Unit Three – The Early Republic (1787-1824)



Unit Four –1800-1848

1. How did the Judiciary Act of 1801, passed by a lame duck Federalist Congress, create future problems for Jefferson and the Republicans?

2. Why is it called the "Revolution of 1800?"

3. Identify the elements that made up the "Jeffersonian vision" of America.  Why didn't the America they envisioned actually pan out?

4. How did the American Revolution affect traditional forms of religious practice?  What challenges to religious traditionalism arose during this period?

5. What caused the Second Great Awakening?

6. Why were the Methodists, the Baptists, and the Presbyterians so successful on the frontier?

7. What was the "message" and the impact of the Second Great Awakening?  What impact did it have on women?  on African Americans?  on Native Americans?

8. Explain the reasons for the initial American ambivalence toward British industrialism.  What technological advances helped change this attitude?

9. What role did Eli Whitney play in America's Industrial Revolution?  What impact did his inventions have on the South?  on the North?

10. What effect did America's transportation system have on industrialization?

11. How did Jefferson reduce the size of the federal government?

12. Why did the United States go to war with the Barbary Pirates?  How was this conflict resolved?

13. What was the gist of the constitutional issues over judicial review?  How was it resolved?

14. Why did the Republicans want to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase?  What was the larger issue illustrated by this move?

15. What were the terms of the Louisiana Purchase treaty? Why did the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France put Jefferson in a quandry?

16. Why did Aaron Burr hate Alexander Hamilton so much?  What was the "Burr Conspiracy?"  What was the larger issue at stake here for the nation?

17. Why did the United States feel that its neutrality rights were being violated by Britain and France in 1805-1807?

18. What was the impact of the Chesapeake-Leopard Incident on Anglo-American relations?

19. How economically and politically effective was the Embargo Act?

20. What problem was solved/not solved by the Non-Intercourse Act?  by Macon's Bill #2?

21. What role did Tenskwatawn [the "Prophet"] play in Native American resistance to further American westward expansion in the early 19c?

22. What was Tecumseh's agenda?  Was it achieved? Why did the United States feel that is neutrality rights were being violated by Britain and France in 1805-1807?

23. Who were the "War Hawks?"

24. What were the successes and failures of the American military in the first year of the war?

25. How was Andrew Jackson already making a military name for himself in the first years of the war?

26. What were the causes/effects of the British invasion of 1814?

27. What effect did the Battle of New Orleans have on the war?   on Andrew Jackson's career?

28. Why did New England oppose the War of 1812?

29. What effect did the Hartford Convention have on Federalist policy?

30. List the provision of the Treaty of Ghent.

31. What role did Andrew Jackson play in the annexation of Florida? Why did the United States want to annex Florida?  How did the Adams-Onis negotiations resolve the issue?

32. Why was the period of Monroe's presidency called the "Era of Good Feeling?"

33. What were the causes of the Panic of 1819?  What political and economic issues did the Panic raise?

34. What was the purpose of the Tallmadge Amendment introduced in the House in 1819?

35. What were the major elements of disagreement in the debate over the admission of Missouri into the Union?

36. What were the provisions of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

37. How was this "compromise" not a long-term solution to the problem of slavery in the Western territories?  What other problems did it create for the future?

38. What was the net effect of the opinions delivered by the Marshall Court?  How did these opinions reflect John Marshall's philosophy of government?

39. Who were the candidates in the 1824 presidential election?  What "problem" arose during this election?  How was it resolved?  How did the election of 1824 signal the end of the "Era of Good Feelings?"

40. What did Alexis de Tocqueville admire most about America when he visited here in 1831?  What caused him worries?

41. What fears were present in the minds of most Americans as they entered an era of economic change/industrialization and westward expansion in the early 19c?

42. What were the general characteristics of "Jacksonian Democracy" [its philosophy, practice, etc.]? What groups were excluded from this widening of political opportunity?  Why?

43. How did the ideology of the "Albany Regency," led by Martin Van Buren, change peoples' views concerning political parties?

44. How did the spoils system fit into Jackson's "democratic" plans?  What other means did he use to bring more people into the political process?

45. What was John C. Calhoun's theory of nullification as set forth in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest?

46. What were the origins of the Calhoun-Jackson split?  How did the Eaton Affair contribute to this division?

47. What was the major point of disagreement between Webster and Hayne?  What arguments were advanced on either side?  How did this debate fit into the controversy between Jackson and Calhoun?

48. What precipitated the nullification crisis in 1832?  How was it finally resolved?

49. Explain the Supreme Court's decisions regarding the Indian tribes and Jackson's response.

50. How did Jackson's action in the matter of the Cherokee removal correspond to his views on the role of the president and on the issue of states' rights?

51. Why was the outcome of the Seminole War different from that of the Trail of Tears?

52. What is the difference between the views of "hard-money" followers and "soft-money" advocates?  President Jackson allied himself with which group?  Why?

53. What was Jackson's opinion on the Bank of the United States?  On what did he base his views?  What other factors contributed to his stand?

54. What roles did Daniel Webster and Henry Clay play in the re-chartering of the Second Bank of the United States?

55. How did Jackson respond to the efforts to re-charter the Second BUS?  What reasons did he give for his action?

56. How did the supporters of the Bank respond to Jackson's action?  What did Biddle do?  What were the results?

57. How did the Supreme Court under Roger B. Taney differ from the court under John Marshall?  What groups profited from Taney's decisions?

58. What were the major components of Whig and Democratic political philosophies.  Who were the chief constituents of each party? From which parts of the country did they come?

59. Why did the Whigs attach themselves to the Anti-Masons?

60. Which cultural and religious groups were attracted to the Democratic Party and why?   to the Whig Party and why?

61. What were the major components of Clay's "American System?"

62. What was the Whig strategy in the election of 1836?  Who was their candidate?  Why was he selected? What were the results of the 1836 presidential election?

63. What was the general condition of the American economy in 1836?  What factors contributed to that condition?

64. What caused the Panic of 1837?  What effect did it have on the nation?  on the Democratic Party?

65. What programs did Martin Van Buren propose?  How did these proposals reflect the balance of power in the Democratic Party?

66. Why did the Whigs select William Henry Harrison as their presidential candidate in 1840?  How did his campaign set a new pattern for presidential contests?

67. What was the legislative program that Clay and the leading Whigs hoped to institute under Tyler?  On what parts did Tyler agree?  disagree?

68. What was the origin of the split between Tyler and Clay?  What effect did it have on the administration?  on the Whig Party?

69. What were the new economic characteristics by the middle of the 19c of the Northeast?   the western lands? in the South and Southeast?

70. How were the Irish and German patterns of settlement in America different?  What were the reasons for this difference?

71. Why did industrialists, land speculators, and political bosses welcome large numbers of immigrants?

72. List all of the arguments that the nativists made against the influx of large numbers of foreign immigrants.

73. How did the nativists respond politically to the surge in immigration between 1830 and the 1850s?

74. Which area took the lead in canal development?  What was the effect of these canals on that section of the country?  How did other sections respond to this example?

75. What advantages did railroads have over other forms of transportation?  What were the results of the introduction of major trunk lines on the nation into different regions of the country?

76. What role did state and local governments play in the development of rail transportation?  the role of the federal government?

77. How did innovations in communications and journalism draw communities together?  How did these innovations help divide the sections?

78. What forces contributed to the rise of the factory in the Northeast?  How did this promote industrial development?

79. What influence did technology have on the growth of American industry?  What role did the federal government play in this early stage of technological innovations?

80. How did the textile mills recruit and use labor?  What was the general response to the Lowell method, by worker and by observer?

81. What advantages did immigrant labor have over native labor?

82. What impact did the factory system have on the American artisan tradition?

83. What attempts were made to better conditions in northeastern factories?  What role did unions play in these attempts?  What was accomplished?

84. How did the middle class concept of a woman's place within the family shift in the new industrial society of mid-19c America?

85. What were some of the benefits to women of the "Cult of Domesticity?"

86. Why did unmarried middle class women fare poorly in the era of the "Cult of Domesticity?"

87. What was "the most important economic development in the South of the mid-19c?" 

88. Identify the different agricultural regions in the Antebellum South as well as the shifting patterns of agricultural production there.

89. How did cotton become "king" in the South?  Why did short-staple cotton become such a popular crop?

90. Why did so few non-slaveholding whites oppose the slaveholding oligarchy?  Where did these opponents live?

91. What were the most widely recognized slave revolts?  What did they accomplish?

92. What was the role of white "slave patrols?"

These are for your convenience. You do not have to answer the following.

1. How was the work of James Fennimore Cooper the culmination of an effort to produce a truly American literature?  What did the work suggest about the nation and its people?

2. List the major characteristics of the early 19c artistic movement known as the Hudson River School.

3. Who were the transcendentalists?  What was their philosophy?  How did they express it in literature?

4. How were the transcendentalists among the first Americans to anticipate the environmental movement of the 20c?

5. What are the basic characteristics of utopian socialism? 

6. How did the transcendentalists attempt to apply their beliefs to the problems of everyday life at Brook Farm?  What was the result?

7. What other utopian schemes were put forth during this period?  How did these utopian societies propose to reorder society to create a better way of life?

8. How did the antebellum utopian communities attempt to redefine gender roles?  Which communities were most active in this effort?  What did they accomplish?

9. Who were the Mormons?  What were their beliefs?  Why did they end up in Utah?

10. The "philosophy of reform" that shaped this era rose from what two distinct sources?

11. How were early 19c political ideals connected to evangelical Christianity?

12. What was the view of 18c Americans concerning crime, poverty, and deviance?  How did this view change in the 19c?

13. How did these changes in attitude impact ideas on prison, work house, and asylum reform during the first half of the 19c?

14. What gave rise to the crusade against drunkenness?  What successes and failures resulted from the movement's efforts?

15. What was the biggest problem facing American medicine during this period?  What impact did this problem have on health care in the United States?

16. How did efforts to produce a system of universal public education reflect the spirit of the age?

17. What were the problems facing public education?  What types of institutions were created to deal with them?

18. Why did New England play a significant role in the education reform movement?

19. What conditions put women in a "separate sphere?"   What were the characteristics of the "distinctive female culture" women developed?

20. What was the "Cult of Domesticity?"  What costs and benefits did it bring to middle-class women?  to working-class women?

21. How did the rise of feminism reflect not only the participation of women in social crusades, but also a basic change in the nature of the family?

22. What is the historical significance of the Seneca Falls Convention and its adoption of the Declaration of Sentiments?

23. What legal rights did single women have in the early 19c?  married women?

24. How did feminists benefit from their association with other reform movements, most notably abolitionists, and at the same time suffer as a result?

25. Explain how sentimental novels of the antebellum era "gave voice to both female hopes and female anxieties."

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