Ms. Jones's AP Euro - AP Euro



AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 22 – Study Guide

Life in the Emerging Urban Society (ca 1840--1914)

Study Guides are scored HOLISTICALLY using the following criteria:

1) Student’s original scholarship only!!

2) Product represents pride of effort and scholarship – it must be your BEST work!

3) Correctness, thoroughness, and thoughtfulness of responses.

4) TIMELINE must be comprehensively completed.

If the misery be caused not by the laws of nature, but by our

institutions, great is our sin -Charles Darwin

CHAPTER SUMMARY

One of the most important facts of nineteenth century Western history was the urbanization of society. Life in the new urban society was exciting and complex - as well as full of problems. This chapter shows that although the urban environment had long been crowded and unhealthy, the rapid growth of urban population made such problems worse. However, by the 1840s, urban problems were attacked and partly solved in both Great Britain and the continental countries. For example, throughout Europe a movement for better public health brought about sewer and water systems and gradually cleaned up the worst filth. Likewise, there were revolutionary breakthroughs in preventive medicine in the 1860s and after as Pasteur and his followers discovered how germs spread disease and how disease could be controlled. Urban planning and public transportation helped people move to better, less crowded housing. Thus, by the late nineteenth century the quality of live in cities had improved dramatically for ordinary people and the working classes.

However, enormous social and economic differences between upper and lower classes continued to exist as urban and industrial growth created new classes, class conflict, and a more complex social hierarchy. During this period family life, sexual practices, and role of women changed dramatically. In general, family life became more stable and affectionate in the later nineteenth century, but economic activities became rigidly separated according to sex - with most women relegated to the position of mother and homemaker. Only in poor families did women work. Women were subordinated to their husbands in law as well, although it appears that their power in the home increased. The result of this discrimination was the emergence of a feminist movement among middle and working class women. At the same time family size declined and children were treated in a more affectionate (and more calculated) manner - so much that family life in the nineteenth century became tremendously intense.

Major intellectual developments in the urban society included an expansion of scientific knowledge and the rise of realism as the dominant literary mood. Scientific thought scored theoretical triumphs, which resulted in practical improvements, a growing faith in progress, and great prestige for scientists and their methods. Social thinkers such as Comte and Marx sought to determine society's unalterable scientific laws, while Social Darwinists applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human affairs.

TAMING THE CITY (22.1)

Before you read:

List problems you believe will arise from cities growing.

     

Terms to know

King Cholera:      

Utilitarianism:      

Germ Theory:      

Georges Haussmann:      

While you read:

1. Describe the problems from the growth of cities. Was industrialization responsible for this? Why or why not.

     

2. Who was Edwin Chadwick? What role did he play in the public health movement?

     

3. What contributions did Pasteur, Kock, Lister make to life in urban Europe?

     

4. What were the reasons for the rebuilding of Paris? Who was responsible for this change?

     

5. Why was the electric streetcar so important in improving urban life?

     

After you read:

|1. |What was the basic principle of philosopher Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism? |

| |An emphasis on industrial production above all |

| |The promotion of the "greatest good for the greatest number" |

| |The idea that consumer goods should have several functions |

| |The application of Darwinian competition to social issues |

Primary Source – First Impressions of the World’s Biggest City (22.1)

1- How does the author use humor to engage the reader?

     

The Past Living Now - Modern Sewage Systems (22.1)

1- Why would contemporaries view Bazalgette’s sewer system as a “wonderful work of modern times”?

     

2- How did progressive ideas about public health and urban reform drive the construction of late-19th century sewage systems?

     

THE RICH AND POOR AND THOSE INBETWEEN (22.2)

Terms to know

Real Wages:      

White Collar:      

Labor Aristocracy:      

Sweated Industries:      

While you read:

1- Describe the differences and similarities between groups within the middle class. What separated and what united them?

     

2- Describe the “labor aristocracy.” What were the interests of its members? How did they differ from the rest of the working class?

     

3- What were the interests, motives, and lifestyle of the working class? How were they changing in the late nineteenth century?

     

After you read:

|1. |Which statement describes middle-class households of the nineteenth century? |

| |Most rented country places for weekend and summer use. |

| |Most could hire a full-time maid to cook and clean. |

| |Most owned their homes. |

| |They spent ten percent of their annual income on food and drink. |

Living in the Past- 19th Century Women’s Fashions (22.2)

1- What does the image from 1859 tell you about the life of these women? What implications, if any, do you think the later styles had for women’s lives.

     

2- What does the impractical, restrictive clothing in these images reveal about society’s view of women during this period? What is the significance of the emergence of alternative styles of dress?

     

CHANGING FAMILY LIFESTYLES (22.3)

Before you read:

How do you think the development of the middle class will effect marriage?

     

Terms to know

Companionate Marriage:      

Henrik Ibsen:      

Contagious Disease Acts:      

Separate Spheres:      

Gustav Droz:      

Suffrage movement:      

While you read:

1- Why was there a decline in illegitimacy after 1850?

     

2- Why did middle-class men marry late? What effect did this have on their sexual behavior?

     

3- How common was prostitution in the nineteenth century? Explain.

     

4- What was the social and economic position of women in the nineteenth century? Were they better off than in preindustrial society?

     

5- What changes occurred in child care and the attitudes toward children in the nineteenth century? What was the nineteenth-century view of masturbation?

     

After you read:

1. What resulted from the Ladies National Association's protest against the British Contagious Diseases Acts in the nineteenth century?

The legitimization of male vice

The repeal of the laws

The violation of women's constitutional rights

The physical abuse of poor women in a backlash

Individuals in Society – Franziska Tiburtius (22.4)

1- What lessons can you draw from Franziska Tiburtius’s life? How do you account for her bold action and success?

     

SCIENCE AND THOUGHT (22.4)

Before you read:

What do you know about Charles Darwin and how would his ideas be applied to modern society?

     

Terms to know:

Thermodynamics:      

Second Industrial Revolution:      

“On the Origin of Species”:      

Charles Lyell:      

Social Darwinism:      

Max Weber:      

Realism:      

While you read:

1- In what practical ways did breakthroughs in scientific inquiry transform life for the general population of the nineteenth century?

     

2- Explain the new evolutionary views of biological development and how these views influenced religious and social thought.

     

3- What was the realist movement in literature? Who were the major writers of this movement, and how did they differ from previous writers?

     

Primary Source– Emile Zola and Realism in Literature (22.5)

1- In what ways did Germaine de Stael’s life and thought reflect basic elements of the romantic movement?

     

After you read:

|1. |The 1857 novel Madame Bovary caused its author, Gustave Flaubert, to be prosecuted for outrage against public morality and religion because |

| |it portrayed |

| |the disillusionment of a poor student who eventually embraces society's greed. |

| |an overpowering account of life in the urban slums and bloody coal strikes. |

| |the love affair of an adulterous middle-class housewife. |

| |a fatalistic view on Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. |

-----------------------

Chapter Timeline

--1840

--1850

--1860

--1870

--1880

-1890

-1900

-1910

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download