????How is the autonomic nervous system divided? FORMTEXT ????? What do these two branches do? FORMTEXT ?????How does the nervous system detect changes in the external environment? FORMTEXT ????? How does it detect changes in the internal environment? FORMTEXT ?????Sensory ReceptorsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Sensory Receptors” video:What type of stimulus do mechanoreceptors respond to? FORMTEXT ????? Where in the body are mechanoreceptors found? FORMTEXT ?????What type of stimulus do chemoreceptors respond to? FORMTEXT ????? Give an example of an external stimulus a chemoreceptor might respond to. FORMTEXT ????? Give an example of an internal stimulus a chemoreceptor might respond to. FORMTEXT ?????What type of stimulus do thermoreceptors respond to? FORMTEXT ?????How does aspirin work to alleviate pain? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 906-908)Vocabulary Termsautonomic nervous system FORMTEXT ?????chemoreceptor FORMTEXT ?????mechanoreceptor FORMTEXT ?????photoreceptor FORMTEXT ?????reflex arc FORMTEXT ?????somatic nervous system FORMTEXT ?????thermoreceptor FORMTEXT ?????Notes31.3 The Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Sensory Division FORMTEXT ?????The Motor Division FORMTEXT ?????Somatic Nervous System FORMTEXT ?????Voluntary Control FORMTEXT ?????Reflex Arc FORMTEXT ?????Autonomic Nervous System FORMTEXT ?????9. The Skeletal SystemObjectives:List the structures and functions of the skeletal systemDescribe the structure of a typical boneList the different kinds of joints and describe the range of motion of eachThe Skeletal SystemAnswer the following questions while watching the “Skeletal System” video:What are the functions of the skeletal system? FORMTEXT ?????What are ligaments? FORMTEXT ?????How does the body meet its mineral needs if not enough minerals are provided in the diet? FORMTEXT ?????BonesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Bones Regenerate Constantly” video:What are osteoclasts? FORMTEXT ????? What do osteoclasts do? FORMTEXT ?????What are osteoblasts? FORMTEXT ????? What do osteoblasts do? FORMTEXT ?????About how much bone in your body is replaced every year? FORMTEXT ?????JointsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Joints” video:What is the most complex joint in the human body? FORMTEXT ?????What is the function of the kneecap? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of synovial fluid? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (Pages 922-927)Vocabulary Termsappendicular skeleton FORMTEXT ?????axial skelton FORMTEXT ?????bone marrow FORMTEXT ?????cartilage FORMTEXT ?????collagen FORMTEXT ?????Haversian canals FORMTEXT ?????joint FORMTEXT ?????ligament FORMTEXT ?????ossification FORMTEXT ?????osteoblast FORMTEXT ?????osteoclast FORMTEXT ?????osteocyte FORMTEXT ?????synovial fluid FORMTEXT ?????Notes32.1 The Skeletal SystemThe Skeleton FORMTEXT ?????Structure of the Skeleton FORMTEXT ?????Functions of the Skeletal System FORMTEXT ?????Bones FORMTEXT ?????Structure of Bones FORMTEXT ?????Development of Bones FORMTEXT ?????Bone Remodeling and Repair FORMTEXT ?????Joints FORMTEXT ?????Types of Joints FORMTEXT ?????Immovable Joints FORMTEXT ?????Slightly Movable Joints FORMTEXT ?????Feely Movable Joints FORMTEXT ?????Structure of Joints FORMTEXT ?????Joint Injuries FORMTEXT ?????Questionsa. List the different functions of the skeletal system. FORMTEXT ?????b. If blood calcium levels in a person’s body were consistently low due to poor diet, what could the effect be on the person’s bones? FORMTEXT ?????a. Describe the structure of a typical bone. FORMTEXT ?????b. Why do you think the amount of cartilage and the amount of bone increases as a baby grows? FORMTEXT ?????a. What is a joint? FORMTEXT ?????b. Which type of freely movable joint would you compare to a doorknob? Explain. FORMTEXT ?????10. The Muscular SystemObjectives:Describe the structure and function of each of the three types of muscle tissueDescribe the mechanism of muscle contractionDescribe the interaction of muscle, bones, and tendons to produce movementThe Muscular SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Muscular System” video:What is a tendon? FORMTEXT ?????What are voluntary muscles? FORMTEXT ????? What are involuntary muscles? FORMTEXT ?????What are the three types of muscles? FORMTEXT ????? Where is each type of muscle found? FORMTEXT ????? Identify each type as voluntary or involuntary. FORMTEXT ?????Why are skeletal muscles called striated muscles? FORMTEXT ????? Why are smooth muscles called smooth? FORMTEXT ?????Explain how the bicep and tricep work together to allow you to bend your arm. FORMTEXT ?????What determines the strength of weakness of a muscle contraction? FORMTEXT ????? Explain how this is related to the ability to lift heavy or light objects. FORMTEXT ?????Muscle ContractionAnswer the following questions after reading the “Muscle Contraction” article:How do muscles produce force? FORMTEXT ?????What two proteins does ATP interact with to produce muscle contraction? FORMTEXT ?????Why does every movement require two muscles? FORMTEXT ?????What is a myofibril? FORMTEXT ?????What gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance? FORMTEXT ?????What is a sarcomere? Use the term Z line in your answer. FORMTEXT ?????What is a neuromuscular junction? FORMTEXT ????? What occurs at a neuromuscular junction? FORMTEXT ?????What causes a muscle to relax? FORMTEXT ?????Do filaments change length when a muscle contracts? FORMTEXT ????? Explain what happens to the filaments during a muscle contraction. FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 928-933)Vocabulary Termsacetylcholine FORMTEXT ?????actin FORMTEXT ?????muscle fibers FORMTEXT ?????myofibrils FORMTEXT ?????myosin FORMTEXT ?????neuromuscular junction FORMTEXT ?????neurotransmitter FORMTEXT ?????sarcomere FORMTEXT ?????synapse FORMTEXT ?????tendon FORMTEXT ?????Notes32.2 The Muscular SystemMuscle Tissue FORMTEXT ?????Skeletal Muscles FORMTEXT ?????Smooth Muscles FORMTEXT ?????Cardiac Muscle FORMTEXT ?????Muscle Contraction FORMTEXT ?????Muscle Fiber Structure FORMTEXT ?????The Sliding-Filament Model FORMTEXT ?????Control of Muscle Contraction FORMTEXT ?????Muscles and Movement FORMTEXT ?????How Muscles and Bones Interact FORMTEXT ?????Types of Muscle Fibers FORMTEXT ?????Exercise and Health FORMTEXT ?????11. Human Body Systems ReviewObjectives:Explain how human body systems work together to maintain homeostasisIdentify the nutrients needed by the body and explain how they are used in the bodyReview the structure and function of the digestive and excretory systemsReview the structure and function of the nervous systemReview the structure and function of the skeletal and muscular systems12. The Integumentary SystemObjectives:State the functions of the integumentary systemIdentify the structures of the integumentary systemDescribe some of the problems that affect the skinFunctions of the SkinAnswer the following questions after watching “The Ultimate Guide: Human Body: Skin” video:What makes up the part of the skin you can see? FORMTEXT ?????What makes the skin waterproof? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the skin? FORMTEXT ?????How does the skin prevent the body from overheating? FORMTEXT ?????Skin CancerAnswer the following questions after watching the “Consequences: Skin Cancer” video:How is family history related to the risk of developing skin cancer? FORMTEXT ?????What are the risk factors for developing melanoma? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (Pages 935-939)Vocabulary Termsdermis FORMTEXT ?????epidermis FORMTEXT ?????hair follicle FORMTEXT ?????hypodermis FORMTEXT ?????keratin FORMTEXT ?????malignant FORMTEXT ?????megakaryocyte FORMTEXT ?????melanin FORMTEXT ?????melanocyte FORMTEXT ?????platelet FORMTEXT ?????sebaceous gland FORMTEXT ?????sebum FORMTEXT ?????Notes32.3 Skin- The Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Functions FORMTEXT ?????Protection FORMTEXT ?????Body Temperature Regulation FORMTEXT ?????Excretion FORMTEXT ?????Information Gathering FORMTEXT ?????Vitamin D Production FORMTEXT ?????Integumentary System Structures FORMTEXT ?????Epidermis FORMTEXT ?????Dermis FORMTEXT ?????Hair FORMTEXT ?????Nails FORMTEXT ?????Skin Problems FORMTEXT ?????Acne FORMTEXT ?????Hives FORMTEXT ?????Skin Cancer FORMTEXT ?????Questionsa. List the functions of the integumentary system. FORMTEXT ?????b. What organs and tissues make up the integumentary system? FORMTEXT ?????a. What structures are found in the epidermis? FORMTEXT ????? What structures are found in the dermis? FORMTEXT ?????b. Explain two ways that the skin can help remove excess heat from the body. FORMTEXT ?????a. What are some ways to reduce your risk of developing skin cancer? FORMTEXT ?????b. Explain the events that lead to acne. FORMTEXT ?????13. The Circulatory SystemObjectives:Explain how the circulatory system works with other body systems to maintain homeostasisDescribe the structure of the heart and the path of blood through the bodyExplain the function of the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory systemThe Circulatory SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Structure of the Circulatory System” video:What are the functions of the human circulatory system? FORMTEXT ?????What fluid carries nutrients, oxygen, and waste through the circulatory system? FORMTEXT ?????What are the parts of the circulatory system? FORMTEXT ?????What separates the four chambers of the heart? FORMTEXT ????? What are the four chambers called? FORMTEXT ?????How many valves are in the heart? FORMTEXT ?????Describe how blood flows through the heart. FORMTEXT ?????When you cut yourself, the blood that leaves the body is bright red. What causes the blood to be this color? FORMTEXT ????? What color is it in arteries? FORMTEXT ?????What is the heart’s internal pacemaker? FORMTEXT ????? What does it do? FORMTEXT ?????What is the difference between veins and arteries? FORMTEXT ????? What are capillaries? FORMTEXT ?????The HeartAnswer the following questions after watching “The Heart” video:What are the upper chambers of the heart called? FORMTEXT ????? What are the lower chambers called? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the heart’s valves? FORMTEXT ?????What does double circulation mean? FORMTEXT ?????Describe the flow of blood through the heart and lungs. FORMTEXT ?????Why are the walls of arteries thick and muscular? FORMTEXT ?????Why do you think every body cell is close to a capillary? FORMTEXT ?????What keeps blood flowing toward the heart in you veins? FORMTEXT ????? What prevents blood from flowing backward in arteries? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 948-953)Vocabulary Termsartery FORMTEXT ?????atrium FORMTEXT ?????capillary FORMTEXT ?????coronary arteries FORMTEXT ?????hemoglobin FORMTEXT ?????myocardium FORMTEXT ?????pacemaker FORMTEXT ?????pulmonary circulation FORMTEXT ?????red blood cells FORMTEXT ?????septum FORMTEXT ?????systemic circulation FORMTEXT ?????valve FORMTEXT ?????vein FORMTEXT ?????ventricle FORMTEXT ?????Notes33.1 The Circulatory SystemFunctions of the Circulatory System FORMTEXT ?????The Heart FORMTEXT ?????Heart Structure FORMTEXT ?????Blood Flow Through the Heart FORMTEXT ?????The Heart’s Blood Supply FORMTEXT ?????Circulation FORMTEXT ?????Pulmonary Circulation FORMTEXT ?????Systemic Circulation FORMTEXT ?????Heartbeat FORMTEXT ?????Control of Heart Rate FORMTEXT ?????Blood Vessels FORMTEXT ?????Arteries FORMTEXT ?????Capillaries FORMTEXT ?????Veins FORMTEXT ?????Blood Pressure FORMTEXT ?????14. The Respiratory SystemObjectives:Identify the structure of the respiratory system and describe its functionsDescribe gas exchangeDescribe how breathing is controlledStructure of the Respiratory SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Structure of the Respiratory System” video:Why does the human body need oxygen? FORMTEXT ?????What is meant by the term gas exchange? FORMTEXT ????? Where does this process take place in the human body? FORMTEXT ?????What is the trachea? FORMTEXT ????? What are the bronchi? FORMTEXT ?????What are alveoli? FORMTEXT ????? What is the function of the alveoli? FORMTEXT ?????Describe how oxygen gets into the blood. FORMTEXT ?????How is the diaphragm involved in breathing? FORMTEXT ?????How is air exhaled from the lungs? FORMTEXT ?????What other functions, besides gas exchange, do the lungs carry out? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (Pages 963-967)Vocabulary Termsalveolus FORMTEXT ?????bronchiole FORMTEXT ?????bronchus FORMTEXT ?????diaphragm FORMTEXT ?????epiglottis FORMTEXT ?????larynx FORMTEXT ?????medulla oblongata FORMTEXT ?????pharynx FORMTEXT ?????trachea FORMTEXT ?????Notes33.3 The Respiratory SystemStructures of the Respiratory System FORMTEXT ?????Nose FORMTEXT ?????Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea FORMTEXT ?????Lungs FORMTEXT ?????Gas Exchange and Transport FORMTEXT ?????Gas Exchange FORMTEXT ?????Transport FORMTEXT ?????Breathing FORMTEXT ?????Inhalation FORMTEXT ?????ExhalationBreathing and Homeostasis FORMTEXT ?????Questionsa. Explain the function of the respiratory system. FORMTEXT ?????b. Explain how a molecule of oxygen flowing through the respiratory system is like a commuter driving home from work. FORMTEXT ?????a. Describe the process of gas exchange in the lungs. FORMTEXT ?????b. Carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas, binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen does. Based on this information, why do you think that carbon monoxide alarms n homes have saved many lives? FORMTEXT ?????a. Explain the process of breathing. FORMTEXT ?????b. The brain’s breathing center responds to the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, not the level of oxygen. What consequences could this have for people at high altitudes, where oxygen levels are low? FORMTEXT ?????15. The Endocrine SystemObjectives:Describe the structure and function of the endocrine systemIdentify the functions of the major endocrine glandsStructure and Function of the Endocrine SystemAnswer the following questions after watching “The Endocrine System” video:How many glands are in the endocrine system? FORMTEXT ?????What substances do most endocrine glands secrete? FORMTEXT ?????What are hormones? FORMTEXT ????? About how many hormones are there in the human body? FORMTEXT ?????Name four areas of the body that produce hormones. FORMTEXT ?????What body system carries hormones to the cells that respond to their commands? FORMTEXT ????? What are those cells called? FORMTEXT ?????What bodily functions do hormones release by the pituitary gland control? FORMTEXT ????? Where is the pituitary gland located? FORMTEXT ????? Why is the pituitary gland sometimes called the “master gland”? FORMTEXT ?????What hormones do the reproductive organs produce? FORMTEXT ????? What triggers the reproductive organs to produce these hormones? FORMTEXT ?????What hormone helps you wake up every day? FORMTEXT ????? Where is this hormone made? FORMTEXT ????? What gland directs the release of this hormone? FORMTEXT ?????What hormones are involved in the fight-or-flight stress response? FORMTEXT ????? Where are these hormones produced? FORMTEXT ?????What are the effects of adrenaline on the body? FORMTEXT ?????What bodily functions does the thyroid control? FORMTEXT ?????How do the pancreas and liver work together to control blood glucose levels? FORMTEXT ?????What makes you get sleepy at night? FORMTEXT ????? What does the pituitary gland do while you sleep? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 978-980 and 982-985)Vocabulary Termsendocrine glands FORMTEXT ?????exocrine glands FORMTEXT ?????gland FORMTEXT ?????hormones FORMTEXT ?????pituitary gland FORMTEXT ?????prostaglandins FORMTEXT ?????releasing hormones FORMTEXT ?????target cells FORMTEXT ?????Notes34.1 The Endocrine SystemHormones and Glands FORMTEXT ?????Hormones FORMTEXT ?????Glands FORMTEXT ?????Prostaglandins FORMTEXT ?????34.2 Glands of the Endocrine SystemThe Human Endocrine Glands FORMTEXT ?????Pituitary Gland FORMTEXT ?????Hypothalamus FORMTEXT ?????Adrenal Glands FORMTEXT ?????Pancreas FORMTEXT ?????Where Embryos Develop FORMTEXT ?????Blood Glucose Regulation FORMTEXT ?????Diabetes Mellitus FORMTEXT ?????Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands FORMTEXT ?????Reproductive Glands FORMTEXT ?????16. The Reproductive SystemObjectivesName and discuss the structures of the male reproductive systemName and discuss the structures of the female reproductive systemThe Male Reproductive SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Male Reproductive System” video:What are the male gonads called? FORMTEXT ?????Where are the testes found? FORMTEXT ?????Why is the scrotum found outside the body? FORMTEXT ?????What are male gametes called? FORMTEXT ?????Where are sperm produced? FORMTEXT ?????Trace the path of sperm from the place where they are produced until they leave the body. FORMTEXT ?????What is semen? FORMTEXT ?????What are the three parts of a sperm? FORMTEXT ????? What is the function of each part? FORMTEXT ?????What hormone do the testes produce? FORMTEXT ?????What changes occur in the male body because of testosterone? FORMTEXT ????? When do these changes usually occur? FORMTEXT ?????The Female Reproductive SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Female Reproductive System” video:What are the main organs of the female reproductive system? FORMTEXT ?????Where are the ovaries located? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the ovaries? FORMTEXT ?????What is the purpose of the uterus? FORMTEXT ????? Where is the uterus located? FORMTEXT ?????Where are the fallopian tubes? FORMTEXT ????? Where does each tube lead? FORMTEXT ????? What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes? FORMTEXT ?????What happens if an egg is fertilized? FORMTEXT ????? What happens to an unfertilized egg? FORMTEXT ?????About how many eggs are females born with? FORMTEXT ????? About how many of these eggs will mature? FORMTEXT ?????When does puberty normally occur? FORMTEXT ????? Define adolescence. FORMTEXT ????? Between what ages does adolescence normally occur? FORMTEXT ?????What hormone do the ovaries release? FORMTEXT ????? What changes does this hormone cause in the female body? FORMTEXT ?????What is the menstrual cycle? FORMTEXT ?????What is ovulation? FORMTEXT ????? About how often does ovulation occur? FORMTEXT ????? How do the ovaries release eggs? FORMTEXT ?????What happens to the uterus during the menstrual cycle? FORMTEXT ?????What is menstruation? FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (Pages 989-993)Vocabulary Termscorpus luteum FORMTEXT ?????epididymis FORMTEXT ?????gonads FORMTEXT ?????menstrual cycle FORMTEXT ?????menstruation FORMTEXT ?????ovaries FORMTEXT ?????ovulation FORMTEXT ?????scrotum FORMTEXT ?????semen FORMTEXT ?????seminiferous tubules FORMTEXT ?????testes FORMTEXT ?????vas deferens FORMTEXT ?????Notes34.3 The Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System FORMTEXT ?????Sperm Development FORMTEXT ?????Sperm Release FORMTEXT ?????Sperm Structure FORMTEXT ?????The Female Reproductive System FORMTEXT ?????Female Reproductive Structures FORMTEXT ?????The Menstrual Cycle FORMTEXT ?????Follicular Phase FORMTEXT ?????Ovulation FORMTEXT ?????Luteal Phase FORMTEXT ?????Menstruation FORMTEXT ?????Pregnancy FORMTEXT ?????Sexually Transmitted Diseases FORMTEXT ?????17. The Immune SystemObjectives:Describe the body’s nonspecific defenses against invading pathogensDescribe the function of the immune system’s specific defensesThe Immune SystemAnswer the following questions after watching the “Immune System” video:Where in the body is the immune system located? FORMTEXT ????? What system must the immune system work closely with? FORMTEXT ?????What does the immune system attack? FORMTEXT ?????What type of blood cell fights infection? FORMTEXT ?????What are pathogens? FORMTEXT ????? What are the most common pathogens? FORMTEXT ?????What cells engulf and break down foreign particles? FORMTEXT ?????Describe how the white blood cells and macrophages work together to protect the body. FORMTEXT ?????What are antibodies? FORMTEXT ????? What is the purpose of antibodies? FORMTEXT ?????The Inflammatory ResponseAnswer the following questions after watching the “Inflammation: A Painful but Vital Reminder” video:If pain is not caused by an injury, what else might be causing it? FORMTEXT ?????Describe how the immune system responds to a break in the skin. FORMTEXT ????? How does this response cause pain? FORMTEXT ?????How does pain help the body? FORMTEXT ?????Specific DefensesAnswer the following questions after watching the “White Blood Cells: Leucocytes” video:How do phagocytes protect the body? FORMTEXT ?????Do lymphocytes defend the body by eating other cells? FORMTEXT ?????What is the word antigen short for? FORMTEXT ?????The presence of antigens in the blood triggers a response from what type of lymphocyte? FORMTEXT ????? What response does it trigger? FORMTEXT ????? How does this response protect the body? FORMTEXT ?????Where in the body do B cells develop? FORMTEXT ????? Where do T cells develop? FORMTEXT ?????Do T cells produce antibodies? FORMTEXT ????? What do they produce? FORMTEXT ?????Describe the four types of T cells. FORMTEXT ?????Textbook Reading (pages 1014-1019)Vocabulary Termsantibody FORMTEXT ?????antigen FORMTEXT ?????cell-mediated immunity FORMTEXT ?????fever FORMTEXT ?????histamine FORMTEXT ?????humoral immunity FORMTEXT ?????immune response FORMTEXT ?????inflammatory response FORMTEXT ?????interferon FORMTEXT ?????lysozyme FORMTEXT ?????macrophage FORMTEXT ?????phagocyte FORMTEXT ?????Notes35.2 Defenses Against InfectionNonspecific Defenses FORMTEXT ?????First Line of Defense FORMTEXT ?????Second Line of Defense FORMTEXT ?????Inflammatory Response FORMTEXT ?????Interferons FORMTEXT ?????Fever FORMTEXT ?????Specific Defenses FORMTEXT ?????Recognizing “Self” FORMTEXT ?????Recognizing “Nonself” FORMTEXT ?????Antigens FORMTEXT ?????Lymphocytes FORMTEXT ?????The Immune System in Action FORMTEXT ?????Humoral Immunity FORMTEXT ?????Plasma Cells FORMTEXT ?????Memory B Cells FORMTEXT ?????Cell-Mediated Immunity FORMTEXT ?????Questionsa. List the body’s nonspecific defenses against pathogens. FORMTEXT ?????b. Describe the steps of the inflammatory response. FORMTEXT ?????a. How does the immune system identify a pathogen? FORMTEXT ?????b. How are the roles of B and T cells different? FORMTEXT ????? How are their roles similar? FORMTEXT ?????a. What are the two main styles of action of the specific immune response? FORMTEXT ?????b. Why would a disease that destroys helper T cells also compromise the humoral response? FORMTEXT ?????These two T cells are attached to a cancer cell. What type of immune response are the cells a part of? FORMTEXT ?????18. Human Body ReviewObjectives:Review the concepts presented in the Human Body unitActivitiesRead the Chapter 30 Study Guide on page 889Answer the following questions on pages 890-8922. FORMTEXT ?????3. FORMTEXT ?????4. FORMTEXT ?????7. FORMTEXT ?????8. FORMTEXT ?????9. FORMTEXT ?????14. FORMTEXT ?????15. FORMTEXT ?????16. FORMTEXT ?????17. FORMTEXT ?????18. FORMTEXT ?????19. FORMTEXT ?????20. FORMTEXT ?????21. FORMTEXT ?????22. FORMTEXT ?????23. FORMTEXT ?????24. FORMTEXT ?????25. FORMTEXT ?????27. FORMTEXT ?????29. FORMTEXT ?????30. FORMTEXT ?????Answer the following questions on pages 916-9181. FORMTEXT ?????2. FORMTEXT ?????3. FORMTEXT ?????4. FORMTEXT ?????7. FORMTEXT ?????9. FORMTEXT ?????10. FORMTEXT ?????12. FORMTEXT ?????13. FORMTEXT ?????15. FORMTEXT ?????17. FORMTEXT ?????18. FORMTEXT ?????19. FORMTEXT ?????20. FORMTEXT ?????35. FORMTEXT ?????Answer following questions on pages 942-9441. FORMTEXT ?????2. FORMTEXT ?????5. FORMTEXT ?????7. FORMTEXT ?????9. FORMTEXT ?????10. FORMTEXT ?????13. FORMTEXT ?????14. FORMTEXT ?????15. FORMTEXT ?????16. FORMTEXT ?????18. FORMTEXT ?????22. FORMTEXT ?????23. FORMTEXT ?????24. FORMTEXT ?????25. FORMTEXT ?????26. FORMTEXT ?????27. FORMTEXT ?????30. FORMTEXT ?????31. FORMTEXT ?????Answer the following questions on pages 972-9741. FORMTEXT ?????2. FORMTEXT ?????3. FORMTEXT ?????4. FORMTEXT ?????5. FORMTEXT ?????6. FORMTEXT ?????7. FORMTEXT ?????8. FORMTEXT ?????9. FORMTEXT ?????12. FORMTEXT ?????13. FORMTEXT ?????14. FORMTEXT ?????15. FORMTEXT ?????23. FORMTEXT ?????24. FORMTEXT ?????25. FORMTEXT ?????26. FORMTEXT ?????30. FORMTEXT ?????36. FORMTEXT ?????Answer the following questions on pages 1004-10062. FORMTEXT ?????3. FORMTEXT ?????4. FORMTEXT ?????6. FORMTEXT ?????7. FORMTEXT ?????8. FORMTEXT ?????11. FORMTEXT ?????12. FORMTEXT ?????14. FORMTEXT ?????15. FORMTEXT ?????16. FORMTEXT ?????18. FORMTEXT ?????19. FORMTEXT ?????21. FORMTEXT ?????36. FORMTEXT ?????Answer the following questions on page 10302. FORMTEXT ?????10. FORMTEXT ?????11. FORMTEXT ?????12. FORMTEXT ?????13. FORMTEXT ?????14. FORMTEXT ?????15. FORMTEXT ?????16. FORMTEXT ????? ................
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