Personality Learning Targets(5–7%)



Name: _____________________ Period: ______

Personality Learning Targets (5–7%)

Chapter Objective: In this section of the course, students explore major theories of how humans develop enduring patterns of behavior and personal characteristics that influence how others relate to them. The unit also addresses research methods used to assess personality.

AP students in psychology should be able to do the following:

• Compare and contrast the major theories and approaches to explaining

personality: psychoanalytic, humanist, cognitive, trait, social learning, and

behavioral.

• Describe and compare research methods (e.g., case studies and surveys) that

psychologists use to investigate personality.

Identify frequently used assessment strategies (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic

Personality Inventory [MMPI], the Thematic Apperception Test [TAT]), and

evaluate relative test quality based on reliability and validity of the instruments.

• Speculate how cultural context can facilitate or constrain personality

development, especially as it relates to self-concept (e.g., collectivistic versus

individualistic cultures).

• Identify key contributors to personality theory (e.g., Alfred Adler, Albert

Bandura, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Abraham

Maslow, Carl Rogers).

Important Information – Test dates, questions to ask, etc.

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Lesson One: Freud and Personality

|ID |EGO |SUPEREGO |

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|_____________________ |_____________________ |_____________________ |

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|Life Instinct – |Reality Principle - |Morality Principle – |

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|Death Instinct – | |Defense Mechanism - |

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|Pleasure Principle - | | |

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|Example |Example |Example |

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The Unconscious - The ID, Ego, and Superego

Freud didn't exactly invent the idea of the conscious versus unconscious mind, but he certainly was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, and feelings. Working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what we might today call "available memory:" anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories you are not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to mind. Now no-one has a problem with these two layers of mind. But Freud suggested that these are the smallest parts!

The largest part by far is the unconscious. It includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma.

According to Freud, the unconscious is the source of our motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex, neurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientist. And yet, we are often driven to deny or resist becoming conscious of these motives, and they are often available to us only in disguised form. We will come back to this.

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A part -- a very important part -- of the organism is the nervous system, which has as one of its characteristics a sensitivity to the organism's needs. At birth, that nervous system is little more than that of any other animal, an "it" or id. The nervous system, as id, translates the organism's needs into motivational forces called, in German, Triebe, which has been translated as instincts or drives. Freud also called them wishes. This translation from need to wish is called the primary process.

The id works in keeping with the pleasure principle, which can be understood as a demand to take care of needs immediately. Just picture the hungry infant, screaming itself blue. It doesn't "know" what it wants in any adult sense; it just knows that it wants it and it wants it now. The infant, in the Freudian view, is pure, or nearly pure id. And the id is nothing if not the psychic representative of biology.

The Life and Death Instincts:

Freud saw all human behavior as motivated by the drives or instincts, which in turn are the neurological representations of physical needs. At first, he referred to them as the life instincts. These instincts perpetuate (a) the life of the individual, by motivating him or her to seek food and water, and (b) the life of the species, by motivating him or her to have sex. The motivational energy of these life instincts, the "oomph" that powers our psyches, he called libido, from the Latin word for "I desire."

Freud's clinical experience led him to view sex as much more important in the dynamics of the psyche than other needs. We are, after all, social creatures, and sex is the most social of needs. Plus, we have to remember that Freud included much more than intercourse in the term sex! Anyway, libido has come to mean, not any old drive, but the sex drive.

Later in his life, Freud began to believe that the life instincts didn't tell the whole story. Libido is a lively thing; the pleasure principle keeps us in perpetual motion. And yet the goal of all this motion is to be still, to be satisfied, to be at peace, to have no more needs. The goal of life, you might say, is death! Freud began to believe that "under" and "beside" the life instincts there was a death instinct. He began to believe that every person has an unconscious wish to die.

The Defense Mechanisms:

The ego deals with the demands of reality, the id, and the superego as best as it can. But when the anxiety becomes overwhelming, the ego must defend itself. It does so by unconsciously blocking the impulses or distorting them into a more acceptable, less threatening form. The techniques are called the ego defense mechanisms, and Freud, his daughter Anna, and other disciples have discovered quite a few.

|DEFENSE |DESCRIPTION |EXAMPLE |

|denial |arguing against an anxiety provoking |denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and|

| |stimuli by stating it doesn't exist |seeking a second opinion |

|displacement |taking out impulses on a less |slamming a door instead of hitting as person, yelling at your |

| |threatening target |spouse after an argument with your boss |

|intellectualization |avoiding unacceptable emotions by |focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness |

| |focusing on the intellectual aspects |and grief |

|projection |placing unacceptable impulses in |when losing an argument, you state "You're just Stupid;" |

| |yourself onto someone else | |

|rationalization |supplying a logical or rational reason |stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up the the |

| |as opposed to the real reason |boss, when the real reason was your poor performance |

|reaction formation |taking the opposite belief because the |having a bias against a particular race or culture and then |

| |true belief causes anxiety |embracing that race or culture to the extreme |

|regression |returning to a previous stage of |sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news; throwing |

| |development |a temper tantrum when you don't get your way |

|repression |pulling into the unconscious |forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma |

| | |and anxiety |

|sublimation |acting out unacceptable impulses in a |sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer;|

| |socially acceptable way |becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut; lifting |

| | |weights to release 'pent up' energy |

|suppression |pushing into the unconscious |trying to forget something that causes you anxiety |

Freudian Defense Mechanisms:

|Defense Mechanism: |Description: |Real Life Example: |

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Freudian Defense Mechanisms: Comic Strip

Choose any one of Freud’s Defense Mechanisms and create a “real life” comic strip showing how you might see the defense mechanism in real life.

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Defense Mechanism Choice: _______________________________________

Freud’s Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development:

Define:

• Erogenous Zone –

• Fixation -

|Stage |Erogenous Zone |Focus Activity |

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The Stages:

1. The oral stage lasts from birth to about 18 months. The focus of pleasure is, of course, the mouth. Sucking and biting are favorite activities.

2. The anal stage lasts from about 18 months to three or four years old. The focus of pleasure is the anus. Holding it in and letting it go are greatly enjoyed.

3. The phallic stage lasts from three or four to five, six, or seven years old. The focus of pleasure is the genitalia. Masturbation is common.

4. The latent stage lasts from five, six, or seven to puberty, that is, somewhere around 12 years old. During this stage, Freud believed that the sexual impulse was suppressed in the service of learning. I must note that, while most children seem to be fairly calm, sexually, during their grammar school years, perhaps up to a quarter of them are quite busy masturbating and playing "doctor." In Freud's repressive era, these children were, at least, quieter than their modern counterparts.

5. The genital stage begins at puberty, and represents the resurgence of the sex drive in adolescence, and the more specific focusing of pleasure in sexual intercourse. Freud felt that masturbation, oral sex, homosexuality, and many other things we find acceptable in adulthood today, were immature.

This is a true stage theory, meaning that Freudians believe that we all go through these stages, in this order, and pretty close to these ages.

Anal Retentive / Expulsive Personality:

Oedipus / Electra Complex/Conflict:

The Oedipus Complex:

This complex is named after the ancient Greek story of king Oedipus, who inadvertently killed his father and married his mother.

Here's how the Oedipal crisis works: The first love-object for all of us is our mother. We want her attention, we want her affection, we want her caresses, we want her, in a broadly sexual way. The young boy, however, has a rival for his mother's charms: his father! His father is bigger, stronger, smarter, and he gets to sleep with mother, while junior pines away in his lonely little bed. Dad is the enemy.

The Electra Complex:

The Electra complex is a psychoanalytic term used to describe a girl’s romantic feelings toward her father and anger towards her mother. It is comparable to the Oedipus complex.

According to Sigmund Freud, during female psychosexual development a young girl is initially attached to her mother. When she discovers that she does not have a penis, she becomes attached to her father and begins to resent her mother who she blames for her "castration." As a result, Freud believed that the girl then begin to identify with and emulate her mother out of fear of losing her love.

While the term Electra complex is frequently associated with Freud, it was actually Carl Jung who coined the term in 1913. Freud actually rejected the term and described it as an attempt "to emphasize the analogy between the attitude of the two sexes." Freud himse

What are some criticisms of Freudian Theory?

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2.

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Lesson Two: Neo-Freudian Psychologists

What is Carl Jung’s idea of the “collective unconscious” all about?

Jungian Terminologies:

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In Class Question – Based on what you have already learned, what do you think about the idea of the collective unconscious?

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Lesson Three: Alfred Adler and Karen Horney

What the main difference between Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud?

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What were Adler’s beliefs on inferiority?

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Homework Question – Read “Is Birth Order Destiny” on the Google classroom and summarize you findings below:

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Homework Question - Using the below reading, summarize Karen Horney’s work and contributions to psychology.

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Karen Horney:

Neuroticism is a tendency to anxiety that particularly affects neurotic, typically to the point of having a significant negative impact on their lives (and often of those around them).

Psychoanalyst Karen Horney described ten 'neurotic needs' that are divided by underlying movement relative to other people into three categories, as below. These are all natural human needs -- the major difference is that neurotic people take them to extreme.

Horney noted that when young and as we develop our sense of identity, we tend to idealize this identity, but then we realize that we are not perfect and so start to hate ourselves. When not resolved, this self-loathing is directly related to the neurotic needs.

Moving towards people

Moving towards people recognizes others as potential resources who can support us and help reduce our anxiety. We hence seek affection, approval and someone close who can save us.

1. Affection and approval

We want other people to love and approve of us. When they do so, they externally affirm our sense of identity. In order to help this social desirability bias, we tend to automatically raise our game when others are watching, with the focus of attention in others more than in ourselves.

Neurotics doubt their own worth and expect and dread criticism from others. They hence value greatly being told they are are worthy. Yet this is only temporary respite as the underlying problem of a lack of self-esteem is not resolved. Hence the need for attention continues.

2. A partner

A partner is a person with whom you can share your problems. In a neurotic relationship the partner may be seen as a person who will also solve all problems, maybe even saving the neurotic person from their issues or themselves. In this, 'love' is seen as a solution to all problems.

The neurotic person may love the partner in a dysfunctional way. If I do not like myself, then perhaps I can project myself into the other person so I can love them as a substitute for loving myself. Partners allow for actions such as projective identification.

To achieve these ends, the person may be highly manipulative within the relationship and very 'clinging' as they fear they partner will leave and that they will be alone with their self-loathing.

Moving against people

While seeking approval and help from others, the neurotic person also may seek to control them and reduce the threat and model of normality that others represent.

3. Power

Power is the ability to dominate others, to impose one's will. Having power gives a sense of control and the feeling of omnipotence. It is something like money: you must first acquire it, and the acquisition and sustaining of power can be an end in itself.

Fearing a lack of control and being helpless, neurotic people desperately seek power. They admire strength and may well be contemptuous of weakness, especially as they achieve power.

4. Exploit and beat others

Concerned first and last for themselves, neurotic people have little respect for others and will callously use the power they have to exploit other people to their own ends, even taking pride in this ability. They value foresight and prediction and may well feel they are better at this than others.

They seek to control both themselves and others often by argument and words rather than more open use of power, particularly where they are not sure of their own power and are anxious about the impact of its use. They will also use money, ideas, sexuality, emotion and any other means at their disposal.

They have a particular need to believe in the almost magical omnipotence of willpower and may hence be obsessive in its pursuit, wearing down other people with sheer persistence and reacting strongly to any frustration of their wishes.

5. Social recognition

We all enjoy the boost to our sense of identity when we are recognized by others. Neurotic people have a lesser view of themselves and so value prestige and recognition somewhat more highly than others.

Everything they own may be assessed and honed in terms of the social value and how they may be perceived by others, including their jewels, friends, clothes, activities and all aspects of the self. In doing this they seek to understand how others value and admire things and will then play to this standard.

6. Personal admiration

We all seek the esteem of others as another boost to our sense of identity. The neurotic person not only wants recognition or basic esteem, they want to be recognized as being their ideal self, both internally and externally.

The want not just for people to tell them they are ok, they want constant reassurance that they are perfect. Of course they do not get this and so are never content with any admiration or recognition that they do get.

An effect of this is that they work hard to get the admiration, which can make them successful in some ways, although their extreme desires means they are never satisfied and continue to dread the humiliation of losing admiration.

7. Personal achievement

It is normal to have personal goals and take pleasure when hard work leads to achieving these. The neurotic person seeks not just achievement but superiority to all others. They want to be the best in every areas. Not achieving this makes them feel like a failure, a thought which fills them with dread.

This can drive them to seeking to ensure they win, by fair means or foul, although their need for recognition and admiration from others means they must do this subtly, in a way that avoids blame falling on them for the failure of others.

Moving away from people

Fearing criticism and the harm that other people may bring, the neurotic person may well pull back from them or hold parts of themself at a safe distance.

8. Self sufficiency and independence

We all need independence in order to manage our own lives without having to be dependent on others. This is the basic force that drives many of us into work about which we care little but which pays enough to keep us independent of others.

In their drive for perfection, the neurotic person seeks control and being in charge of their own destiny. With their self-focus, they may decide that others are just too problematic and reject them from parts of their life, other than when they need things such as affection and praise.

What they fear in particular is becoming too attached to others such that others will gain control of them or will reject and so terribly hurt them.

9. The need for perfection

Neurotic people are motivated by the gap between idealized image they think they should be and the reality and fear that they are far less than perfect. This creates deep anxieties about imperfection and an obsessive drive for perfection.

Although they know they are not perfect, they may well feel superior to others. They hate criticism and dread finding flaws in themself or making any kind of mistake.  

10. To restrict life within narrow borders

Feeling threatened and undeserving, the neurotic person will be content with relatively little, restricting their own ambitions and material desires. Feeling unworthy, they keep their heads down and put themselves last in the queue for life's rewards.

As a part of this, they avoid making demands or expressing wishes, playing down any talents or abilities they have under the guise of necessary modesty. Fearing loss, they save rather than spend.

Lesson Four: Humanistic/Behavioral/Social Cognitive Theory

Maslow’s Terms:

In Class Question - If you had to make a critique of Maslow’s theory, what would you say? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Homework Question - Check out the article on the google classroom about Carl Rogers and provide a summary of his theories and ideas.

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What does George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory have to do with personality?

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Bandura Terminologies:

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What is the difference between Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures?

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Julian Rotter’s Locus of Control:

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Lesson Five: Trait Theory – Allport, Eysenck, Cettel, Big Five

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Hans Eysenck: Personality Dimensions

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|BIG IDEA: |

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Raymond Cettel’s 16 Personality Factors:

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The BIG Five Personality Theory:

|Big Idea: | |

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Lesson Six: Assessment – Projective Tests, Direct observation, self concept/esteem

|Assessment Technique/Term: |Main Idea: |

|MMPI | |

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|Rorschach Inkblot Test | |

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|Halo Effect | |

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Homework Question – Watch “The science of Attraction – the Halo Effect” on the google classroom and provide a summary of your findings.

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Striving For Superiority

Inferiority Complex

Locus of Control

Trait

Big Idea:

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